Research Methodology

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DK184506 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND CONVERSION ON FARMERS' INCOME IN SUMENEP MUNICIPALITY

ARRANGED BY:

ADINDA ERFIN KURNIA NRP 5015201158

SUPERVISOR:

ADJIE PAMUNGKAS, ST, M.Dev, Plg., Ph.D

URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF CIVIL, PLANNING, AND GEO ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SEPULUH NOPEMBER

SURABAYA

2022

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According to Utomo (in Lestari 2009), land conversion is changing one land use to another. The conversion of agricultural land is a phenomenon that has recently occurred in Indonesia. It is in line with population growth and development activities, resulting in higher demand and need for land used to carry out activities in the agricultural and non-agricultural fields (Gunawan, 2019). Afandi (in Naongi, 2021) suggests that the impact of the conversion of paddy fields causes farmers to lose their income from farming. In terms of production, the conversion of paddy fields will eliminate agricultural production as much as the converted land area. Another disadvantage, according to Afandi, is the loss of employment opportunities in farming, as well as income opportunities and economic activities related to farming, such as the business of providing crops, agricultural machinery, rice mill, and tractor rental (Naongi, 2021).

Currently, much productive agricultural land is converted into non-agricultural land on Madura Island. Of the four regencies in Madura, one of the regencies that has converted agricultural land into non-agricultural land is Sumenep Regency. Based on data on the official website of the Sumenep Regency Government, in 2013, land conversion reached 7,500 hectares each year, resulting in decreased production and productivity of agricultural products. In addition, in 2017, Commission II DPRD Sumenep said that every year around 5% of productive land is converted into business or commercial areas, housing, and public infrastructure such as roads.

According to the data from the Population and Civil Registry Service for the Sumenep Regency, 338,732 residents are farmers. From the converted productive agricultural land area in the Sumenep City District of 36.62 Ha, it is estimated that it will produce food production of 366.16 tons of grain or the equivalent of 229.73 tons of rice. If converted to Rupiah, it will impact the loss of income from rice farming in the City of Sumenep District of IDR 799,839,797 (Sasongko et al., 2017). Of course, this is directly proportional to the economic conditions of farmers.

The widespread conversion of agricultural land is caused by urban development and population growth. However, if the conversion of agricultural land continues to occur, of

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course, this will have quite an impact on the socio-economic conditions of the farmers. The decline in welfare and sources of income for farmers is reduced because the area of existing agricultural land is decreasing. Therefore, this research was conducted to obtain a suitable strategy for dealing with agricultural land conversion's impact on the farmers' income in Sumenep.

1.2. Problem Formulation

Agricultural land conversion occurs in line with an area's rapid population growth and development activities. Therefore, the conversion of agricultural land into non-agricultural land that occurs in the Sumenep Municaplity is very high. With the large number of residents in Sumenep Municaplity who work as farmers, of course, the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural activities has a major impact on their socio-economic conditions because the reduction in agricultural land is directly proportional to income from farming activities.

This research is needed to determine and describe the impact of agricultural land conversion on farmers' income in the Sumenep Municaplity. Therefore, based on the formulation of the problem, the questions will be resolved in this study are: "How is the impact of the conversion of agricultural land on the farmers’ income in Sumenep Municaplity?"

1.3. Goals and Objective

The purpose of this study is to provide formulating strategies to increase farmers' income due to the impact of land conversionin the Sumenep Municaplity. In achieving the research objectives, three stages are needed. The research objectives are as follows:

1. Identify the factors that cause land conversion in Sumenep Municaplity 2. Analyzing the impact of agricultural land conversion on farmers' income

3. Formulating strategies to increase farmers' income due to the impact of land conversion 1.4. Research Scope

The scope contained in this research consists of two parts, namely the scope of the region and the scope of discussion

1.4.1 Scope of Region

The scope of this research area is Kota Sumenep District, with an area of 27.84 km2. The administrative boundaries include:

• North side: Manding District

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• South side: Batuan District

• East: Gapura District and Kalianget District

• West side: Batuan District 1.4.2 Scope of discussion

The scope of the discussion includes the substance of science used as a theoretical basis that influences research. The theory discussed in this study focuses on the following:

1. Agricultural land theory 2. Land Conversion

3. Socio Economic of farmer 1.5. Research benefit

1.5.1 Theoretical benefits

The theoretical benefit of this research is to provide new references and views to researchers, in this case, knowledge about the impact of agricultural land

conversion on farmers' income.

1.5.2 Practitioner Benefits

The expected practitioner benefits from this research is that the Government can consider it in making decisions regarding licensing and policies regarding the conversion of agricultural land that occurred in Sumenep Municaplity.

1.6. Systematic discussion

The systematic discussion explains the main ideas in each chapter. The systematics of writing this study consist of the following:

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter explains the research background, the problem formulation, and the goals, objectives, scope, and benefits of the research.

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter explains the theories used in the analysis process to achieve the research objectives. The theories described above explain the theory of agricultural land, land conversion, income, and farmers' income.

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the approaches used in the research process, sampling techniques, data collection techniques, analytical techniques, and stages of analysis used in research.

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Agricultural Land

Agriculture is the activity of managing living natural resources with the help of technology, capital, labour, and management to produce Agricultural Commodities, including food crops, horticulture, plantations, and/or livestock in an agro-ecosystem (Law Number 19 of 2003 concerning Protection and Empowerment of Farmers).

Agricultural land is intended or suitable for agricultural land to produce crops and livestock. Agricultural land is one of the primary resources in the agricultural business.

Indonesia is one of the largest agricultural countries. It is because Indonesia is located on the equator, so it gets more sunlight than countries outside the equator. In addition, Indonesia has an active volcano that spouts volcanic ash. Volcanic ash can fertilize the soil, so it is good for the growth of agricultural crops and makes most Indonesian people work in agriculture.

Several reasons underlie the importance of agriculture (Gunawan, 2019):

1. The potential of its resources is large and diverse.

2. The share of national income is quite large.

3. The large number of people who depend on this sector for their livelihood.

4. Become a growth base in rural areas.

2.2. Land conversion

According to Lestari (2009), land use change or commonly referred to as land conversion, is a change in the function of a part or all of a land area from its original function (as planned) to another function which has a negative impact (problem) on the environment and the potential of the land itself. Land use change can also be interpreted as a change in land use caused by population growth and the development of an area for a better life.

Land conversion generally occurs in areas around urban areas and is intended to support the development of the industrial and service sectors. Land conversion activities are closely related to the demand and supply of land. There is an imbalance between supply and demand where supply is limited while demand is unlimited, causing a land conversion.

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2.1.1. Conversion of agricultural land functions

The conversion of agricultural land is a change in the use of agricultural land into non- agricultural land. Several factors cause the conversion of agricultural land to non-agriculture to occur.

Kustiawan (1997) in Supriyadi (2004) states that there are at least three essential factors that cause the conversion of paddy fields, namely:

1. External Factors. It is a factor caused by the dynamics of urban growth (physical and spatial), demographic and economic.

2. Internal Factors. This factor looks more at the side caused by the socio-economic conditions of land-using agricultural households.

3. Policy Factors. Namely the regulatory aspects issued by the central and regional governments related to changes in the function of agricultural land.

Meanwhile, according to Rusastra (1994) in Munir (2008), the factors that influence the conversion of paddy fields at the farmer level are the choice of resource allocation through transactions that are affected by the socio-economic conditions of farmers such as education level, income, and overall economic capacity and taxes Land, land price, and land location. So, control is needed to comply with the Spatial Plan.

According to Winoto (2005), the factors that encourage the conversion of agricultural land to non-agriculture include:

1. Population Factors. The rapid increase in population has increased the demand for land. In addition, improving people's living standards also plays a role in creating additional demand for land.

2. Economic factors, namely the high land rent obtained by non-agricultural sector activities compared to the agricultural sector. The low incentives for farming are caused by high production costs, while prices for agricultural products are relatively low and fluctuate. In addition, because of the factor of the needs of farming families who are pressured by the need for business capital or other family needs.

3. Socio-cultural factors, including inheritance laws, cause fragmentation of agricultural land so that it does not meet the minimum limit of the profitable business economic scale.

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4. Myopic behavior, namely seeking short-term gains but paying little attention to long- term and national interests as a whole. It is reflected, among other things, in the Regional Spatial Plans (RTRW), which tend to encourage the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land uses.

5. Weak system of legislation and law enforcement (Law Enforcement) of existing regulations.

Utomo (1992) explained that, in general, the problem of conversion of functions in land use occurs partly because the pattern of land use is still sectoral, the delineation between areas is not clear, the criteria for areas are not clear, the coordination of spatial use is still weak, and the implementation of UUPA (Basic Agrarian Law) still weak, and law enforcement is still weak. According to Winoto (1996) in his research, the conversion of paddy fields is determined by factors related to the existing agricultural system, such as changes in the land tenure system and the agricultural economic system.

According to Pakpahan et al. (1993), the factors that influence the conversion of agricultural land can be divided into two, namely direct and indirect factors. Direct or micro factors, namely conversion factors at the farmer level where these factors directly influence farmers' decisions. These factors include the socio-economic conditions of farmers, such as education, income, economic capacity, land tax, land prices, and land location. Meanwhile, indirect or macro factors are conversion factors at the regional level, where these factors do not directly influence farmers' decisions. This factor influences other factors, which will later influence farmers' decisions. These factors include population growth, which affects settlement development, and changes in the economic structure towards industry and services, which will increase the need for transportation facilities and land for industry.

2.3. Socioeconomic

Farmer's Socio-economic aspects are aspects that cannot be separated from the lives of farmers. The socio-economic aspects of the farmers studied are land area control, income, and wealth.

2.3.1. Land Area

The supply of land resources can be determined by measuring the area of farming, but it must also pay attention to the parts that cannot be used for agriculture, such as land already

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used for buildings, roads, and canals. It is also often necessary to classify land according to its abilities, such as land that is good for planting and that cannot be used for agriculture, irrigated land, and that which is not (Soekartawi et al., 1986).

According to Loekman Soetrisno (1998), the average farmer in Indonesia, especially Javanese farmers, has narrow land, which is no more than 0.5 hectares. The narrowness of the land controlled by farmers is related to the culture of inheritance, where one plot of land must be divided according to the number of beneficiaries so that most farmers only own small plots of land. As the most important economic source for rural communities, especially farmers, the land area and paddy fields' condition as agricultural land determines the production and income of farmer households. Farmers who control large paddy fields will get significant production results and vice versa. In this case, the narrow area of paddy fields owned by farmers will significantly determine the size of the income earned. The relatively narrow area of cultivated land is often an obstacle to efficient cultivation. Under these conditions, farmers are forced to carry out other activities outside of their farming business to obtain additional income to meet their needs (Totok Mardikanto, 2003).

2.3.2. Income

According to Totok Mardikanto (2003), the income level is the same as the farming area. At the initial group of commercialization of agriculture, one of them is enough to eat for their families. Farmers want to guarantee this by producing their food to meet other needs of their families. Farmers sell enough crops to pay taxes on land rent, repay debts (if any) and buy necessities they cannot produce themselves. In order to achieve this goal, he has to calculate expenses and receipts through his agricultural enterprise. The difference between expenditure and revenue, the net income of farming must continue to rise so that farmers can improve the standard of living of their families (Mosher, 1978).

2.4. Literature Review Synthesis

Based on the theoretical review that has been compiled, the synthesis of this research literature can be used as variables to support the research " Analysis of the impact of agricultural land conversion on farmers' income in Sumenep Municipality" can be seen in the following table:

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Table 1. Literature Review Synthesis

No Target Literature

review

Indicator Variable

1 Identify the factors that cause land conversion in Sumenep Municaplity

Winoto (2005) Kustiawan (1997)

External Factor Population Housing Needs Governmental Policy

Pakpahan (1993)

Rusastra (1994)

Internal Factor Land Price Land Location Production cost 2 Analyzing the impact of

agricultural land conversion on farmers' income

Totok Mardikanto (2003)

Characteristics of farmer’s socioeconomic

Land Area Income Loekman

Soetrisno (1998)

Land ownership

3 Formulating strategies to increase farmers' income due to the impact of land

conversion

Strategies to increase

farmers' income due to the impact of land conversion

Target Result 1 Target Result 2

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Approach

This study uses a rationalistic approach, namely an approach that is based on theory and the truth of empirical facts (Muhadjir, 1990). This study begins with the theoretical, conceptual formulation stage to determine indicators and variables, provide perspectives for data collection efforts, guide and present research styles, then carry out the exploration stage of research objects as needed. After that, it continued with the stage of drawing conclusions based on the analysis results, supported by theory and empirical data that emerged during the analysis process.

3.2 Types of Research

The type of research that will be used is descriptive qualitative research. (Arikunto, 2010) states that descriptive research is intended to investigate the circumstances, conditions, or other things mentioned, and the results are presented as a research report. Researchers do not change, add, or manipulate objects or research areas. The researcher only takes pictures of what happened to the object or area under study, then describes what happened in the form of a research report straightforwardly, as it is. Thus, the type of descriptive research used can answer the research objective, namely, to examine the impact of land conversion on farmers' income in Sumenep.

3.3 Research Variables

Based on the synthesis that has been described in the literature review, several variable formulations are obtained that will be used to achieve the research objectives. Some of the variables used become limitations in research. The theory used is adjusted to the research area's scope, so only a few variables can be used in this study. The following are the variables used in this study:

Table 2. Research Variables and Operational Definition

review

Indicator Variable Operational definition

1 Identify the variables that

Winoto (2005)

External Factor Population The high increase in population

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3.4 Population and Sample

The population is the research subject. According to Sugiyono (2010: 117), a population is a generalization area consisting of objects/subjects that have certain qualities and characteristics determined by researchers to be studied and then conclusions drawn. So the population is not only humans but also objects and other natural objects. The population is also

review

Indicator Variable Operational definition

cause land conversion in Sumenep Municaplity

Kustiawan (1997)

Housing Needs High demand for housing Governmental

Policy

Weak system of legislation and law enforcement of existing regulations

Pakpahan (1993) Rusastra (1994)

Internal Factor Land Price The price of land owned by farmers

Land Location The location of the land owned by the farmer Production cost Production costs borne by

farmers 2 Analyzing the

impact of agricultural land conversion on farmers' income

Totok Mardikanto (2003)

Characteristics of farmer’s

socioeconomic

Land Area The area of land owned by the farmer

Income Income earned by farmers from agricultural activities Loekman

Soetrisno (1998)

Land ownership Land ownership status

3 Formulating strategies to increase farmers' income due to the impact of land conversion

Strategies to increase farmers' income due to the impact of land conversion

Target Result 1 Target Result 2

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not just the number of objects/subjects studied but includes all the characteristics/characteristics possessed by the subject or object.

According to Sugiyono (2010: 118), the sample is part of the number and characteristics possessed by the population. If the researcher conducts research on a large population, while the researcher wants to examine the population and the researcher has limited funds, energy and time, then the researcher uses a sampling technique so that generalizations are made about the population being studied. It means that the sample taken can be representative of the population.

Determination of the sample was carried out on farmers who were affected by the conversion of functions using a purposive sampling method. Purposive sampling is a sampling technique with certain considerations in Sugiyono (2016: 85). The reason for using this purposive sampling technique is that it is suitable for use in quantitative research or studies that do not generalize, according to Sugiyono (2016: 85).

3.5 Methods of data collection

Data collection techniques are activities carried out to obtain the data needed as input in the analysis process to achieve the goals of each research objective. Data collection techniques used in this research are primary and secondary data collection. Primary data collection was carried out through field observations and questionnaires to respondents, while secondary data collection was carried out through collecting government publications and various literature studies.

3.6 Method of Analysis

According to Patton (in Suprihardjo et al., 2013), data analysis is a process of arranging data sequences and organizing them into a pattern, category, and basic descriptive unit. The analytical method that will be used in this study is the qualitative analysis

3.6.1 Identify the factors causing the conversion of agricultural land in Sumenep

To find out the factors causing the conversion of agricultural land in the research area, Dhelpi analysis was used. By using variable external and internal factors that cause land conversion. The analysis was carried out by discussing the variables obtained from the literature review results with the existing conditions in the research area. The Delphi analysis

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method is used to stem the perceptions and judgments of various parties related to the topics used in this study.

3.6.2 Analyzing the impact of agricultural land conversion on farmers' income in Sumenep

A qualitative descriptive analysis technique is used with the Descriptive Analysis method to achieve this goal. This method is used to describe the phenomenon under study in a systematic, factual, and accurate manner.

The descriptive analysis process is a qualitative data analysis process using data obtained from primary and secondary data, which is explained descriptively and normatively adapted to the existing conditions of the research object in the city of Sumenep by using the variable socio- economic conditions of farmers.

3.6.3 Formulate strategies to increase the income of affected farmers

Triangulation analysis will be used to produce a strategy formulation to increase the income of affected farmers. The training technique is a data collection technique that combines various data collection techniques and existing data sources (Sugiyono in Prastowo, 2010).

Triangulation analysis uses more than one different data source, which will later be used as a consideration in formulating strategies to increase the income of farmers affected by the conversion of agricultural land in Sumenep.

3.7 Research Stages

After carrying out the formulation as above, the stages in this study are as follows:

1. Problem Formulation Identification Stage

At this stage, the formulation of the problem originates from the background of the research problem. Next, identify the main problems that occur. After formulating the problem, this research's goals, objectives, and scope can be determined.

2. Literature Study Stage

At this stage, information collection is carried out by conducting literature studies related to research based on literature review and synthesis, both in the form of theories, journals, and previous research. The library synthesis then becomes the basis for determining variables.

3. Data Collection Stage

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At this stage, data and information collection related to the research object was carried out, where the data was adjusted to the research variables obtained based on the results of the synthesis in the literature review. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Primary data, such as questionnaires and interviews, while secondary data comes from literature studies and institutional studies.

4. Data Analysis Phase

At this stage, various data analysis techniques were used to get answers to the research objectives.

5. Conclusion Drawing Stage

At this stage, the results of the analysis that have been obtained will then be concluded to be a research answer to the formulation of the problem that has been determined.

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Bibliography

Gunawan, S. (2019). Dampak alih fungsi lahan pertanian terhadap pendapatan petani di desa lambara harapan kecematan burau kabupaten luwu timur.

Naongi, T., Laoh, E., & Baroleh, J. (2021). Dampak Alih Fungsi Lahan Pertanian Terhadap Pendapatan Petani di Desa Solog Kecamatan Lolak Kabupaten Bolaan Mongondow. Jurnal Agrirud, 3, 401–408.

Sasongko, W., Safari, I., & Sari, K. (2017). Konversi Lahan Pertanian Produktif Akibat Pertumbuhan Lahan Terbangun Di Kecamatan Kota Sumenep. Plano Madani : Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota, 6(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.24252/planomadani.6.1.15-26

Utomo, M., Rifai, E., & Thahir, A. (1992). Pembangunan Alih Fungsi Lahan. Lampung: Universitas Lampung

Research Methodology

DK184506 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND CONVERSION ON FARMERS' INCOME IN SUMENEP MUNICIPALITY

ARRANGED BY:

ADINDA ERFIN KURNIA NRP 5015201158

SUPERVISOR:

ADJIE PAMUNGKAS, ST, M.Dev, Plg., Ph.D

URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF CIVIL, PLANNING, AND GEO ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SEPULUH NOPEMBER

SURABAYA

2022

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