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SAY
INTRODUCTION
All praises be to AllahGlory be to God,to Him we praise, ask
His help and forgiveness. Shalawat and greetings may always be given to you Prophet Muhammadmay Allah bless him and grant him peace, along with family, friends, and his followers are steadfast in carrying out his sunnah.Amma is gone
Basic physics practicum is one of the practicums held in
Integrated Laboratory of UIN Yogyakarta. This practicum is a support for the course Basic Physics is implemented by several study programs in the Faculty of Science and Technology. By Therefore, students who will take part in this practicum are required to have or are currently studying
take basic physics courses. The basic physics practical materials are concepts the basic physics obtained in the Basic Physics course.
The Basic Physics Practicum aims to train students to make observations. on physical phenomena, making measurements of these physical quantities, conduct analysis of measurement data, and
evaluate the results
analysis. Practitioners are expected to be able to develop these skills. in everyday life.
The book in front of the reader is a guide to basic physics practicals.
It is expected to help the practical activities optimally. We express our gratitude to the parties who have helped in completing this practical guide book,
LIST OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 1
LIST OF CONTENTS 2
BASIC PHYSICS PRACTICAL RULES 3
HOW TO MAKE A REPORT 6
Experiment 1. Ohm's Law 9
Experiment 2. Law of Lenses 15
Experiment 3. Refractive Index of Prisms and Planar Parallel Glass 20
Experiment 4. Melde's Law 26
Experiment 5. Surface Tension 30
Experiment 6. Sound Resonance 33
Experiment 7. Transformer Concept 38
Experiment 8. Magnetic Field 43
Experiment 9. Capacitors
BASIC PHYSICS PRACTICAL RULES
A. Rules and Regulations Before Practicum
1. Practitioners must be present 10 minutes before the practicum begins. Practitioners who arrive late will not be allowed to participate in the practicum that day.
2. The laboratory is a place for work/practice, therefore in the laboratory
Practitioners must be calm, orderly, and dressed appropriatelyneat and polite,wear a shirt or t-shirt
collared, long pants/skirt (not pencil pants), no sandals,
recommended wearing rubber-soled shoes as an insulator. Bags, jackets and other belongings are placed in the place provided (security is the
responsibility of the practitioner himself).
3. Practitioners must understand what they are going to do by reading the book.
practical instructions and other references and has done preliminary assignments for
the practicum that will be carried out.
4. Practitioners are not permitted to take part in the practicum if they do not meet the requirements.
condition:
a. Bring your practical work card
b. Bring the Preliminary Report and Final Report according to the procedures for making reports.
basic physics practicum that has been established.
c. Pass the preliminary test.
If equipment item a. missing, then the practitioner must report it to daily person in charge 15 minutes before the practicum begins. Less than the time
that has been prepared. given by the assistant. If the practitioner fails to obtain data (for example due to damage) tools or other things), the practitioner must immediately report to the assistant and the person in charge
daily to be able to do practicum on another day.
3. Practitioners must maintain their own safety, order, equipment and cleanliness.
laboratory.
4. While in the laboratory, students are strictly prohibited from smoking or bringing food. and drinks and disturb other groups. Practitioners are strictly prohibited from leaving laboratory without permission from the assistant and daily person in charge.
C. Rules for Completing Practical Work
1.After all experiments are completed and approved by the assistant, the practitioner musttidy up return the table, chairs and experimental equipment,
2.After the practicum is finished, before leaving the laboratory, the practicum participant must ask for permission.
the assistant's signature on the data sheet and submitting one data sheet to assistant for each group.
D. Other Provisions
1. Basically there is no follow-up practical for those who are unable to attend due to... sick must complete a doctor's permit and can replace it the following week (with confirmation to the practicum and PLP coordinating lecturer).
2. If the practitioner damages or removes laboratory equipment or facilities
other, then the practitioner must replace it with the same tool in the next week's practicum.
next.
3. Violation of these rules, practitioners may be subject to sanctions: warning / declared failed / expelled.
2. Practical assessment instruments
a. Activeness in practical groups
b. Able to use practical tools according to work procedures
practical work
c. Understand the content of the practical discussion concepts
3. Practical Report Assessment Instrument
a. Completeness of the Practical Report Format (listed on the next page) b. Originality of the report work
c. Neatness of writing and graphics
d. Discussion of the report is at least 2 paragraphs because it has a value component.
highest
How to Create a Report Basic Physics Lab
1. Purpose of Making a Practical Report
The purpose of making a Basic Physics Practical Report is for students to be able to learn
to express his opinion / communicate in writing through a Report Basic Physics Practicum, trains students to prepare
themselves for
practical work, analyzing the results of practical work, and making calculations to determine physical quantities, knowing some quantities from experiments, determining relationships
between physical quantities, analyzing errors and finally drawing conclusions.
overall.
2. Practical Report Format
The Basic Physics Practical Report consists of two parts, namely:
• Initial Report of Basic Physics Practicum
• Final Report of Basic Physics Lab
Both reports were made using A4 sized HVS paper written
hands neatly. To make a graph it must be made on graph paper (millimeter
block). Graphs that require a logarithmic scale should be made on semilog or logarithmic paper.
logarithmic paper.
Front cover / first page of the Practical Report
The second page and so on consist of two parts, namely:
a. Introduction to Basic Physics Lab Trial Name
:
………
….
:
………
….
: Trial date
Week to
Lecturer Name Assistant
Basic Physics Lab Report Student Name :
………...
NIM :
……….. Group
number : ………
Faculty :
………
BASIC PHYSICS LABORATORY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA
Jl. Marsda Adisucipto Yogyakarta
appropriate to the material.
Experiment. The way of working must really show the things that will be done. In practical work, the command sentences in the practical work guide book must be replaced with a sentence that does not indicate a command. The preliminary task can be
seen in the practical guide book and must be done before the practical work
is part of the preliminary report assessment.
b. Final Report of Basic Physics Practicum This section includes:
1)Experimental data
2)Final assignment (data processing and data analysis)
3)Discussion 4)Conclusion 5)References
How to do the final assignment can be seen in the guidebook or from
has been determined by the assistant. The calculation results must be displayed in the form
tables with one calculation example for each table. Errors and accuracy
in the experiment must be included. The method of writing errors and making graphs must be
follow the provisions set out in the practical guidebook.
The final report must be submitted one week after the practicum, during the practicum week.
next.
Experiment 1
OHM'S LAW
I. Objectives
1. Understand the principle of Ohm's Law
2. Measure the magnitude of the voltage and current on the resistors that are connected
in series and parallel
3. Determine the magnitude of electrical resistance by using the relationship between voltage and electric current
II. Tools and Materials
No. Name of Tools and Materials Amount
1 Connector 1
2 On-Off Switch 1
3 Switch on/off, SB module 1
4 100Ω Resistor 1
5 1 kΩ resistor 1
6 Circuit Board 1
7 Connecting cable 8
8 12 V / 0.1 A filament lamp 1
9 Analog multimeter 3
10 Power Supplies, 0-12 V DC, 6 V AC, 12 V AC 1
III. Theoretical Basis 1.1Electric Current
Electrical phenomena are caused by the flow of electric charge between two points. All
The electrical tools we use every day are made up of components.
electricity that forms a closed path called a circuit. When we talk
about
about electricity, then it will not be free from resistance, current strength and voltage.
Because
These three components are most closely related to electricity. Electric current
only flows in a closed circuit, namely a circuit that does not have a source
and endless. The quantity that indicates the electric current is called the electric current strength I, which defined as the amount of positive charge ∆Q that flows through the cross-section of the wire conductor per unit time Δt.
I=lim -Q
= dQ
(1)
-t→0-t dt
The unit for electric current is Ampere or Coulomb per second (C/s).
Figure 1.1 The occurrence of electric current
1.2Ohm's Law
In 1827, George Simon Ohm (German, 1787-1854) performed
experiment to determine the relationship between current strengthIand voltageV.
Figure1. 2. Graph of the relationship between V and I
If the slope of the graph is called resistanceR, then the relationship between voltage V
voltage V (volt)
and the current strength I can be expressed by the equation:
R = tan α (2)
where α is the angle between the current axis and the graph line.
I or
V = IR (3)
Equation (3) was stated by Simon Ohm, so it is called Ohm's law, which reads:The voltage V on a component that obeys Ohm's law is proportional with a current I passing through the component, if the temperature is kept constant.
Equation (3) can also be writtenR= V
; s o the SI unit for resistance is I
volts per ampere (V/A) or ohms (Ω).
1.3Resistors in Series and Parallel Connections
In an electrical circuit, several resistors will generally be used.
These resistors are sometimes arranged in series, parallel or a mixture of series.
and parallel.
a x y b
a b
I I
series parallel
Figure 1.2 Series and parallel resistor circuits
Equivalent resistance: the single resistance of the combination some resistors.
Vab=I.Roak or Roak= Vab
(4)
1.3.1 Series Connection
For a series connection, the magnitude of the voltage at each point is as follows:
following:
Vaxe=IR1; Vxy=IR2; Vyb=IR3
The magnitude of the electric current (I) flowing is the same in all resistors, so
potential differenceVabis the sum of individual potential differences.
Vab=Vaxe+Vxy+Vyb=I
(
R1+R2+R3)
R1 R2 R3
R1
Vab=R+R+R (5)
I 1 2 3
Roak=R1+R2+R3
1
Equivalent resistance (Roak) of any number of series resistors is equal to the sum of its individual barriers.
1.3.2 Parallel Connection
The current through each resistor is not the same, but the potential difference between each resistor
must be the same asVab.
I=ab;V
I
=
Vab
; I=
Vab
R1 R2 3 R3
-1 1 1 -
I=I1+I2+I3=
Vab- -
R1 + + -
R2 R3-
I = 1
+ +1 1
(6)
Vab R1 R2 R3
1 = 1 + +1 1
Roak R1 R2 R3
Especially for 2 resistors arranged in parallel, the magnitude of the resistance The substitute can be determined through the equation:
1
=Roak
1 +
=1 R1
R2
R1+ R2
R1R2 (7)
Roak= R1R2
R1+R2
1. Prepare tools and materials
2. Arrange the tools and materials as in scheme A
3. Place the selectors of both Multimeters on the Ammeter and voltmeter.
Check the circuit, ask the assistant if the circuit is correct
4. Turn on the power supply
5. Vary the voltage on the power supply, see the measured voltage value on
multimeter
6. Look at the current value measured on the multimeter.
7. Record the voltage and current values for each change in power supply voltage.
experimental data table
8. Create a graph of the relationship between voltage (V) and current strength (I) to determine the magnitude of the lamp resistance
B. Experiment Scheme B and Scheme C 1. Prepare the tools and materials!
2. Arrange the tools and materials as in scheme B (Series circuit)!
3. Check the circuit, Place the selector of both Multimeters on each Ammeter and voltmeter. ask the assistant if the circuit is correct.
4. Turn on the power supply!
5. Vary the voltage on the power supply, see the voltage value on each one. multimeter measured resistor!
6. Look at the current value on each resistor measured by the multimeter!
7. Record the voltage and current values for each change in power supply voltage in the table.
experimental data
8. Repeat the experiment for scheme C (parallel circuit)!
Trial Scheme
Scheme A Scheme B Scheme C
100Ω 100Ω v
100Ω
v
by using Ohm's law!
Vps(volt) Vmeasurable(volt) Imeasurable(ampere)
2 4 6 8 10
2. For scheme A, make a graph between the voltage(V)and strong current(I)and determine the value
obstacle(R)by using graph gradient!
3. Compare the results of analysis 1 and 2!
4. For schemes B and C, analyze the magnitude of the voltage and current flowing through
each resistor!
VI. Evaluation
1. What is the resistance value?(R)affected by the current and voltage of the source?
Explain
your opinion!
2. After obtaining the voltage and current values in the series and parallel circuits, what do you do?
can be concluded from your data and explain!
3. Explain the concept of Ohm's law again after you experiment!
VII.References
Tipler, 2001, Physics for Science and Engineering Third Edition, Volume 2, Erlangga Publisher, Jakarta
Experiment 2
LENS LAW
I. Objectives
1. Understand the basic properties of lenses
2. Understand the process of shadow formation in a lens
3. Understand the properties of images formed by negative and positive lenses 4. Determine the focal length and power of positive and negative lenses.
II. Tools and Materials
a. Optical path with scale 1
b. Light source 1
c. Power supply 1
d. Positive lens 1
e. Negative lens 1
f. Screen 1
g. Object 1
III. Theoretical Basis
A lens is a clear object that is bounded by two refractive planes with a minimum
one of these surfaces is a curved plane. Some standard forms of the lens is shown in Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1. Standard lens shapes: (a) positive lens and (b) negative lens.
The matter of refraction by lenses is explained using methods such as successive curved surfaces. The image formed by a surface
s
s
first becomes an object for the second surface. Figure (4.2) shows the rays- rays emanating from point Q (from object PQ). The first surface of the lens L forms a false image at point Q'. This shadow seems to be an object for
the second surface that forms the shadow of Q' at Q”.
Distance s1is the distance of the object to the first surface, s1' is the distance its shadow. The distance of the object to the second surface is s
2, same as s1'plus' lens thicknesst, and S2' is the distance of the image from the second surface.
If the lens is thin and thicktsmall when compared to s1, s1', s2and S2' so that it can ignored. Thus s1' can be considered the same as s2, as well as distance measurement objects and shadows can be done from the vertex of the lens, for example both sides of the lens
surrounded by air (refractive index 1.0).
For refraction by the first surface, the image formation equation is :
1 +
=n
(
n − 1
)
(1)s1 - R1 1
Meanwhile, the second surface is:
1 + =n
(
1 − n)
(2)2 - R2
2
If the two equations above are added, then s2= ts1and remember that the lens
so thin that s2= -s1', so that we get:
1 1 -1 1 -
s
S1'
S2
t S2'
Figure 4.2 Image formed by the first surface
a lens becomes an object for the second surface
Because s1is the distance between the object and s2' is the image distance for a thin lens, then
the equation above can be simplified to:
1 1 -1 1 -
s + =s
(
-n−1
)
-R - -
R (4)
- 1 2-
The focal length of the lens is formulated as:
1 -1 1 -
f=
(
n−1)
-R−R- (5) -1 2-This equation is known as the lens maker's equation. Substitute equation (4)
into equation (5) produces:
1 + =1 1 s s- f
(6)
This equation is known as the Gauss thin lens equation, named thus as a tribute to mathematician Karl F. Gauss.
The magnification produced by a lens is the result of the magnification of each lens.
surface, for thin lenses applies:
M= −
s- or M=
−s
y - y
(7)
If the focal length of the lens is:
stated in cm, then the lens power is defined
D= 1
f (8)
IV. Work Procedures
a. Prepare tools and materials on the laboratory table
b. Arrange the experimental equipment as shown in figure (4.3).
Object + source
Figure 4.3. Equipment scheme
screen len
s
ligh t
c. Place the +100 lens in front of the object.
d. Determine the distance of a particular object s, then set the screen so that the sharpest image is obtained. Observe and record the image distance s'.
e. Do step (d) for different object distances.
f. Repeat the experiment using a combination of two lenses (+100 and +50) g. Place a positive lens in front of the negative lens to determine the image.
formed by a negative lens (-50).
V. Data Analysis Method
1. Make a table like the one below:
No 1 s
1 s'
1 f
D
1 1
2. From equation (6) create a graph of the relationship between And in millimeter paper.
s s'
The linear line is extended so that it intersects the abscissa and ordinate of the graph. Determine the focal lengthffrom the lens by using the graph's intersection points against its axes. Also determine the lens power using equation (8) and
its uncertainty.
3. Explain the characteristics of the image formed by positive lenses and negative
4. Why is a positive lens called a convergent lens?
5. What does it mean: + power lens31 2D ?
VII. References
Tipler, 2001, Physics for Science and Engineering Third Edition, Volume 2, Erlangga Publisher, Jakarta
Sears and Zemansky, 2003, College Physics Volume 2, Hugh D. Young & Roger A.
Freedman, Erlangga Publisher, Jakarta
David Halliday & Robert Resnick, 1993, Physics Volume 2, Erlangga Publisher, Jakarta Giancolli, 2001, Physics Volume 2, Erlangga Publisher, Jakarta
Basic physics lab team. 2009. Basic Physics Lab Guidebook, Physics Department
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNNES Semarang
2
Experiment 3
BIAS INDEX
I. Objectives
1. Determine the refractive index of a planar parallel lens 2. Determine the refractive index of the prism
3. Determine the minimum deviation of the prism II. Tools and Materials
The tools & materials needed in this experiment are:
1. Parallel plan glass 1
2. Prism 1
3. Needle 10
4. Ruler 1
5. Angle measuring protractor 1
6. Rubber cork 4
7. Several sheets of HVS paper
III. Theoretical Basis
Refraction by Parallel Plane Surfaces
In figure 5.1, light rays are incident on the top surface of a translucent plate with
angle of incidence -1. The surfaces of the plates are flat and parallel to each other. The angles
the bias on the top surface is −1' as well as the angle of incidence and angle of refraction on the surface below each is -2And -2'. Suppose the refractive index of the medium outside the plate is n, while the refractive index of the plate is n' with n'>n.
Based on Snell's law sin-1
sin-
1- sin -2
= n- n n
And
sin- - = n-
(1)
from the picture it can be seen that
- - = -
1 2
If the above relationships are combined, we obtain:
- = - -
1 2
This last relationship means that the outgoing ray is parallel to the incoming ray.
n -1
n' -1' -
2
Pembinasan by PrismaP
Q
-2'
Figure 5.1. Refraction by
Consider a ray of light striking one of the surfaces of the prism at an angle comes -, as shown in Figure 5.2a. Suppose the refractive index of the prism is n, and A is the peak angle, while the medium outside the prism is air.
The part to be determined is the deviation angle δ. This concerns the accuracy see. To review refraction on the first and second
surfaces is also used Snell's law. After exiting the second surface, the angle of deviation can be determined.
Although the method is quite easy, the equation for determining δ in
is generally a bit difficult. But what is clear is that if the angle of incidence decreases then The angle of deviation initially decreases and then increases again.
The angle of deviation will has a minimum value if the light passes through the prism symmetrically, as shown by Figure 5.2b. Angleδmcalled minimum
(a) (b)
22
Figure 5.2.(a) Deviation by prism
n A
δm δ1
A A 2 2
(b) Minimum deviation occurs if the light passes through the prism symmetrically.
A
The refractive index of a translucent material can be measured using the equation above. The sample of solid material whose refractive index is to be known is cut and sharpened to form a prism. The angle of the prism A and the angle of deviation minimum measured. These angles can be
measured with high accuracy, so that
This method is a way that provides very accurate results.
If the prism angle is small, then the minimum deviation angle is also small so it can be Replace the sine of the angle with the measure of the angle itself. In such circumstances
obtained:
n=
(
A+ -m)
or-m=
(
n−1)
A( 3 ) IV. Work Procedures
To measure the refractive index of parallel plane glass, do the following steps:
following:
1. Prepare a blank and clean sheet of HVS paper, place it on the table.
Place the parallel plane glass on the table, draw a rectangle by
line the edges of the parallel plane glass.
2. Insert the needle/nail approximately in the middle of the long line of the rectangle that has been made.
made, aligned and attached to one side of the glass. Then stick one needle
again at any point on the side of the glass does not stick and forms an angle to
normal line of glass side.
(a
eye (b) ray
Needle/
nail n - 1
n' n
-1' O -2
-2'
Parallel plan
Shif t
Figure 6.3 Schematic of the experimental setup for determining the refractive index of planar glass.
parallel
a) Needles or nails as representations of objects and shadows
3. From the opposite side, look at the two needles, move your head so that see the needles are aligned (in a line). Insert two more needles, one of them is attached glass and others are at a certain distance from the glass. The four needles have been
The embedded ones must look overlapping with each other.
4. Remove the parallel plane glass from the top of the paper, then remove the needles as well.
Pay attention to the points where the needle is inserted into the file.
5. Connect the points of the needle hole so that it forms a line. Also make a
the normal line of the side of the glass that passes through the pinhole point.
6. Measure the angle of incidence and angle of refraction using an angle measuring arc.
Measuring Also the distance of shift between the incoming light and the light exiting the glass. Record the results your measurements in the table.
7. Do activities 1 to 6 5 times, for several different angles of incidence.
To determine the refractive index of a prism, and determine its minimum deviation,
do the following steps:
1. Prepare a blank and clean sheet of HVS paper, place it on the table. Place the prism on the paper. Draw a triangle by tracing the edges. prism.
2. Insert the needle/nail approximately in the middle of the side of the triangle line that has been made parallel and attached to one side of the prism. Insert one of the needles again at a point on the side of the prism and does not stick to the prism, so that the angle of incidence is - 300(see schematic diagram).
mat
Figure 6.4 Schematic of the experimental equipment for determining the refractive index
prism
3. From the other side of the prism, look at the two needles passing through the prism. Move them
your head so that you see the two needles coincide. Insert two more needles,
one of the needles is attached to the prism while the other needle is not attached.
The four needles should appear to overlap one another.
4. Remove the prism from the paper, then remove the needles as well.
Note
the point where the needle is inserted into the hole.
5. Connect the points of the needle file holes to form a line. Also make a line
normal side of the prism that passes through the pinhole point.
6. Measure the angle of the incident ray and the angle of the refracted ray (first deviation) to the line.
normal first side of the prism. Record your measurement results in the table.
7. Do activities 1 to 7 for several different angles of incidence, namely for
angle of incidence 300, 350, 400,450,500,550,600,650,700,and 750
Figure 6.5 Analysis of the path of light and the angle of deviation of the prism, δ1is an angle deviation by the first surface, δ is the angle of deviation of the prism
V. Data analysis methods
1. Determination of refractive index of parallel plane and prism
- Make a table between the angle of incidence, angle of refraction and determine the refractive index of the glass.
parallel plan using snell's law
- Make a graph between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction to determine the index
bias
No angle of incidence(-1) Angle of refraction (-2)
2.Determination of the minimum deviation of a prism
Determine the minimum deviation of the prism using equation 3.
n
δ1
δ A
VI. Evaluation
1. Explain the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction with respect to the normal line.
based on experiments on planparallel lenses!
2. What is the relationship between the amount of displacement and the angle of incidence?
State
also your statement with mathematical formulation?
3. Compare the results obtained in determining the refractive index of the prism if
using Snell's law and minimum deviation.
VII. References
Tipler, 2001, Physics for Science and Engineering Third Edition, Volume 2, Erlangga Publisher, Jakarta
Sears and Zemansky, 2003, College Physics Volume 2, Hugh D. Young &
Roger A. Freedman, Erlangga Publisher, Jakarta
David Halliday & Robert Resnick, 1993, Physics Volume 2, Erlangga Publisher, Jakarta Sutrisno, 1979, Physics Series, Basic Physics: Electricity, Magnetism and Thermophysics, ITB Publisher,
Bandung
Basic physics lab team. 2009. Basic Physics Lab Guidebook, Physics Department
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNNES Semarang
