RHETORICAL DEVICES OF PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE AT 2023 PUBLIC DIALOGUE: BATTLE OF IDEAS
A Thesis Proposal
by
Christine O. S. Tarigan Reg.No. 20810025
PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS FAKULTAS BAHASA DAN SENI UNIVERSITAS HKBP NOMMENSEN
MEDAN
2024
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... i
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 The Background of Study... 1
1.2 The Problem of the Study ... 4
1.3 The Objective of the Study ... 4
1.4 The Scope of Study ... 5
1.5 The Significance of Study ... 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 7
2.1 Theoretical Framework ... 7
2.2 Rhetorical Theory ... 7
2.3 Rhetorical Proofs ... 9
2.3.1 Ethos (Ethical Proof) ... 9
2.3.2 Pathos (Emotional Proof) ... 12
2.3.3 Logos (Logical Proof) ... 15
2.4 Speech ... 16
2.5 Previous Studies ... 17
2.6 Conceptual Framework ... 24
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 25
3.1 Research Design ... 25
3.2 Data sources ... 25
3.3 Data Collection Techniques ... 25
3.4 Data Analysis Techniques ... 26
REFERENCES ... 28
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of Study
Language as the only tool for communicating between humans and each other not only has a very important role in exchanging information, language also plays a role as a means for thinking. Thinking always involves language as a thinking tool.
On the other hand, through language, a person can find out other people's thoughts, which can influence the thoughts of a person or group of people. Communication can occur in daily conversations between parents and children, between teachers and students, between friends, and conversations of three or more people. Examples of types of communication are daily conversations, presentations in class, speeches on the pulpit, interviews between questioners and sources, meetings, debates between potential leaders, and group discussions. Speech is closely related to what is discussed in rhetoric.
Rhetoric is a general speaking skill in public. Rhetoric is a field of science that studies how to speak in a way that has enchanting appeal so that people who listen to it can understand and their feelings are moved. So, rhetoric is not just any ability to speak, in this case, the charm is how the speech can move many people. As
Keraf (2000:118) said, "Rhetoric means the use of language as an artistic technique, both spoken and written, which is based on structured knowledge."
Related to this, two important aspects need to be understood regarding rhetoric. The first is knowledge of the language and its use. The second is knowing the object that will be the target of the language user. People use language to communicate and socialize with others to transfer information from the speaker to the listener. In conveying a message from the speaker to the listener, the speaker always has a goal in stating his speech, whether just giving information, asking to do something, or persuading the listener to think or act as expressed by the speaker.
Most of the purpose of communication is persuasion. Persuasion can help convey messages and objectives smoothly and using polite methods. Thus, people use persuasion to achieve their communication goals. Apart from that, people will use persuasive language to persuade other people or their listeners. The language used has several tactics to ensure that the listener believes what the speaker is saying.
Rhetoric refers to ethos, pathos, and logos. This is a classical Greek term, originating from Aristotle, who is traditionally seen as the father of rhetoric. For his rhetoric to be effective (and thus persuasive), a writer must engage his readers in a variety of interesting ways, which involves carefully choosing how to structure his argument so that the result, namely the reader's agreement with the argument or point, can be achieved. Aristotle defined these modes of engagement and gave them the terms we still use today: logos, pathos, and ethos.
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This research aims to determine the attractiveness of the rhetoric used in the speeches of the presidential candidates, namely Anies Baswedan, Prabowo Subianto, and Ganjar Pranowo. The researcher chose rhetoric in the speeches of presidential candidates because the researcher wanted to understand more about the use of rhetoric and wanted to answer his curiosity about what kind of rhetorical style they used in their speeches competing for ideas. Speech is defined as communication delivered to an audience and for various purposes. Depending on the purpose, a speaker may aim to motivate, entertain, or inform the audience. In this research, researchers will analyze rhetorical appeals that are intended to influence the audience to agree with the speaker. Someone needs a strategy to influence and persuade the person they are talking to.
Researcher are very interested in analyzing rhetoric and want to know more about the types of rhetoric used by presidential candidates in their speeches and what type of rhetoric is the most dominant used by each presidential candidate in their speeches regarding the battle of ideas. Moreover, rhetorical speeches are used by public speakers who have powerful positions such as the president. The reason why researchers use this speech is because the speech contains persuasion for the development of Indonesia to the audience, for example, the development of employment and natural resources. Through the speeches they deliver, presidential candidates try to persuade and influence the emotions of their interlocutors. Next, the researcher used Aristotle's theory which provides three types of rhetorical appeals to
help researchers gain an understanding of the speeches of presidential candidates.
Their speeches were interesting for me to examine because they expressed their ideas and vision and mission to get people's support to vote for them during the 2024 presidential candidate general election. The presidential candidates each used their persuasive speeches to influence the people to vote for them. Therefore, this research aims to determine the type and process of applying rhetoric used by presidential candidates to the public.
1.2 The Problem of the Study
Based on the background of this research, several questions need to be answered and need to be resolved, namely:
1. What types of rhetorical devices does each candidate of presidential use?
2. What type of rhetorical devices is dominantly used in each presidential candidate?
1.3 The Objective of the Study
This research is mainly aimed at achieving the following objectives:
1. To find out the types of rhetorical devices used in Anies, Prabowo, and Ganjar's speeches.
2. To determine the rhetorical devices found in Anies, Prabowo and Ganjar's speeches
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1.4 The Scope of Study
The scope of this research is to analyze the speech transcripts of the three presidential candidates, namely Anies Baswedan, Prabowo Subianto, and Ganjar Pranowo. Researchers focused on the speeches of each presidential candidate in expressing their ideas. Researchers discuss Aristotle's Theory as the main research.
Data taken from YouTube entitled "Anies, Prabowo, and Ganjar's Contest of Ideas at the Muhammadiyah Open Dialogue Event" which lasted one hour, twenty-nine minutes. Researchers have been working on this research for three months.
1.5 The Significance of Study
This study provides theoretical and practical contributions.
A. Theoretically:
1. It is hoped that the results of this research can expand the theory of rethorical devices used, especially in the context of speech.
2. Apart from that, it is hoped that it could became a new perspective regarding the appeal of rhetorical devices which includes word forms, sentences, and phrases.
B. Practical:
1. This research is also expected to provide a deeper understanding of the appeal of rhetoric and its role in linguistics, for readers and students, especially students majoring in English. It is also hoped that this can become a reference for persuasive strategies for future researchers.
2. This research is useful for those who have difficulty analyzing the rhetoric devices in speeches. This research inspires those who wish to conduct similar research along with advances in science in general.
3. Develop knowledge of rhetoric. Researchers and readers understand the types of rhetorical appeals that are commonly applied in speeches.
4. Furthermore, this research can be used as a reference for future researchers who want to research rhetorical studies.
7 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Framework
This chapter will discuss theories related to this topic. These theories include the concept of persuasive strategy. Explanations and examples are provided to support it.
2.2 Rhetorical Theory
According to Jalaludin Rakhmat (2011:27), Rhetoric is the science of making speeches (the art of oratory), the art of using language effectively (the art of using language effectively). The art of speaking well is achieved based on natural talent and technical skills, namely the science and art of teaching people to skillfully compose effective speech or the art of "manipulating" conversations (the art of fake speech).
According to West & Turner (2013:324), rhetoric is a communication theory that was originally developed by Aristotle as a means of challenging several prevailing assumptions regarding effective presentations. Aristotle defined rhetoric as a means available for the purpose of persuasion.
According to Aristotle (in Griffin, 2015: 283) states that: "Aristotle believed the communication process is dynamic; the communication process is not a single or
linear process. According to Rhetorical Theory, communicating and presenting information is not just sending a static message and hoping the audience reads or listens; the process is much more dynamic.” In accordance with the statement above, Aristotle believed that the communication process was a dynamic process. The communication process is not a single or linear process. According to rhetorical theory, communicating and presenting information is not just sending a static message and hoping the audience reads or listens, but the process that occurs is much more dynamic. Aristotle (in West & Turner, 2013:325) also added that rhetoric is a reliance on various emotions, questions, facts and figures, moving language, and information making the message easier to understand and more likely to persuade.
Rhetoric is an important tool for speechwriters, advertisers, lawyers, legislators, scholars, teachers, and media writers. According to West & Turner (2013:325), Aristotle's rhetorical theory has two assumptions as follows:
(1) Effective speakers must consider their audience
(2) Effective speakers use some evidence in their presentations.
In the first assumption, Aristotle emphasizes that the relationship between the speaker and the audience must be considered. Speakers should not compose or deliver their speeches without considering their audience, but they should instead be audience-centered. In this case, the audience is considered as a large group of people who have motivations, decisions, and choices rather than as a large group of
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homogeneous and similar people. This assumption underlines the definition of communication as a transactional process. In order for a speech to be effective, an audience analysis must be carried out, which is the process of evaluating an audience and its background and structuring the speech in such a way that listeners respond as expected by the speaker. Examples of audience analysis are analysis of age, gender, educational background, and so on. The second assumption relates to what speakers do in the preparation of their speeches and the production of those speeches. The evidence referred to refers to methods of persuasion, namely: ethos, pathos, and logos.
2.3 Rhetorical Proofs
Rhetorical proofs come from Aristotle's available means of persuasion, artistic proofs, which are the methods or ways to persuade. According to Aristotle (in Griffin, 2012), artistic proofs are the things that are created by the speaker. There are three kinds of artistic proofs: ethical (ethos), emotional (pathos), and logical (logos).
2.3.1 Ethos (Ethical Proof)
Ethos is evidence of ethics that depends on the speaker's credibility, knowledge of the subject, and goodwill toward the audience. According to Herrick (in Maarif 2015: 9), the speaker's personality ethos is an important factor in rhetorical success. Whoever speaks determines the effectiveness of a conversation. A speaker with ethos is a speaker who has personal credibility.
The personal credibility in question lies in public perception. Public speakers must know "what the community believes makes a person trustworthy": something that makes a person trusted by the community. Aristotle (in Griffin 2015:286-287), identified three qualities that build high credibility (ethos) in rhetoric, namely:
perceived intelligence or intelligence of the speaker, virtuous character or perceived character, and goodwill.
1) Perceived Intelligence
Audience judges intelligence by the overlap between their beliefs and the speaker's ideas (Griffin, 2012). Audience is more likely to be persuaded when they perceive a speaker to be competence and credible (Verderber, Sellnow, and Verderber, 2012). A speaker conveys his or her intelligence by explaining his or her competence. To indicate the speaker's competence, the speaker can share his or her experiences that prove the speaker's special knowledge in some fields or simply by adding the current information in his speech. In addition, using evidence from respected sources who are experts in the speech can help the speaker sound more convincing. By doing so, the audience can perceive the speaker's qualification and expertise and start believing on what the speaker is saying (Verderber, Sellnow, and Verderber, 2012).
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2) Virtuous Character
Character has to do with the speaker's image as a good and honest person.
(Griffin, 2012). According to Verderber, Sellnow, and Verderber (2012), good character is the ability of the speaker to establish trustworthiness of the listeners to what the speaker says. To produce the trustworthiness, the speaker can begin with telling the speaker's experiences and values. From the experiences and values that the speaker shares with the audience, it will help the audience start to believe in what the speaker says. The speaker can also explain his motive to demonstrate his character which makes the listeners consider the speaker as a trustworthy person so that it increases good character of the speaker (Verderber, Sellnow, and Verderber, 2012).
3) Goodwill
Goodwill is a positive judgment of the speaker's intention toward the audience (Griffin, 2012). Aristotle thought it is possible for an orator to possess extraordinary intelligence and sterling character yet still not have the listener's best interest heart (Griffin, 2012). According to Verderber, Sellnow, and Verderber (2012), goodwill is a perception the audience forms of a speaker who they believe understands them, empathizes with them, and is responsive to them. When audience members believe in the speaker's goodwill, they are willing to believe what the speaker says.
2.3.2 Pathos (Emotional Proof)
The pathos or emotions that Aristotle means in the book Rhetoric (in Maarif 2015:26) are "all feelings that can change people's decisions, and sometimes they feel painful, sometimes they are pleasant". This means that a communicator must be able to influence the emotions of the audience. The feelings in question include feelings of anger and calm, friendship and hostility, fear and courage or self-confidence, shame and shame, affection and annoyance, envy and competition.
Emotional evidence depends on appealing to the audience's emotions such as friendship, joy, anger, and sadness. Griffin (2015:288) also explains the opinions of Aristotle and George Kennedy who claim that the analysis of pathos is the initial systematic discussion of human psychology.
Sadness relates to emotions being drawn out of the listener, Aristotle argued that the listener becomes an instrument of evidence when emotions are stirred within them. Listeners judge differently when they are affected by joy, pain, hatred, or fear.
1) Anger versus Calmness
Anger according to Aristotle in his book, Rhetoric (in Maarif 2015:26) is the desire to commit violence against the perpetrator of an insult to oneself or someone close to them. This desire is painful at first and feels good after it is channeled.
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Aristotle also added that anger is caused by insults carried out in at least three forms. The first is to insult by putting oneself down, the second is to insult by making fun of him, and the third is to insult by making fun of himself.
2) Friendship versus Hatred
Consistent with current research on attraction, Aristotle thought similarity was the key to warmth. Speakers should demonstrate shared goals, experiences, attitudes, and desires. In the absence of positive forces, common enemies can be used to create solidarity.
Aristotle (in Maarif 2015: 28) defines it as a feeling that wants good for other people, not for oneself, but for the benefit of the other person. This feeling is accompanied by a feeling of sharing the same fate in joy and sorrow. We easily make friends with people who have the same hopes as us.
3) Fear versus Confident
Fear comes from mental images that have the potential to be disastrous. The speaker must paint with words the picture of a tragedy, showing that its occurrence is possible. Confidence can be built by explaining the danger as a controller.
According to Aristotle (in Maarif 2015:32), There are times when fear needs to be fought. Courage and self-confidence must be shown. These two things are the opposite of fear. Courage and self-confidence arise by eliminating the causes of fear.
Another thing that needs to be shown in the emotions of communication is an attitude of kindness, namely giving help to people who need help without any strings attached, but for the sake of the party being helped. A good attitude is similar to a friendly attitude, both involve actions without personal interests.
4) Dear and Annoyed
Aristotle (in Maarif 2015:33) said that orators should encourage a loving attitude in their audience. A loving attitude is defined as a feeling of pain when facing the appearance of evil, damage, and painful things that happen to someone among us.
Things that can trigger feelings of pity include death, injury, old age, epidemics, hunger, being alone without friends, weakness, disability, and often bad luck. The people who easily arouse our pity are people we know closely, people who are similar to us in age, character, and social status.
5) Envy and Competitiveness
Jealousy, like irritation, tends to have negative and bad nuances. These two feelings should be identified and corrected by the orator, not to be immersed in the audience. A feeling that is almost similar to that, but has a positive and good nuance, and is worth cultivating, is a strong feeling of competing.
The feeling of competition, according to Aristotle (in Maarif 2015:34), is a feeling that is disturbing when we see people who are naturally the same as us can
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achieve something good that we can also achieve. With that feeling, the self - moves to achieve what equal people can achieve. You don't have bad intentions towards others when feelings of competition arise, while in feelings of envy, bad intentions towards others dominate yourself.
2.3.3 Logos (Logical Proof)
Aristotle (in Maarif 2015:44), refers to the word logos as the words argumentation and logic in rhetoric. If ethos is related to the speaker, and pathos is related to the listener, then logos is related to the conversation.
Logos or logical proof depends on enthymemes and syllogisms. Griffin, et al (2015:285), explain that logos is logical evidence that the speaker uses; their arguments, rationalizations, and discourse. According to Aristotle, logos involves some practices including using logical explanations and clear language, including the choice of words or expressions and sentences issued by the speaker.
Aristotle (in Griffin 2015:285) also said that: "Focused on two forms of logos - the enthymeme and the example.
1) Enthymeme
Aristotle regarded the enthymeme as the strongest of the proofs. It is because enthymeme is considered as rhetorical demonstration and people are easily persuaded when they think that something has been demonstrated (Christof, 2010). Enthymeme
is merely an incomplete version of a formal deductive syllogism. Deductive logic is used in the process of creating an enthymeme by moving from global principle to specific truth.
2) Example
According to Aristotle (1954), example has the nature of induction, which is the foundation of reasoning. Example is one of the effective methods to define an idea and it IS also a favorite device of preachers, orators, and teachers to explain their thought so that the audience can easily grasp the the meaning (Griffin, 2012).
2.4 Speech
Speech is a skill in conveying messages in public verbally with a specific purpose. The number of listeners is unlimited, it can be many or few. According to James H. Mc. Burney and Ernest J. Wrage in the book by Rustica C. Carpio, Anacleta M. Encarnacion, Private and Public Speaking. Speech is the conveying of ideas and feelings using visible and audible symbols that come from the speaker. Speech is speech with a good structure to be conveyed to the public. Speech aims to influence other people, provide understanding, and make other people happy and satisfied. with words delivered entertainingly.
Since thousands of years ago, namely since the time of Ancient Greece, Aristotle defined Speech or Rhetoric as "The Art of Persuasion" or "The Art of Persuasion". This understanding has not changed to date. The meaning of persuasion
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is to persuade the listener. According to Amar (1986:11), the meaning of speech is conveying and instilling thoughts, information, and ideas from the speaker to other people, namely the listener.
Researchers conclude that a speech is a process of conveying an idea that aims to provide information or change and influence the audience's mindset.
2.5 Previous Studies
In a literature review, the researcher begins by reviewing previous research that is related and relevant to the research that the researcher will conduct. In this way, researchers receive supporting, complementary, and comparative references in preparing this thesis so that it is more adequate. Apart from that, a review of previous research is useful for providing an initial overview of studies related to the problem in this research. After the researcher conducted a literature review on the results of previous research, several studies on rhetoric were found.
The first research by Nicki Hardyanti (2012) entitled "Rhetorical Analysis in the 2012 DKI Jakarta Pemilukada Campaign (Qualitative Study of Jokowi-Ahok Rhetoric Analysis in the 2012 DKI Jakarta Regional Election Campaign Debate)"
This research examines the rhetoric used by prospective candidates Governor
"Jokowi-Ahok" in the video recording of the 2012 DKI Jakarta campaign debate.
This research aims to determine the rhetorical analysis of the candidate for Governor
"Jokowi-Ahok" using theories that are considered relevant, namely public speaking
and political campaigns. The object of this research is the 2012 DKI Jakarta Regional Election Campaign debate video which was held by private television stations, namely, Metro TV, Jak TV, and TV One. This research concludes that Jokowi and Ahok in the 2012 DKI Jakarta post-conflict regional election campaign debate understood and applied important elements in building successful rhetoric. From the research obtained, Jokowi and Ahok succeeded in applying the application of theory of rhetoric which argues that there are three types of approaches for success in persuading an audience, namely logos, pathos, and ethos.
Next research by Arik Fajar Cahyono (2012 entitled "Motivational Language Rhetoric in Mario Teguh's Golden Ways Program on Metro TV." This research examines Mario Teguh's Motivational Language Rhetoric in the Golden Ways program on Metro TV. This research discusses the importance of a motivator's choice of words and movement in motivating which has an important influence because every choice of words and movement is attempted to create a dialogical atmosphere of togetherness, namely the creation of a controlled emotional atmosphere so that it becomes a binding force between the motivator and the audience. This research concludes that the Mario Teguh Golden Ways program on Metro TV has the aim of making other people feel important, controlling other
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people's actions and attitudes, creating a good impression, attracting people with acceptance, approval, and appreciation, listening, making people agree, giving praise, and criticize others without hurting them.
Research by Heru Ricky (2014) entitled Comparison of the Rhetoric of Prabowo Subianto and Joko Widodo in the 2014 Presidential Candidate Debate (Case of Rhetoric of the 2014 Presidential Candidate Debate Regarding Economic Development and Social Welfare). This research examines the comparison of Prabowo Subianto's rhetoric with Joko Widodo by introducing rhetorical comparisons between Presidential candidates by using different approaches in debate videos with the theme "Economic Development and Social Welfare" by processing data using Aristotle's rhetorical theory to understand ethos, pathos, and logos as well as rhetorical canons. The results of this research show that there are differences in rhetoric between Prabowo and Jokowi, namely: a) Prabowo's ethos looks tough, firm, authoritative, while Jokowi looks simple, hard-working and a spreader; b) Pathos from Prabowo emphasizes the data he got from the chairman of the Corruption Eradication Commission, while Jokowi with his experience 'blusukan' to attract the attention of his audience; c) Prabowo's Logos continues to use opinions regarding the leakage of state assets to further strengthen his evidence, in the end this is too much, while Jokowi continues to provide logical evidence based on his experience. The rhetorical canons between these two presidential candidates are also not the same, but their goal is only one, to get the votes or attention of the Indonesian people.
Research by Noermanzah1, Emzir2, & Ninuk Lustyantie entitle Variety Of Rhetorics In Political Speech The President of The Republic of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono And Joko Widodo In Educational Field This research aims to provide an understanding of the variety of rhetoric in the state speeches of the Presidents of the Republic of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo, especially in the field of education. The research method uses the Norman Fairclough model of critical discourse analysis. Data collection techniques use documentation techniques, note-taking techniques and interviews. Data analysis technique by connecting micro, meso, and macro elements in the dimensions of (a) text, (b) discourse practice, and (b) socio-cultural practice. The results of the research show the variety of rhetoric contained in the state speeches of Presidents Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo in the field of education. The variety of rhetoric used aims to convey educational programs that have been carried out, promises, and desires or hopes to improve the quality of education in Indonesia, especially in the era of reform.
Research by Ricky, Heru (2014) Entitled Comparison Of The Rhetoric Of Prabowo Subianto And Joko Widodo In The 2014 Presidential Candidate Debate.
This research will introduce a comparison of rhetoric between presidential candidates using a different approach to previous research. This research will focus on the rhetorical approaches of each 2014 presidential candidate which will be examined further using text analysis studies. This research uses a qualitative methodology with
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a descriptive approach with primary data in the form of a collection of presidential candidate debate videos downloaded via the video sharing site, YouTube. These videos have been selected according to the following criteria: a) a video of the 2014 presidential and vice presidential candidate debate in Indonesia b) a debate video with the theme 'Economic Development and Social Welfare' dated 15 June 2014 c) a video with the full duration of beginning to end. Secondary data consists of news stories that provide background to the speaker's biography and news related to the presidential candidate debate according to the theme. This secondary data will later become reinforcing data regarding the primary data. These data were processed using Aristotle's rhetorical theory in order to understand ethos, pathos, and logos as well as rhetorical canons. The results of the research show that Prabowo's ethos looks tough, firm, authoritative, while Jokowi looks simple, hard working and patient. Prabowo's pathos emphasizes the data he got from the chairman of the Corruption Eradication Commission, while Jokowi, with his experience, 'blusukan' to attract the attention of his audience. Prabowo's logos continues to use opinions regarding the leakage of state assets to further strengthen his evidence, in the end this is too much, while Jokowi continues to provide logical evidence based on his experience.
Marsefio S. Luhukay (2007), entitled President SBY and Image Politics: Text Analysis of President SBY's Speech with Approach Aristotle's Rhetoric. In this research the researcher was interested in observing and analyzing speeches by the incumbent president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) that was well known as
imaging politics, he has frequently displayed it while speaking before the public through addresses or other agendas in front of mass media or publics findings on examination of President SBY Speech Texts that the most influential one for audiences was ETHOS The ethos side was reflected from the introductory section aimed at substantiating communicator's credibility There were three aspects in Ethos namely Intelligence, Character, and Goodwill. The three aspects were contained in the speeches of President SBY and the most dominant and strong one was the character aspect. It was reflected by sentences in his speeches that strove to portray himself as a person of age, who is honest and trustworthy and has empathy to society.
Moch. Ferdy Ardiansyah (2017) entitled ANALYSIS OF BASUKI TJAHAJA PURNAMA'S RHETORIC IN THE PEOPLE'S CAMPAIGN FOR THE ELECTION OF THE HEAD OF THE SPECIAL CAPITAL REGION OF JAKARTA IN RUMAH LEMBAN (ARISTOTLE'S RHETORIC STUDY), This research examines the rhetoric of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama in the people's campaign for the election of Head of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta in Rumah Lembang in 2017 using the theory of Aristotle's five laws of rhetoric and the impact of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama's rhetoric in the people's campaign for the election of Head Special Capital Region of Jakarta at Rumah Lembang in 2017. This research is descriptive qualitative in nature, data collection was carried out using note-taking techniques, while data analysis used the analytical description method using text analysis techniques. The data in this research was collected from the video of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama's rhetoric during
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the people's campaign at Rumah Lembang. The results of this research are that the speech delivered by Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was able to have a significant impact on his success in gaining public trust and also increased the percentage of wins in the first round of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta Head Election.
Analysis by Nova Saha Fasadena (2022) entitled ANALYSIS OF THE RHETORIC OF LAURA KIEHL'S LOVE SPEECH AT THE LAUNCHING EVENT OF THE RELIGIOUS MODERATION ACTION OF THE RI MINISTRY OF RELIGION. This article discusses the rhetorical analysis of the speech delivered by Cinta Laura Kiehl on the eve of the launch of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion's Religious Moderation Action, on 22 September 2021. It is important to analyze this because Cinta Laura Kiehl was appointed by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion as a means of communication to promote religious moderation among the millennial generation. For this reason, researchers used descriptive qualitative methods through an interpretive paradigm. The data collection technique used was watch, note, note. Next, it is analyzed by interpreting the concept of persuasiveness and Aristotle's five laws of rhetoric. The analysis technique used uses the Miles, Huberman, and Saldana model, namely data collection, data condensation, data presentation, and verification. The research results showed that there were a total of 32 data findings with details of 19 data from the concept of persuasive rhetoric and 15 data from the principles of Aristotle's five laws of rhetoric.
Pathos 2.6 Conceptual Framework
Conceptual Framework of : Rethorical Devices Of Presidential Candidate At 2023 Public Dialogue: Battle Of Ideas (Tarigan Christine 2024)
RETHORICAL DEVICES OF PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE AT 2023 PUBLIC DIALOGUE: BATTLE OF IDEAS
Rhetorical Devices
Anger vs Calmness
Frienship vs Hatred
Fear vs Confident
Dear and Annoyed
Envy and Competitiveness
The result of the analysis of rherotical devices of Presidential Candidate at 2023 Public Dialogue: Battle
of Ideas
Ethos Logos
Perceived Intelligence
Virtuous Character
Goodwill
Enthymeme
Example
25 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
This research uses a qualitative descriptive method because the research data is in the form of utterances and words, which are not analyzed statistically.
Researchers analyzed speech in YouTube videos and speech transcripts. Researchers analyzed by describing and explaining the data based on Aristotle's theory of rhetorical appeal. This research analyzes rhetorical appeals that focus on the speeches of the three presidential candidates, namely Probowo Subianto, Anies Baswedan, and Ganjar Pranowo.
3.2 Data sources
The data for this research is a video from KOMPASTV YouTube entitled
"Anies, Prabowo and Ganjar's Contest of Ideas at the Muhammadiyah Open Dialogue Event. Researchers took the video transcript as a source of data taken from the speeches of the three presidential candidates on YouTube.
The data source in research is the subject from which the data can be obtained.
In this research, the researcher uses speech transcripts as a data source, because they are
written material. In conducting research, the researcher used mass media such as YouTube.
3.3 Data Collection Techniques
In this research, researchers used transcript data from KOMPASTV YouTube entitled "Anies, Prabowo and Ganjar's Contest of Ideas at the Muhammadiyah Open Dialogue Event. Researchers took the following steps:
1. The first step is to watch a YouTube video about the three presidential candidates competing for ideas, namely, Anies Baswedan, Prabowo Subianto, and Ganjar Pranowo.
2. In The second step, the researcher downloaded the video in full, the speech at https://youtu.be/yntnXuXjwRU?si=ujrDAZeDUAUun68Z
3. The fourth step is to transcribe the video also watch the film again and check the accuracy of the transcript.
3.4 Data Analysis Techniques
In this research, after all the data has been collected, the next step is to analyze the data. The data analysis procedure is:
1. Identify the ethos of each presidential candidate according to Aristotle’s theory
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2. Identify the pathos of each presidential candidate according to Aristotle’s theory.
3. Identify the logos of each presidential candidate according to Aristotle’s theory.
4. Classify the rhetorical evidence in each presidential candidate's speeches in the table
5. Calculate the types of rhetorical devices in the table.
6. Draw the finding 7. Disscus the finding 8. Draw the conclusion
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