ISSN: 2339-076X (p); 2502-2458 (e), Volume 6, Number 4 (July 2019):1837-1846 DOI:10.15243/jdmlm.2019.064.1837
www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id 1837 Research Article
Role of cajuput waste compost against the physical quality of sandy soil
Mashudi
1,2*, Zaenal Kusuma
3, Soemarno
3, Sugeng Prijono
31Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Papua University, Indonesia
2Doctoral Program of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
3 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
*corresponding author: [email protected] Received 17 April 2019, Accepted 15 May 2019
Abstract: Composting is an alternative way to accelerate decomposition and maturation of residual waste from refining leaves of cajuput to be suitably applied to the soil. The application of Cajuput Waste Compost (CW Compost) is intended to increase the productivity of sandy soil in Indonesian dryland. Compost serves as a soil conditioner that can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties. The study aimed to determine and analyze the role of CW compost in improving the physical quality of sandy soil in two incubation periods. The study used experimental methods, through soil incubation that given CW compost, in a greenhouse with two incubation periods. The experiments used a completely randomized design with 4 levels of CW compost treatment, namely: 0 t/ha (P0), 10 t/ha (P1), 20 t/ha (P2), 30 t/ha (P3). The results showed CW compost had a significant role in improving the physical quality of sandy soil both at 1-month and 4-month incubations. The soil physical quality increased by increasing compost levels and incubation periods, except for the total available water variable which decreased after 4-month incubation. The decrease was allegedly due to the reduction of labile fraction in the soil.
Keywords: cajuput waste compost, dryland, incubation, sandy soil, soil physics
To cite this article: Mashudi, Kusuma, Z, Soemarno and Prijono, S. 2019. Role of cajuput waste compost against the physical quality of sandy soil. J. Degrade. Min. Land Manage. 6(4): 1837-1846, DOI: 10.15243/jdmlm. 2019.064.1837.
Introduction
Dryland is the main resource for agricultural development in Indonesia. However, some less favorable characteristics are found in dryland, especially low level of productivity (Rochayati and Dariah, 2012; Arthur et al., 2013). They are generally acidic, poor in nutrients, and low in organic matter (Abdurachman et al., 2008).
Physically, the coarse-textured soils are weak aggregate, dominant macropore, and low water storage capacity (Sudaryono, 2001). Because of these disadvantageous characteristics, it is considered necessary to do a scientific study to make an increase in productivity.
In order to increase the productivity of dry land sandy soil, an effort can be made by applying soil conditioners such as organic compost. Raw materials of the compost are abundant and
relatively easy to obtain in nature. Compost plays as a conditioner of sub-optimal soils such as dryland sandy soil (Tatipata and Jacob, 2013).
Various kinds of biological bodies, plant residues and waste, have been tried to be made as compost, and one potential raw material is waste from refining cajuput leaves.
Residual waste from national cajuput oil industry activities reached 49,500 t/year (BPPK, 2014; Rimbawanto et al., 2014). Naturally, the leaves and twigs from remaining waste are difficult to decompose. Through composting, the process of decomposition and maturation of compost can take faster. Decomposition materials can be returned to the soil as conditioners (Lestari et al., 2010).
Physically, an organic matter can increase aggregate stability and soil porosity (Mustoyo et al., 2013). The presence of organic compost in
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 1838 sandy soil decreases the percentage of macropore
(fast drainage pore) and increases the percentage of available water pore (Bot and Benites, 2005), and eventually the retention of groundwater an increase (Keller and Dexter, 2012; Zulkarnain et al., 2013;
Montesanoa et al., 2015). Therefore, organic compost as an alternative soil conditioner is feasible to be applied in improving soil quality through the accumulation of soil organic matter (Murphy, 2015; 2015a).
In addition, a study of utilization waste from refining cajuput leaves has not been widely studied. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the role of cajuput waste compost in improving the physical quality of dryland sandy soil in two incubation periods.
Materials and Methods
The study was an incubation trial in periods of 1- month and 4-month. The incubation was carried out in a greenhouse, Kampung Bawang, Lowokwaru and continued to laboratory analysis in the Soil Laboratory of Agriculture Faculty, Brawijaya University, Malang. The study was conducted from June to November 2015. The research object used a sandy loam soil (10 kg pot-
1), and compost from solid waste of refining cajuput leaves. The experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD) with cajuput waste compost (CW compost) treatment consisting of 4 levels, namely: 0 t/ha (P0), 10 t/ha (P1), 20 t/ha (P2), 30 t/ha (P3). Each treatment was repeated 5 times so that 20 experimental units were obtained for each incubation period. The mathematical research model was as follows:
𝑌𝑖𝑗 = µ + 𝜏𝑖 + 𝜀𝑖𝑗
where: i = Level of treatment; j = Replication ; Yij=
Results from i-th treatment and j-th replication; µ
= Mean ; τi = Effect of i-th treatment ; εij = Effect of experimental errors from i-th treatment and j-th replication.
The implementation of this study involved soil sampling in the field, waste sampling, preparation of pots and greenhouse, composting, application of compost, incubation, laboratory analysis, and data analysis. The incubated soil was analyzed in the laboratory for 1-month and 4-month periods.
Observation variables included soil aggregate stability, soil bulk density, and soil water holding capacity. Soil water holding capacity was analyzed in the field capacity condition (pF 2.54), in the wilting point condition (pF 4.2) and within the difference value between them, namely, soil total
available water. The obtained data were tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan’s test at the confidence level of 95% (α = 0.05). Regression analysis was used to see the association of physical quality with the level treatment and incubation periods. All statistical analyses were performed by the XLSTAT 2016.
Results and Discussion
Organic materials can improve soil structure, repair water and air circulation system, increase soil ability to hold water, reduce water loss due to evaporation, maintain soil moisture, and also be a source of nutrients (Foth, 1991; Bot and Benites, 2005; Strosser, 2010; Garcia et al., 2014). The effect of CW compost on some physical variables of sandy soil showed positive results.
Stability of soil aggregates
The stability of soil aggregates was significantly affected (p<0.05) by cajuput waste compost (CW compost). Duncan’s test results (Figure 1) showed that the aggregate stability of P1, P2, P3 increased and was significantly different from P0 (control) both at 1-month and 4-month incubation.
Application of cajuput waste compost increased soil aggregate stability from the lowest level (10 t/ha) to the highest level (30 t/ha).
The result showed that the highest stability of soil aggregates was influenced by the highest CW compost level application, in which giving compost 30 t/ha was able to improve soil aggregate stability 39.2% higher in 1-month incubation and 39.9% higher in 4-month incubation compared to those without compost. Soil aggregate stability continued to increase along with the compost level increase and incubation periods (Figure 2).
Therefore, the class of soil aggregate stability was able to increase 2 levels from the less stable class at the beginning of incubation to be stable at the end of incubation. The regression of compost level with the aggregate stability showed a positive linear relationship, where the soil with higher compost level and in longer incubation periods was able to carry out better physicochemical interactions. Angers et al. (1997), found that the application of organic matter (straw) increased the percentage of micro-aggregates (50 - 250 µm) up to 33% at the end of the incubation period.
According to their studies, aggregate stability continued to increase up to 18 months of incubation.
The aggregate stability increased because the humified organic material from CW compost played a role in the process of flocculation and in
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 1839 the forming of organo-mineral complexes (Tisdall
and Oades, 1982; Lal and Sukhla, 2004).
Aggregates are formed from the assembly and bound together between soil particles into micro-
aggregates (20 - 250 µm) and then become macro- aggregates (> 250 µm) (Six et al., 2002; Rabot et al., 2018).
đť‘ż 0.44 0.59 0.62 0.61 0.57 0.76 0.77 0.80
Uplift (%) 0 34.6 40.3 39.2 0 33.0 34.8 39.9
Class* Less stable Rather stable Rather stable Rather stable Rather stable Stable Stable Stable Remarks: Duncan’s test (α = 0,05); Error bar associated with the histograms showed double standard errors of the mean; The same letter on the histograms showed no significant difference between treatments; AMD, Average mass diameter; 𝑋, mean; *, Criteria of Soil Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University (2006).
Figure 1. The effect of CW compost input on soil aggregate stability in 1-month and 4-month incubation.
Figure 2. Effect of compost level ( t/ha) on the stability of soil aggregate (AMD, mm).
In the aggregation process, it involves clay and organic material as binding agents (Sarker et al., 2018). Organic materials can support the formation of more stable soil aggregate through organic polymer bonds with soil particles (Kogel-Knabner
and Amelung, 2014). Soil aggregate stability highly depends on the soil texture, the content of clay fraction, the content of organic matter, the soil tillage, and the type of land use (Zhang et al., 2017;
a
b b b
a
b b b
0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90
P0 P1 P2 P3 P0 P1 P2 P3
1-month incubation 4-month incubation
AMD (mm)
y = 0.0054x + 0.4839 r = 0.828 y = 0.007x + 0.6218
r = 0.679
0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
0 10 20 30
AMD(mm)
Level of Compost (t/ha)
1-month 4-month
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 1840 Zhao et al., 2017; Minasny and Mcbratney, 2018;
Yin et al., 2018).
Bulk density of soil
Bulk density besides being influenced by soil texture and soil management is also influenced by soil organic matter content (USDA-NRCS, 2008).
It can describe the physical condition of the soil, which reflects the physical ability to support water and air movement (USDA-NRCS, 2011). These conditions can affect porosity, infiltration, depth of roots, availability of soil water and nutrient, and also activity of soil microorganisms which become the keys of soil productivity (USDA-NRCS, 2013).
Analysis of variance of CW compost effect was significant (p<0.05) on the bulk density of sandy loam soil. Duncan’s test (Figure 3) showed that the decreasing of soil bulk density at P1, P2, and P3 was significant to P0 (control), both at 1-
month and 4-month incubation. The results showed that the lowest soil bulk density was influenced by the highest CW compost application, where compost 30 t/ha was able to decrease soil bulk density 5.1% lower at 1-month incubation and 5.9% lower at 4-month incubation compared to those without compost. This result is reinforced by the statement of Glab et al. (2018), that applying compost to sandy soil has a significant effect on soil physical parameters, especially the bulk density. Mousavi et al. (2012) reported that the addition of organic material (rice straw) to sandy loam could reduce the soil bulk density. There is a strong relationship between the bulk density and the content of organic matter, in which it has a strong effect on decreasing the bulk density of the soil (McGrath and Henry, 2016). Adding CW compost led the density of sandy loam soils decreased.
đť‘ż 1.288 1.231 1.230 1.223 1.260 1.189 1.188 1.186
Decrease (%) 0 4.4 4.5 5.1 0 5.6 5.7 5.9
Class* high high high high high moderate moderate moderate
Remarks: Duncan’s test (α = 0,05); Error bar associated with the histograms showed double standard errors of the mean; The same letter on the histograms showed no significant difference between treatments; 𝑋, mean; *, Criteria of Soil Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University (2006).
Figure 3. The effect of CW compost input on soil bulk density in 1-month and 4-month incubation.
Decreasing the soil density due to the humified organic material could bind soil particle into an aggregate, and bridge the bond between micro- aggregates into macro-aggregates (ATTRA, 2014).
Aggregation between primary particles and organic material are formed so that the percentage of soil macropores (rapid drainage pores) decreases and soil micropores increases (Bot and Benites, 2005).
Increasing the number of micropores will increase the total of soil porosity so that the soil bulk density decreases.
In this study, the CW compost from the lowest level (10 t/ha) to the highest level (30 t/ha) had an effect on decreasing the bulk density of the soil.
The regression analysis of compost level with the soil bulk density (Figure 4) showed a negative linear relationship, where the bulk density decreased over a longer incubation period and at higher CW compost level. Organic material has low bulk density and high porosity (Guo, 2016) so that mixing compost with soil mineral fraction causes a decrease in soil bulk density (Bronick and a
b b b
a
b b b
1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35
P0 P1 P2 P3 P0 P1 P2 P3
1-moth incubation 4-month incubation
BD (g/cm3)
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 1841 Lal, 2005). The CW compost was strongly
correlated with soil bulk density in 1-month incubation (r = -0.649) and 4-month incubation (r
= -0.719). The analysis results showed a stronger correlation at a longer incubation period (4-month).
It meant that the compost organic matter interacts with soil particles, bonds between particles and forms a more stable structure (Ohu et al., 1987;
Zulkarnain et al., 2013).
Figure 4. Effect of compost level ( t/ha) on the bulk density of soil (BD, g/cm3).
As time passes, the micropore space is more created so the total soil pore space increases. In accordance with the report from Chaudhari et al.
(2013), there is a very strong correlation between organic matter and bulk density in sandy soil, in which an increase in organic matter content is followed by a decrease in bulk density of the soil.
According to Xin et al. (2016), a negative correlation caused by microbial products is a result from organic matter decomposition such as polysaccharides and other microbial gums which act as binding agents for soil particles (Gupta and Germida, 2015; Luo et al., 2018).
Soil water holding capacity
According to Minasny and Mcbratney (2018), the soil water holding is an important part of controlling the balance of water and energy of the biosphere. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of CW compost was significant (p<0.05) on the soil water holding capacity in 1-month incubation, but nonsignificant in 4-month incubation. Duncan's test results (Figure 5) showed
that P1 did not make different effect compared with control, which means CW compost 10 t/ha had not been adequate to increase the water content of field capacity, wilting point, and soil total available water. The compost level had begun to exert an influence on increasing water content at 20 t/ha, but it was only significantly different from the control at field capacity and wilting point condition. The compost just showed a significant effect on the three water holding condition upon 30 t/ha level, where Duncan's test showed P3 was significantly different compared to P0 (control).
Results showed the CW compost played an important role to improve soil water holding capacity in the 1-month incubation period, but in a longer time (4-month incubation) CW compost appeared to perform low, especially its effect for the total available water. As seen in the results of regression analysis (Figure 6), it showed a positive linear relationship in 1-month incubation but not linear in 4-month incubation. It was suspected in 1- month incubation, a combination of soil and compost could bind water to the maximum retention.
y = -0.002x + 1.2725 r = 0.649
y = -0.0022x + 1.2389 r = 0.719
1,131,231,33
0 10 20 30
BD(g/cm3)
Level of Compost (t/ha)
1-month 4-month
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 1842
đť‘ż 17.74 17.82 18.58 18.92 6.38 6.43 6.79 6.79 11.35 11.40 11.79 12.1
3
Uplift (%) 0 0.5 4.7 6.7 0 0.7 6.3 6.4 0 0.4 3.8 6.8
đť‘ż 14.78 14.88 15.30 15.40 6.17 6.22 6.44 6.51 8.62 8.66 8.87 8.90
Uplift (%) 0 0.7 3.5 4.2 0 0.9 4.4 5.5 0 0.5 2.9 3.3
Remarks: Duncan’s test (α = 0,05); Error bar associated with the histograms showed double standard errors of the mean; The same letter on the histograms showed no significant difference between treatments; MI, Month incubation;
đť‘‹, mean.
Figure 5. The effect of CW compost input on soil water holding capacity in 1-month and 4-month incubation.
However, along with the passing time, the binding ability of compost decreased. Allegedly, the incubation process in a longer period (4-month) caused a portion of the labile fraction (active pool) of organic matter to reduce due to a rapid decomposition by microorganisms or leached from the soil.
Besides having the ability to bind soil particles, compost is also capable to bind water molecule (Schaumann and Bertmer, 2008). The loss of soil organic matter causes a portion of water to be retained by the soil decreases (Hudson, 1994;
Zacharias and Wessolek, 2007; Minasny and McBratney, 2018). As revealed by Mganga and Kuzyako (2014) and Killham and Prosser (2015), the presence of glucose as the part of the labile fraction is only short-term, especially just a few days to a few weeks. Such fraction is temporary, but its presence has a significant impact on soil quality. The labile fraction is quickly produced and also quickly used by soil microorganisms as an energy source (Wang et al., 2013; Killham and Prosser, 2015; Gunina and Kuzyakov, 2015; Li et al., 2015; Li et al., 2018).
a a b b
a a b b
a a ab b
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
P0 P1 P2 P3 P0 P1 P2 P3 P0 P1 P2 P3
Field Capacity Wilting Point Total Available Water
Water Content 1-MI(%V)
a a b b
a ab ab b
6 8 10 12 14 16
P0 P1 P2 P3 P0 P1 P2 P3 P0 P1 P2 P3
Field Capacity Wilting Point Total Available Water
Water Content 1-MI(%V)
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 1843 Figure 6. Effect of compost level (t/ha) on total available water (TAW, %).
Overall, CW compost had an effect on improving soil physical quality both in 1-month and 4-month incubation. The compost is able to increase aggregate stability, bulk density, and total available water (Yang et al., 2014; Ankenbauer and Loheide, 2017). The biggest role of compost is shown by its support to the aggregation process and the increasing of aggregate stability (Barral, Ariasa and Guerif, 1998). The presence of organic polymers plays as a binding agent in the process of flocculation and in forming organo-mineral complexes (Daynes et al., 2013; Shahid et al., 2012).
The aggregation mechanism or the arrangement of the soil aggregates as follows:
First, fine soil particles (diameters <20 ÎĽm) are collected (flocculated) and bound (cemented) each other form sub-micro-aggregates (diameter 20 - 60 ÎĽm); Second, sub-micro-aggregates are bound to each other to form micro-aggregates (diameter
<250 ÎĽm); Third, the micro-aggregates are bound together to form macro-aggregates (diameter> 250 ÎĽm) (Lal and Shukla, 2004; Jastrow et al., 2007;
Hontoria et al., 2016).
A variety of aggregate sizes has an effect in creating a variety of pore sizes (Bot and Benites, 2005; Nath, 2014). The pore hierarchy controls the dynamics of gaseous exchange, retention and movement of water in soil (Hollis et al., 1977;
Franzluebbers, 2002) and nutrient supply in the soil (Young and Ritz, 2000). Improvements of the aggregate stability are followed by improvements of soil bulk density and soil ability to hold available water (Vengadaramana and Jashothan, 2012; Yang et al., 2014; Sujatha et al., 2016).
The bulk density decreases due to an increase in the number of capillary pores. These capillary pores increase due to the new soil aggregates created.
Along with the time, a portion of the applied compost organic material has been reduced due to microorganisms uses or leached from the soil. As a result, some of the water molecules which can be held by the labile fraction are also lost (Rawls et al., 2003). The labile fraction and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) can be leached from the soil through surface runoff and from deeper percolations of the root zone (Guggenberger et al., 1994; Currie et al., 1996; Huang and Schouenau, 1996;
Guggenberger, et al., 1998; Andersson et al., 2000;
Kalbitz et al., 2000; Gonet and Debska, 2006;
Ghani et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2012).
Upon 4 months of incubation, 30 t/ha of CW compost was still able to support the enhancement of soil aggregate stability (Alagöz dan Yilmaz, 2009; Abdollahi et al., 2014) and soil bulk density.
However, it was no longer be able to support the enhancement of soil water holding capacity. It meant that to maintain the ability of soil water holding capacity, it is necessary to re-input CW compost into the soil after 4-month.
Conclusion
Cajuput waste compost (CW compost) provides a large role in increasing the quality of physical of dryland sandy soil. It is able to increase soil aggregate stability and soil bulk density in 1-month and 4-month incubation period. CW compost is also capable to increase the soil water holding y = 0.0271x + 11.26
r = 0.699
ns
7,5 9,5 11,5 13,5
0 10 20 30
TAW (%)
Level of Compost (t/ha)
1-month 4-month
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 1844 capacity in 1-month incubation, but then the ability
of compost decreases after 4-month incubation.
Decreasing the ability of compost was observed and allegedly due to the reduction of labile fractions in the soil. The reduction of labile fraction occurs because it is used by microorganisms or leached from the soil.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express gratitude and great appreciation to the soil Laboratory of Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University and Perhutani East Java Regional Division for supporting this study.
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