To my family - thank you for your love and support since the day I was born. Mom, you have been the biggest support in my life, thank you for believing in me, always encouraging me and motivating me every time I feel down. To Mba Suke – thank you very much for your guidance and advice throughout this dissertation process.
Thank you for your patience with me and for all the time and effort you have spent with me. Thank you for always doing your best and honestly the best division anyone could ever ask for. Thank you for working with me and going through the hardships of perhimpunan ini boys, you made it bearable and super fun.
To Korgala – thank you for being my third home in unpar, forever part of the family right J. To my LA family – Mary, Gaby, and everyone, thank you for everything you have given me. Thank you for accompanying me and providing content for my mental breaks during this thesis process and my university years in general.
Background
The damage that Japan caused during its period of colonization still remains at the heart of South Korean society. Until 1910, when Japan finally annexed Korea in the Japan-Korea Treaty of Annexation, allowing Japan to take over the Korean Empire.1 The day Emperor Gojong signed the treaty on August 29, 1910, was a day Koreans called "The Day of national humiliation". 2 This day marked the official colonial beginning of the Japanese Empire over Korea. The citizens of Korea had to go through a lot of terrible things, from having to fight in the army to being kidnapped by comfort women.
Many protests were conducted in the 21st century demanding an apology from the Japanese government for the deeds done during the colonial era. This was prompted by the Japanese government contradicting and denying many horrific crimes that were clearly committed in the past. Although the two countries have a complicated history that can never be forgotten, both have come a long way in the economic sector respectively, building their nation to have a high status in the world today.
Hallyu, or also known as the Korean Gulf, has become the prominent outlet of South Korea's diplomacy to the rest of the world. Through funding and subsidies, the South Korean government has developed their soft power to become one of the most powerful popular cultures in the world. The Hallyu wave's influence has reached and can be felt all over the world, especially all over Asia.
As the Hallyu wave has gained such a strong reputation, it is on the way to being recognized as on par with pop culture from the West.6 The Hallyu wave is very strong to the extent that it brought a large sum to South Korea's economic sector. Both groups have achieved tremendous results on the national and international stage, further strengthening hallyu's status in the world. The audience actively participates in the survival show to make their favorites stay and be part of the upcoming debut group.
TWICE continues to thrive through sold-out concerts and chart-topping singles pushing JYPE to the top of the three "big" music companies in South Korea.8. While also a leader in the South Korean and Japanese music industry, TWICE have cemented their power and influence in both countries, becoming a music powerhouse in both South Korea and Japan.
Problem Identification
Research Question
This thesis aims to answer the question: How does TWICE contribute to supporting South Korea's public diplomacy to Japan. The purpose of this thesis is to create an understanding that non-state actors can contribute to positively improve the bilateral relationship between South Korea and Japan. The author also hopes that the thesis will be able to contribute to the existing academic debate on the role of non-state actors in the department of international relations.
This thesis can hopefully show that International Relations studies have expanded their focus to soft power, rather than focusing exclusively on hard power, given that International Relations has become an interdisciplinary study.
Literature Review
12 through Japan's Cultural Center.16 The author of the book believes that it would take a while before the two states ever reached an agreement. One of the Korean works of art used as an example is a TV series depicting the assassination attempt on the Japanese emperor. In the chapter "Opini Publik and Soft Power", the author of the book stated that the public opinion of domestic and international can influence a country's foreign policy.
This soft power can certainly contribute to interstate relations in reality.19 The writer of the book also uses Joseph Nye's definition of soft power as an understanding of the concept. The author of the book further points out that if the high culture and pop culture of one country can attract the public of another country, it can shape international norms according to the society of that culture.21 Soft power can be very powerful if it is done correctly and much cheaper than the mobilization of hard power. countries. The book promotes understanding by using several countries and their public diplomacy to better understand the idea.
The following is a magazine with articles entitled "The role of cultural diplomacy in contemporary crises and conflict reconciliation" by Dan Pantea and Alina Stoica. Through culture, it is possible to strengthen the trust of citizens and at the same time strengthen cooperation between the two nations. The magazine further defines cultural diplomacy as a hybrid of art, education and efforts to instill certain moral views in the target audience.28 The singer and rapper of the group The.
As the result of the campaign is successful, the audience is more aware of the implication and message from the song and the resolution of the issue is underway. 15 scientifically prove that the campaign song has changed the attitude and behavior of the target audience. 29. However, there was no mention of popular music, K-Pop, as one of the main tools of public diplomacy.
The South Korean sub-chapter of the book focuses more on Korean dramas and the incorporation of their traditional culture into the drama's setting and setting. The third article is the journal article, "The Role of Cultural Diplomacy in Contemporary Crises and Conflict Reconciliation" by Dana Pantea and Alina Stoica.
Theoretical Framework
In the face of the pursuit of happiness, people will be able to cooperate with each other due to their natural instinct.32 Locke's beliefs about people have been translated into the theory of Liberalism that we should strive for mutual benefits and international cooperation .33 Liberalism also drives international organizations and non-governmental actors to shape the state and its policies. International norms are the rules and order of the international community, which must be followed by the world leaders and officials. Diplomacy is the way in which state representatives negotiate with other states and it is the main tool for creating and influencing foreign policy.37 Diplomacy involves influencing decision-making, negotiations and other non-violent means on the international stage.38 States act officially. relationships and create new relationships through diplomacy in order to secure their national interests.39 However, diplomacy can occur in different forms of practices; government or also called Track I diplomacy and non-governmental or also called Track II diplomacy.
Multi-track diplomacy looks at the interconnectedness of individuals, groups, communities and activities, called non-state actors, that serve the purpose of working towards a better future. Unlike Track I diplomacy which uses official government channels, multi-track diplomacy uses non-state actors as their main medium. New media channels such as social media and the Internet have become a super medium for multi-track diplomacy.
20 Furthermore, public diplomacy is an action supported by a government to influence a foreign public.43 In 1965, Edward Guillon coined public diplomacy as. Public diplomacy can be understood as having positive effects, but it can also be understood as having negative effects.45 In general, public diplomacy is the government's effort to create a good or positive reputation in the international community. Mark Leonard, Catherine Stead and Conrad Sweming classified public diplomacy into several pillars, one of which is relationship building.46 Leonard uses communication as the main theory for agenda setting, design and preparation.
According to Mark Leonard, public diplomacy is used by a country to build relations with another country by using the understanding of the culture of another country to develop a positive image or correct wrong perspectives of the country . Leonard went on to say that there are four stages that can be achieved through public diplomacy. The first phase is the introduction and distribution of information about the country to the foreign public.
The third stage is when the foreign public is engaged and involved in the country's activities, such as through tourism, promotion of the country's product or cultural exchange activities. The last stage is when the foreign public has made relations and connections with the country to be able to influence the opinion and change the perspective of the foreign public in order to further the country's agenda. 47.
Research Methodologies and Data Collection Techniques .1 Research Methodologies
Data Collection Technique
Qualitative data collected through official documents research related to the case study presented in the thesis. Official documents as issued by the government and statistics of the girl group's contributions and achievements. More data was also collected through secondary data collection such as articles, journals, books, documents and archives that are credible and relevant to the research.
The thesis also gathered various sources from social media reactions and street video interviews conducted by television shows and YouTube channels. The respondents of those street video interviews come from various age demographics in Japan who are aware of South Korea and TWICE.
Systematics of Discussion
