1
Universitas Negeri Padang
SNAPSHOT
SPEAKING
SALMA SALSABILA 21075105
UNIT 15
Clean up the environment
Label the kinds of pollution in the pictures below.
What must you do if this happens where you live?
Kinds of Pollution Solutions
You are going to recycle the rubbish below. Discuss with partner what you can do. Then fill in the summary. The first one is done for you.
2
Universitas Negeri Padang
Batteries
READING
bins rubbish useful materials
plastic paper
aluminum used batteries new batteries
Read the text on the left side. Put the new vocabulary on the right side. Four words have been done four you.
How Can I help to Reduce Air Pollution? Vocabulary Air pollution is mainly the result of human activities. If
we all use energy, transport, and other goods and services more carefully, the harmful emissions to our air, land, and water can be reduced. Here are some tips on what you can do, on a day-to-day basis, to help prevent air pollution:
1. Take public transport or carpool!
A good solution for longer journeys may be public transport because more people can be transported in a single vehicle. For example, if you choose to take a car rather than the train or bus, you will generate several times more ozone pollution and up to 30 times more CO2 emissions.
2. Walk or use the bike!
On average, one out of three journeys we do by car is only to go as far as 2 km. Replacing a car ride by walking or using the bicycle not only helps reduce traffic but also
Pollution
Energy
Transport
Health
emissions.
3. If you have to use your car…!
Make sure to have the right tire pressure. If the pressure is down by 0.5 bars, the car needs 5 % more fuel and it also gives off more pollution. In addition, driving with the air conditioner turned on increases fuel consumption. If you need to buy a car, be careful to check its fuel economy.
With an environment-friendly car you will use less fuel and produce less exhaust fumes.
4. Go for locally grown food!
When we compare local farm grown food to imported food, the differences can be numerous. Imported food is shipped sometimes hundreds or thousands of miles to arrive at the supermarket. “Food miles” is a term used to describe the distance that food has traveled — from the place it was produced to the place where it will be sold to the consumer.
The more food miles accumulated during food transportation, the more fossil fuels that are consumed. This transportation causes greater carbon emissions. Reducing food miles helps alleviate our dependence on fossil fuels, reduce air pollution and cut back on greenhouse gas emissions.
5. Save electricity!
Don't leave your electronic devices - TV sets, computers, DVD's - on stand-by mode. Switch them off completely and you will save about 10 % of your electricity bill. Buy energy-saving light bulbs and "A"-labelled household appliances. Less electricity consumed means less power produced and fewer pollutants into the air from
burning fossil fuels.
Source: https://bit.ly/2Ip7RST
Exercise 1
Read the following statements. Check if they are true or false.
No Statements True False
1 Pollution can be caused by human activities. YES
2 Walking does not impact the decreasing of emissions. NO 3 The transportation involved in food miles increases the
carbon emission.
YES 4 By buying local foods, we indirectly help in decreasing
air pollution.
YES 5 Imported food needs time to be transported to the
supermarket.
YES
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Passive Voice
Passive voice refers to the form of a verb that indicates when a grammatical subject performs the action or is the receiver of the action. When a sentence is written in the active voice, the subject performs the action; in the passive voice, the subject receives the action. Look at the table below.
Voice Example Note
Active The award-winning chef prepares each meal with loving care.
The simple subject is “chef”
and “prepares” is the verb: the chef prepares “each meal with loving
care.”
Passive Each meal is prepared with loving care by the award- winning chef.
“meal” is the simple subject and “is prepared” is the verb:
each meal is prepared “by the award-
winning chef.”
The point here is which thing is more important. If you want to focus on the chef use active, if you want to focus on the meal use passive.
Using the Auxiliary Verb “be”
The passive voice is formed by using a form of the auxiliary verb “be” (be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been) followed by the past participle of the main verb.
Active Passive
He loves me. I am loved.
We took our children to the circus. The children were taken to the circus.
A thief stole my money. My money was stolen.
Verb Tenses Used in Active and Passive Voice
Time Tense Active Passive Present Simple Present
Use the simple present tense to make a
generalization, to present a state of being, or to indicate a habitual or
repeated action.
base form or “- s/- es” form Examples:
Professor Brown teaches Sonia.
am/is/are + past participle Examples:
Sonia is taught by Professor Brown.
Present Continuous Use the present progressive to describe an
ongoing activity or a temporary action.
am/is/are + -ing Examples:
I am watering the flowers.
am/is/are + being + -ed/-en
Examples:
The flowers are being watered by me.
Present Perfect Use the present perfect to describe an action occurring in the past but relevant to the present, or extending to the present.
has/have + -ed/-en Examples:
Hunter has offered E.S.L courses for twenty years.
has/have + been + - ed/-en
Examples:
E.S.L. courses have been offered at Hunter for twenty years.
Present Perfect Progressive Use the present
perfect progressive to describe an ongoing action beginning before now and is still relevant to the present.
has/have + been + - ing
Examples:
Hunter has been awarding BA and MA diplomas for over one
hundred years.
has/have + been + being + -ed/-en Examples:
BA and MA
diplomas have being awarded by Hunter for over one
hundred years.
Past Simple Past
Use the simple past
base + -ed or was/were + -ed/-en
to indicate a general or habitual action occurring in the past or at a specific time in the past.
irregular form Examples:
Our family bought all our clothes at Sears when I was young.
Examples:
The clothes were bought by my mother.
Past Progressive Use the past progressive to indicate an ongoing action in the past or an action continuing through a specific past time.
was/were + -ing Example:
Mary and Paul were watching Coldplay concert.
was/were + being + -ed/-en
Example:
Coldplay concert was being watched by millions of people.
Past Perfect
Use the past perfect to indicate an action completed prior to a particular time or before another action in the past
had + -ed/-en Example:
He had delivered the letters.
had + been + -ed/- en
Example:
The letters had been delivered.
Future Time
Simple Future Use the future to indicate an action
that is expected to take place at a future time.
will + base Example:
I will finish the job tomorrow.
will + be + -ed/-en Example:
The job will be finished tomorrow.
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets.
1. English spoken in many countries.
2. The post delivered at about 7 o’clock every morning.
3. How often the Olympic Games held ? 4. My car repaired last week.
5. The original building pulled down in 1965.
6. Those machines used to copy the files.
7. The restaurant renovated today.
8. The students informed that the examination cancelled . 9. The thief caught by the police.
10.The fish eaten by those cats.
Exercise 3
Choose the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the paragraph below.
Fiat
Fiat was started (started/was started) by a group of Italian businessmen in 1899. In 1903, Fiat, produced (produced/was produced) 132 cars.
Some of these cars were eported (exported/were exported) by the
company to the United States and Britain. In 1920, Fiat was strarted (started/was started) making cars at a new factory at Lingotto, near Turin.
There was a track on the roof where the cars were tasted (tested/were tested) by technicians. In 1936, Fiat launched the Fiat 500. This
car was called (called/was called) the Topolino – the Italian name
for Mickey Mouse. The company grew, and in 1963 Fiat was exported (exported/was exported) more than 300,000 vehicles. Today, Fiat is based in Turin, and its cars are sold (sold/are sold) all over the world.
Exercise 4
Rewrite these sentences in the passive voice.
No Active sentences Passive sentences 1 Someone built this house 200 years
ago.
Someone will be built this house 200 years ago.
2 A thief stole my purse. A thief was being stole my purse.
3 The police will arrest the robbers. The police will be arrest the robbers.
4 They produce cars in this factory. They are being produce cars in this factory.
5 They serve breakfast at eight o’clock every day.
They are being serve breakfast at eight o’clock every day.
6 I drink green tea. I was drink green tea.
7 He invents this machine in Japan. He will be invents this machine in Japan.
8 Jane sells her products in every market.
Jane sells her products in every market.
9 Cows eat grass a lot. Cows will be eat grass a lot.
10 My little brother washes all the dishes.
My little brother was being washes all the dishes.
