Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology & Venereology Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology & Venereology Indonesia
Indonesia
Volume 7
Issue 1 (June 2023 Edition) Article 5
6-30-2023
Scientometric evaluation of the global research in acne disease Scientometric evaluation of the global research in acne disease
Aida Khakimova
Department of Development of Scientific and Innovation Activities, Russian New University, Moscow, Russia
Oleg Zolotarev
Department of Development of Scientific and Innovation Activities, Russian New University, Moscow, Russia
Engin Senel
Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hitit University Faculty of Medicine, Çorum, Turkey
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Recommended Citation Recommended Citation
Khakimova, Aida; Zolotarev, Oleg; and Senel, Engin (2023) "Scientometric evaluation of the global research in acne disease," Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology & Venereology Indonesia: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Article 5.
DOI: 10.7454/jdvi.v7i1.1139
Available at: https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/jdvi/vol7/iss1/5
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty of Medicine at UI Scholars Hub. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology & Venereology Indonesia by an authorized editor of UI Scholars Hub.
J Gen Proced Dermatol Venereol Indones. 2023:7(1);008-018 8 Review Article
Scientometric evaluation of the global research on acne disease Aida Khakimova
1, Oleg Zolotarev
1, and Engin Senel
21. Department of Development of Scientific and Innovation Activities, Russian New University, Moscow, Russia
2. Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hitit University Faculty of Medicine, Çorum, Turkey Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Background: Although acne is one of the most common diseases, the medical literature lacks a scientometric analysis relevant to this disorder. In this study, we aimed to perform a scientometric evaluation of the literature related to acne.
Methods: Publications were identified by searching for the term «acne» in PubMed. Papers from different countries were then identified using the Advanced Search Builder. The indicators for evaluating of the absolute and relative increase in number of articles were proposed.
Results: Dynamic publication of activity is compared according to our proposed indicator - The Average Relative Growth Rate. After 1945 an acceleration of the annual increase in articles was 2.7 times for acne, 1.3 times for acne vulgaris. For acne inversa, hidradenitis suppurativa, keloidal acne from 1985, the growth rate increased in 10-20 times. The other terms are characterized by a constant linear type of increase in publications. The United States has the most publications. Germany and the UK were in the second and third place. By the number of publications per million persons the leaders are Denmark, Israel, Georgia. The research productivity is weakly influenced by Gross Domestic Product. In developed countries the leaders are United States, Germany, Great Britain. In transition countries - China, Poland, Georgia. In developing countries - Turkey, India, Iran.
Conclusion: Research activity in acne disease depends on the period of time and GDP of country. Such countries as Georgia, China, Turkey make an active contribution in acne research despite adverse socioeconomic factors.
Keywords: acne inversa, acne vulgaris, bibliometrics, scientometrics
Background
Acne vulgaris is one of the three most commonly diagnosed dermatological problems worldwide.1 Acne vulgaris can lead to disfigurement of both young and old people and psychological distress.2 According to the American Academy of Dermatology, acne is the most common skin condition in the United States, affecting up to 50 million Americans annually.3
The globalization of information processes and the tremendously increased amount of biomedical information, which needs to be critically evaluated, often leads to a deadlock for doctors, who are lost in a sea of multidimensional information from
various sources, which often contradict each other, in our opinion.
The first important step of any systematic review are search and selection of high-quality literary sources. This is usually achieved by searching bibliographic databases. MEDLINE is one of the largest and most widely used in the world biomedical bibliographic database.4 Scientometrics is the field directly concerned with the exploration and evaluation of scientific research.5
Although acne is one of the most common diseases, to the best of our knowledge, medical
J Gen Proced Dermatol Venereol Indones. 2023:7(1);008-018 9 literature lacks a holistic bibliometric analysis
relevant to this disorder. Thus, in this study we aimed to perform a comprehensive scientometric evaluation of acne literature.
Methods
The authors developed approaches to the analysis of unstructured textual information. In this article, we propose the next stage in the development of this method. Big data processing requires a large amount of computer and time resources. PubMed is selected as one of the most comprehensive libraries of scientific documents. In the future, we plan to work with different resources.
The search strategy for this study was based on the use of appropriate Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (subject search). Our keywords from MesH are «acne vulgaris», «acne keloidalis», propionibacterium acnes», «chloracne», «keloidal acne», «acne inversa», «hidradenitis suppurativa».
Our approach is based on the study of terms by analyzing their environment. This allows us to obtain more detailed information about the terms, their characteristics, related factors, and processes. Therefore, the most characteristic phrases, including the term «acne», were extracted from the texts.
The PubMed database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) was used to find the publications related to this study. Selected studies were limited to those written in the English language.
The number of publications by country was determined by inserting the name/s of country in the «affiliation» field in the «advanced» section of the PubMed search engine. PubMed only reports affiliation information of the first author of article published before 2014.6 To address the problem of countries recorded under multiple names, we have used different designations separated by the Boolean operator OR. For example, publications of the United States were searched by inserting «US OR USA OR United States (we observed only small differences when inserting «USA OR United States»).
In order to calculate the number of publications per country, we searched for publications by affiliation of authors, then we summarized the number of publications with known affiliation and expressed the number of publications by country as a percentage of the total. To find the number of publications per million persons or Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) we divided the number of publications by the country's population or per GDP.
We proposed a calculation of the Average Relative Growth Rate (ARGR) and the Average Absolute Growth Rate (AAGR). The relative growth rate (RGR) is the increase in number of articles or pages per unit of time.7 RGR, in our opinion, does not allow to evaluate trends, since the value of the coefficient decreases with an increase in the absolute number of publications.
The ARGR is the average increase in number of articles per period of time in % to the previous year.
We propose to calculate the ARGR value for a certain period of time according to the following equation 1.
𝑨𝑹𝑮𝑹 =
∑𝒏𝒙𝒏𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎∗(𝑾𝒏(𝑾𝒙 𝒏$𝟏) 𝑾⁄ 𝒏$𝟏 (1),where, n is a year, Wn is the number of articles published over the current year; Wn-1 is the number of articles published in the previous year; x is the number of years in the searched period.
The AAGR is the average increase in number of articles per period of time. The value of AAGR over the specific period we proposed to calculate from the following equation 2.
𝑨𝑨𝑮𝑹 =
∑𝒏𝒙𝒏𝟏 (𝑾𝒏𝒙(𝑾𝒏$𝟏) (2),where n is a year, Wn is the of articles published over the current year; Wn-1 is the number of articles published in the previous year; x is the number of years in the searched period.
The average relative growth rate permits to identify the periods in variable publication activity and to compare the dynamics of publication’s number during those periods. For comparison of changes in publication activity we offer Trend Change Coefficient (TCC):
𝑻𝑪𝑪 =
𝑨𝑹𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑹𝑮𝑹𝟐𝟏 (3),
where ARGR2 was calculated for the period of more scientific activity, ARGR1 was calculated for the period of less scientific activity. The figure 1 shows a flow chart of our research (Figure 1).
J Gen Proced Dermatol Venereol Indones. 2023:7(1);008-018 10 Figure 1. Study Flow Chart.
The absolute number of scientific publications does not fully reflect the «scientific situation» in the country, since it strongly depends on the size of the population. We considered the general publication activity in different countries of the world.8 We attributed publications by country to population of the country on July 1, 2018 and multiplied by 1000,000 to get the number of publications per 1000,000 people.9 As for bias regarding the GDP of each country, that was accounted for by finding the number of acne related publications per GDP (in US Billion Dollars).10
We reviewed the ratio of acne publications per capita nominal GDP.11 We divided countries into groups according to the economic classification of the International Monetary Fund (economically developed countries, countries with economies in transition and developing countries).12
Results
1. Publication activity and Relative Growth Rate The number of publications including terms
«acne», «acne vulgaris», «propionibacterium acnes», «acne inversa», «hidradenitis suppurativa» in PubMed was shown in Figure 2.
«Acne». The first appearance of this term in the articles was noted in 180113, in the 19th century – 9
from 1901 to 1920 - 42, from 1921 to 1940 - 45.
Since 1945, the number of publications associated with this term has been greatly increased. Graphic dynamics of the number of publications demonstrate exponential growth.
«Acne vulgaris». The first appearance of the term refers to 184814. Here are the growth statistics:
from 1901 to 1920 - 8 articles, from 1921 to 1940 - 10. A significant increase in the number of publications has been noted after 1945. Graphic dynamics of the number of publications demonstrate exponential growth.
«Propionibacterium acnes». The first publication about this term (which was positioned as
«Corynebacterium acnes») dates back to 194615. Further it is noted a linear growth of publications.
«Acne inversa». The term’s first appearance dates back to 199416, followed by exponential growth.
«Hidradenitis suppurativa». The first appearance of the term refers to 193917, then it has weakly exponential growth. Since the dynamics of publications of the term almost coincide with the dynamics of publications with the term «acne inversa», we believe that the terms are used together
J Gen Proced Dermatol Venereol Indones. 2023:7(1);008-018 11 Figure 2. The number of publications related to acne disease from 1941 to 2018 (keywords: Acne, acne
vulgaris, Propionibacterium acnes, acne inversa, hidradenitis suppurativa).
Figure 3. Acne disease from 1956 to 2019 (keywords: acne keloidalis, chloracne, keloidal acne, acquired hyperostosis syndrome).
Figure 3 shows acne relative publications searched by keywords «acne keloidalis», «chloracne»,
«keloidal acne», «acquired hyperostosis syndrome» (Figure 3).
«Acquired hyperostosis syndrome». The term first appeared in 199518, then there has been a sharp increase in publications.
«Chloracne» first appeared in 194219, but only since 1966 publications with this term became annual. The growth of publications is linear.
«Keloidal acne» appeared in 197320. Since 1974, annual growth has been observed. «Acne keloidalis» almost completely repeats the dynamics of «keloidal acne». Growth dynamics for both terms is weak exponential. dynamics of
«keloidal acne». Growth dynamics for both terms is weak exponential.
Table 1 illustrates the values of average relative growth rate and the average absolute growth rate of publications related to Acne Disease.
The value of TCC («acne»), according to equation (3), is 3.36, TCC («acne vulgaris») - 1.02, TCC («acne inversa») - 1.46, TCC («keloidal acne») - 19.44, TCC («acne keloidalis») - 9.72. Hence the study of keloidal acne had intensified the most of all, the study of acne vulgaris had intensified the least since 1984. «Propionibacterium acnes»,
«acquired hyperostosis syndrome», «chloracne»
are characterized by a constant linear type of increase in publications.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
1941 1944 1947 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019
Number of publication
Year of publication
Acne Acne Vulgaris Propionibacterium Acnes Acne Inversa Hidradenitis Suppurativa
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Number of publication
Year of publication
Acne Keloidalis Chloracne Keloidal Acne Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome
J Gen Proced Dermatol Venereol Indones. 2023:7(1);008-018 12 Figure 4. The number of publications on the topic of «acne» for the 20 countries with the highest number of
publications in the PubMed database.
2. Publications relative to population, GDP The total number of articles received for the query
«acne» and affiliation by all countries was 9,614.
Next, we searched for the number of publications by country.
With 2,555 publications, the United States was by far the country with the most publications, representing 26.6% of all global publications in PubMed. Germany was in the second place with a large margin - the share of publications was 24.22% of those related to the United States (619 articles). In the third place was the UK with a share of publications, which was 21.76% of those that
belong to the United States (556 articles). Russia was represented by only 17 publications, it was about the same number of publications related to countries such as Colombia, the Czech Republic, Jordan. Turkey ranked 7th, publishing 389 articles (4.04% of the total, or 15.22% of those related to the United States).
Figure 4 shows a pie chart revealing the 20 countries with the most publications, including the
«share» representing the rest of the world (16.44%
of the total number of publications). We divided countries into groups by the number of publications (countries are listed in decreasing order of the indicator) (table 2).
Table 1. The Average Relative Growth Rate and Average Absolute Growth Rate of publications related to Acne Disease
Term ARGR, according to equation
(1), (period of time), % AAGR, according to equation (2), (period of time), publications per year
«Acne» 110.6 (1945-1984);
372.2 (1985-2018) 5.15 (1945-1984);
14.11 (1985-2018)
«Acne vulgaris» 27.55 (1945-1984);
28.21 (1985-2018) 4.15 (1945-1984);
5.41 (1985-2018)
«Propionibac-terium acnes» 127.6 (since 1970) 2.94 (since 1945)
«Acne inversa», «hidradenitis suppurativa» 70.73 (1970-1984);
103.0 (since 1985)
0.35 (1945-1984);
9.20 (1985-2018)
«Acquired hyperostosis syndrome» 84.52 (since 1988) 0.535 (since 1991)
«Chloracne» 79.35 (since 1970) 0.082 (1946-2018)
«Keloidal acne» 2.49 (1945-1984);
48.4 (since 1984)
0.025 (1945-1984);
0.205 (since 1984)
«Acne keloidalis» 2.5 (1945-1984);
24.3 (since 1985) 0.027 (1945-1984);
0.294 (since 1985)
J Gen Proced Dermatol Venereol Indones. 2023:7(1);008-018 13 Table 2. Groups of countries by publication activity
Total number of publications Country
> 1000 USA
500 - 1000 France, the UK, Germany
300 - 500 Canada, Japan, India, Turkey, China, Italy
100 - 300 Thailand, Taiwan, Belgium, Poland, Denmark, Egypt, Switzerland, Greece, Israel, Iran, Spain, Australia
50 - 100 New Zealand, Finland, Mexico, South Korea, Georgia, Singapore, Austria, Saudi Arabia, Sweden
10 - 50 Bulgaria, Indonesia, Slovenia, Nepal, Lithuania, Iraq, Philippines, Serbia, Ukraine, Czech Republic, Colombia, Russia, Jordan, Lebanon etc.
< 10 Bangladesh, Morocco, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Kuwait, Tunisia, Vietnam etc.
Figure 5. Acne related publications per million person per country in 20 countries with the highest rate.
We found the number of publications Per Million Person (PMP). Denmark (21,65) and Israel (17,04) ranked first and second, followed by Georgia with 15,74 publications per million person (Figure 5).
Sudan with 0.02 ranked last.
We calculated the number of publications per capita of countries. This indicator more accurately reflects the development of health care in countries around the world. Figure 5 shows the ratio of publications per 1 million population in 20 countries with the highest rate.
We also investigated whether the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) influences acne research productivity from all countries. Georgia (3,86
publications per billion US dollars) ranked first, followed by Switzerland (1,72) (Figure 6).
Netherlands ranked last with 0.01.
Figure 7 indicates that a particularly large number of publications relate to the United States, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan.
The trend line is a power (y=15,438x0,6368
)
, the value of the accuracy of the approximation (R) is 0.0465.Figure 8 shows that a particularly large number of publications relates to China, Poland, Georgia. The trend line is exponential (y=3,0251e0,1312x), R=0.0307.
0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 25,00
Denmark Israel Georgia
Switzerland New Zealand
Malta Greece
Sweden Finland
Belgium Australia
Canada Grenada
UK Italy USA
France Ireland
Austria Germany
papers per 1000000 population
Country
J Gen Proced Dermatol Venereol Indones. 2023:7(1);008-018 14 Figure 6. Acne related publications per Average GDP (US Billion Dollars) per 20 countries with maximal
values.
Figure 7. The number of publications on acne in developed countries to GDP per capita/1000.
Figure 8. The number of acne publications in transition countries to GDP per capita/1000.
0,00 0,50 1,001,50 2,00 2,503,00 3,50 4,004,50
Georgia Switzerland
Portugal Pakistan
Grenada Nigeria
Burkina Faso Iraq Kuwait
Greece Turkey
Uruguay Croatia
Egypt
Jordan Iran Nepal Lebanon
Dominican Republic Qatar
publications per GDP (billion dollars)
country
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Slovakia Greece Portugal Taiwan Slovenia Cyprus Spain Malta South korea Italy Japan New Zealand Israel UK France Canada Belgium Germany Hong Kong Finland Austria Netherland Sweden Australia Denmark USA Singapore Ireland Norway Switzerland
Number of publications
publications GDP per capita/1000 trend (publications)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Czech Rep. Estonia
Vietnam Ukraine
Mongolia Georgia
Azerbaijan Macedonia
Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia
Kazakhstan bulgaria
China Russia
Romania Croatia
Poland Hungary
Lithuania
Number of publications
publications GDP per capita/1000 exponential trend
J Gen Proced Dermatol Venereol Indones. 2023:7(1);008-018 15 Figure 9. The number of publications on acne in developing countries to GDP per capita/1000.
Figure 9 shows a particularly large number of publications related to Turkey, India, Iran, Egypt, Thailand. The trend line is a power (y=0,9304x0,5682), R=0,0133.
Discussion
From table 1, we can see that for terms such as
«Acne», «acne vulgaris», «acne inversa»,
«hidradenitis suppurativa», «keloidal acne», «acne keloidalis» the inflection point on the graphs corresponds to 1984. We can compare how publication activity has changed before and after 1984. The values of TCC, according to equation (3), demonstrated that the study of keloidal acne had intensified the most, the study of acne vulgaris had intensified the least since 1984.
«Propionibacterium acnes», «acquired hyperostosis syndrome», «chloracne» are characterized by a constant linear type of increase in publications. The terms are listed in a decreasing order of publication activity according to the indicator ARGR.
The Average Absolute Growth Rate (AAGR) allows us to compare the growth rate of publications on different topics. We compared the indicators for the last period of actively discussed topics (since 1984) with indicators of constant topics. The ranked sequence of terms by indicator is presented below:
«acne» (14.11) > «acne inversa» (9.20) > «acne vulgaris» (5.41) > «Propionibacterium acnes»
(2.94) > «acquired hyperostosis syndrome» (0.53)
> «acne keloidalis» (0.29) > «keloidal acne» (0.21)
> «chloracne» (0.08). The average number of articles published annually is presented in parentheses.
The actively studied terms are «acne», «acne inversa», «acne vulgaris». The researchers' interest in terms «acquired hyperostosis syndrome», «acne keloidalis», «keloidal acne»,
«chloracne» are relatively dying away.
Besides, by indicator AAGR we can conclude that since 1984 the annual increase in publications has increased in 2,7 times for «acne», in 1,3 times for
«acne vulgaris», in 26,3 times for «acne inversa», in 8,2 times for «keloidal acne», and in 10.9 times for «acne keloidalis».
We studied the total publication activity relative to country, population, Gross Domestic Products (GDP). We determined the total number of publications worldwide. We estimated the share of world publications written in English. The total number of articles received for the query «acne»
and affiliation by all countries (see Methods section) was 9,614. Next, we searched for the number of publications by country. We ranked all countries according to their number of publications.
We proposed to evaluate the “scientific luminosity”
of states by the ratio of the number of publications to GDP per capita, given two socio-economic factors at once. We show the charts with the 20 countries, respectively, with the most publications, the most attitude of publications per Average GDP and GDP per capita (US Billion Dollars).
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Laos Iraq Rwanda Syria Yemen Benin Tanzania Cambodia Pakistan Kenya Nigeria congo Egypt palestine Venezuela Angola El Salvador Jordan Iran South Africa Libya Qatar Dominican Republic Cuba Lebanon mexico Grenada Panama Uruguay
НаNumber of publications
publications GDP per capita/1000 power trend
J Gen Proced Dermatol Venereol Indones. 2023:7(1);008-018 16 With 2,555 publications, the United States
represents by far the country with more publications than any other country, representing almost 26.6% of all world publications. The second- ranked country is Germany with a share of publication that is 24.25% of those attributed to the United States.
We measured the publications per capita of countries. We divided the country publications by the country population and multiplied it by 1,000,000 in order to obtain the number of publications per million people. Denmark (21,65), Israel (17,04) Georgia (15,74) were, in descending order, the countries with the highest publications per capita. We also calculated the publications per gross domestic product (GDP) from all countries.
Georgia (3,86 publications per billion US dollars) ranked first, followed by Switzerland (1,72).
We also tested the economic criteria to determine the ranking. We analyzed the publication output of the groups’ countries according to the economic classification of the International Monetary Fund.
We reviewed the ratio of acne publications per capita nominal GDP. Correlations between the number of publications and GDP per capita were not found. It was proved by low values of the approximation coefficients (R): 0.0465 for economically developed countries; 0,0307 for transition countries; 0,0133 for developing countries. For economically developed countries the leaders are United States, Germany, Great Britain. For countries with economies in transition the leaders are China, Poland, Georgia. For developing countries the leaders are Turkey, India, Iran.
We proposed a new approach to assessing publication activity in biomedical research area, which differs from those previously described e.g., for glaucoma21, age-related macular degeneration22, coronavirus23, SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines24
,
hidradenitis suppurativa25. For example, Teng at al.25 analysed the top 100 most- cited publications related to hidradenitis suppurativa including an analysis of journals, countries, fields of research, types of articles. We proposed consideration by groups of countries with different levels of economic development and also proposed coefficients for assessing the dynamics of publication activity.Conclusion
The scientometric analysis of publications from PubMed database related to acne was carried out.
The dynamics of the appearance of the term in publications for the period from 1945 to the present is considered.
Two indexes were suggested: Average Relative Growth Rate (ARGR) as the average increase in number of articles per period of the time in % to the previous year, and the Average Absolute Growth Rate (AAGR) as the average increase in number of articles per period of time. For comparison of changes in publication activity we proposed Trend Change Coefficient (TCC) as the ratio of ARGR for the period of more scientific activity to the ARGR for the period of less scientific activity.
It has been shown that there is a steady increase in interest in the terms such as acne, acne vulgaris, acne inversa, keloidal acne, acne keloidalis, Propionibacterium acnes for the study period in all countries.
Acknowledgements
The reported study was funded by RFBR and NSFC, project number 21-57-53018.
Author Contributions
All authors act as the guarantor of the manuscript.
AK is the main investigator of this study. OZ and ES participated in the conception, data acquisition, data interpretation, and writing of the study. OZ participated in data analysis and statistical analysis of the study.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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