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Type of manuscript: Article

Title: Study on the Effect of Audio Control Technology on Lettuce Growth Authors: Su Wang, Qingqing Xiao *

Abstract: The excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers has reduced the quality of crops, harmed human health and caused environmental pollution, thus hindering the sustainable development of agriculture. In the process of realizing ecological agricultural production, audio control technology was gradually attracting attention, becoming the joint point of musical acoustics and agricultural science. Through the experiment on the impact of audio control technology on lettuce, under the influence of the music produced by the plant audio frequency generator, compared with the condition without music processing, lettuce obviously grows more vigorously. Under the influence of different audio control technologies (electronic music, rock music and classical music), lettuce has promoted its growth, especially under the influence of electronic music, the output of edible parts has increased most significantly. The final results showed that the music produced by the plant audio frequency generator promoted the increase of the chlorophyll content of lettuce leaves, thus promoting photosynthesis. Different types of music had different effects on the chlorophyll content of lettuce leaves.

Among them, electronic music had the largest effect on the photosynthesis of lettuce.

Keywords: Audio control technology; Music acoustics; Physical agriculture;

Ecological agriculture; Sustainable development

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4/4/23, 5:52 PM Email Universitas Sumatera Utara - [Sustainability] Manuscript ID: sustainability-2166209 - Review Request Accepted

[Sustainability] Manuscript ID: sustainability-2166209 - Review Request Accepted

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[email protected] <[email protected]> 9 Januari 2023 pukul 10.14 Kepada: Yaya Hasanah <[email protected]>

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Sustainability 2021, 13, x. https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Study on the Effect of Audio Control Technology on Lettuce

¹

Growth

²

Su Wang¹, Qingqing Xiao² * 3

1 College of Art, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China 4

2 School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China 5

* Correspondence: [email protected](Q.X.). 6

Abstract: The excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers has reduced the quality of crops, harmed 7 human health and caused environmental pollution, thus hindering the sustainable development of 8 agriculture. In the process of realizing ecological agricultural production, audio control technology 9 was gradually attracting attention, becoming the joint point of musical acoustics and agricultural 10 science. Through the experiment on the impact of audio control technology on lettuce, under the 11 influence of the music produced by the plant audio frequency generator, compared with the condi- 12 tion without music processing, lettuce obviously grows more vigorously. Under the influence of 13 different audio control technologies (electronic music, rock music and classical music), lettuce has 14 promoted its growth, especially under the influence of electronic music, the output of edible parts 15 has increased most significantly. The final results showed that the music produced by the plant 16 audio frequency generator promoted the increase of the chlorophyll content of lettuce leaves, thus 17 promoting photosynthesis. Different types of music had different effects on the chlorophyll content 18 of lettuce leaves. Among them, electronic music had the largest effect on the photosynthesis of let- 19

tuce. 20

Keywords: Audio control technology; Music acoustics; Physical agriculture; Ecological agriculture; 21

Sustainable development 22

23

1. Introduction 24

The development of agricultural science and technology in the world is accelerating 25 year by year, showing diversified characteristics. At the same time, environmental pollu- 26 tion, ecological degradation and other problems have emerged. In the process of agricul- 27 tural development, chemical agriculture has greatly improved the output of crops. How- 28 ever, excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers has reduced the quality of agricultural 29 crops, harmed human health and caused environmental pollution, thereby hindering the 30 sustainable development of agriculture. At present, in order to make agriculture present 31 the trend of sustainable development, the world agriculture is transitioning from chemical 32 agriculture to ecological agriculture. Ecological agriculture is a modern and efficient agri- 33 culture that can obtain higher economic, ecological and social benefits by following the 34 principles of ecology and economics and comprehensively using the effective experience 35 of traditional agriculture, modern scientific and technological achievements and manage- 36 ment means. Its core requirement is to coordinate the contradiction between development 37 and environment, resource utilization and protection, and form the unity of two virtuous 38 cycles of ecology economy and three benefits of economy ecology society. Physical agri- 39 culture, to a large extent, is conducive to the protection of the ecological environment, and 40 is one of the important ways to realize the transformation from chemical agriculture to 41 ecological agriculture. Physical agriculture is a comprehensive integrated agriculture 42 based on the physical principles of water, heat, light, electricity, magnetism, sound, nu- 43 clear, etc. It is a new agricultural production technology [1, 2] that affects crops by using 44

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specific technical methods, so as to achieve the purpose of increasing production, high- 45

quality, pest control, etc. 46

In the process of realizing physical agricultural production, audio control technology 47 was gradually attracting attention, and has become the joint point of musical acoustics 48 and agricultural science. Postmodern musicians believed that the sound used in music 49 was no different from the music used in daily life. This has created a new realm for audio 50 control technology. At the same time, experimental audio control technology has devel- 51 oped more rapidly, such as using a single music to represent a scene, copying or repro- 52 ducing the listener's sense of space and time, and so on. Although audio control technol- 53 ogy has been widely used, its concept was not proposed until the 1960s. Europe, the 54 United States, Japan and South Korea take the lead for the research on audio control tech- 55 nology [3-8]. It has the collective research characteristics of close integration of industry, 56 education and research, and present a development trend of integration of functional re- 57 search, industrial research and ecological research [3]. At present, audio control technol- 58 ogy has been applied in various fields to varying degrees, especially in medicine, psychol- 59 ogy and other fields, which has attracted extensive attention and research [4-6]. However, 60 in ecological agriculture, research on the ecological role and function of audio control 61

technology is still relatively lacking. 62

As a special audio technology, audio control technology can have a certain impact on 63 animals and plants in agricultural production, and this functionality has gradually at- 64 tracted the attention of agricultural production and researchers. For animals, there have 65 been examples that show the role of audio control technology in animal husbandry. For 66 example, allowing cows to listen to soothing music moderately can promote the endocrine 67 of cows, increase their food intake, and thus produce more milk. In Japan, the United 68 Kingdom and other countries, scientists have done experiments in this area, which have 69 proved to be effective. Turkey's chicken breeders have learned from their breeding expe- 70 rience that hens listen to sad music (such as the songs of Jose) to lay more eggs with high 71 quality, which is popular with consumers. As for plants, in recent years, more and more 72 researchers have been engaged in the research on the response effect of plants to audio 73 control technology (including their morphological and physiological characteristics), and 74 have made relevant plant audio generators for agricultural field operations. The results 75 show that the yield and quality of various agricultural products will be affected to varying 76 degrees under the effect of audio control technology [7-9]. In view of the application status 77 of audio control technology in crop production, the author summarized the impact of au- 78 dio control technology (Single sound wave and different types of music) on plant growth, 79 verified the corresponding conclusions with examples and experiments, and put forward 80

suggestions and prospects in this regard. 81

2. Application and development of audio control technology 82

2.1. Plant audio frequency control technology 83

The application of plant audio frequency control technology in physical agricultural 84 production is a new technology developed in recent years. Its basic principle is to apply 85 sound wave (Single sound wave) treatment of specific frequencies to plants, match the 86 sound frequency of plants themselves, and then generate resonance, so as to improve the 87 efficiency of plant photosynthesis, accelerate its cell division, enhance the absorption, 88 transmission and transformation of nutrients by plants, and finally promote plant growth 89 and development, so as to achieve the purpose of increasing production, quality and dis- 90 ease resistance [10-12]. In this process, the amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticide can 91 be minimized. Music has a certain effect on plant growth. Generally speaking, if the sound 92 is sharp and the vibration frequency is fast, the stimulating effect is better. For example, 93 some foreign researchers have used high-frequency ultrasound (about 20,000 vibrations 94 per second) to stimulate potatoes, cabbage, wheat, vegetables, fruits and trees, all of which 95 have achieved significant yield gains. However, the more times plants accept ultrasound, 96

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Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 14

the better. The practice has proved that a small amount of super generated waves can 97 promote cell division. Moderate ultrasound can inhibit cell division. A large amount of 98 ultrasound will cause cell death. As for the research on the effect of audio frequency con- 99 trol technology on plant growth, the French first used audio frequency processing tech- 100 nology to improve the germination rate of barley. Subsequently, the Sonic Bloom technol- 101 ogy of Dan Carlson Company in the United States used in high-frequency (4~6 kHz) 102

sound waves to process crop [7]. 103

In China, Beijing, Shandong, Xinjiang, Shanxi, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Liaoning and other 104 places, more than 30 kinds of field crops (such as strawberries, fruit trees, sweet pepper, 105 tomato, cucumber, celery, kidney beans, edible fungi and other vegetables, as well as cot- 106 ton, wheat, corn, sunflower) have been tested with plant audio generators and demon- 107 strated, with good yield increase effect. The plant audio generator by mixing music and 108 insect chirping, which has played a good role in increasing the yield of a variety of vege- 109 tables (such as radish, cabbage, green vegetables, mustard, amaranth, soybean, eggplant, 110 tomato, cucumber, etc.) [3]. Plant audio control technology is a relatively new technology 111 with a short history of development. At present, there are still many unstable factors (such 112 as temperature, light, humidity, etc.) affecting it. Its technology development and equip- 113 ment optimization still have the value of further research and can be improved. 114

2.2. Effects of different types of music on plant growth 115

Relevant reports and studies show that different types of music have different effects 116 on plant growth. For example, Xiantuo Company in Osaka, Japan, used Yale to treat veg- 117 etables [12-18], and some people in France and Russia used classical music (Beethoven 118 and Mozart's music) to treat tomatoes and beets to increase production [19-26]. Some con- 119 certs hinder the growth of plants, while some music will promote the growth of plants. 120 The same kind of music that can promote the growth of plants has different effects due to 121 different environments and playing methods. The plant audio frequency control technol- 122 ogy developed based on this principle has attracted people's attention. Relevant research 123 shows that the use of this audio frequency control technology playing different types of 124 music can significantly increase crop yield, improve nutritional quality, enhance disease 125 resistance, improve early flowering and fruiting, extend storage time, speed up the degree 126 of ripening, improve seed germination rate and other functions. Scientists believe that 127 music is a sound wave vibration of a certain frequency, which can resonate with cells. The 128 molecules that were originally in a static and dormant state will move harmoniously, pro- 129 moting the activation of plant cells. Experiments have proved that plants grow with mu- 130 sic, and chlorophyll and root system will increase. However, there are exceptions. For ex- 131 ample, if you listen to heavy metal music to petunia, its leaves will droop and die after 4 132 weeks. Some plants, such as red beets, have no response to music. Different styles of music 133 can have different effects on plants, among which beautiful and gentle melodies can affect 134 the metabolism of crops, thus promoting the growth of crops. By playing music to affect 135 the growth of plants, scientists cultivated 2.5 kg radishes, football sized sweet potatoes, 136 and washbasin like mushrooms. Put earphones on tomatoes and let them listen to music 137 for 3 hours every day. Finally, tomatoes grow to more than 2 kg. 138 Music can promote the growth of plants, mainly because of the stimulation of sound 139 waves. Many stomata are distributed on the surface of plant leaves, and stomata are im- 140 portant channels for gas exchange and water evaporation between plants and the external 141 environment. In the environment of playing music, the music sound will generate rhyth- 142 mic sound waves when it travels through the air. This vibration can stimulate the stomata 143 on the surface of plant leaves and increase the openness of stomata. When the stomata are 144 enlarged, the amount of photosynthetic materials (carbon dioxide) absorbed by plants is 145 relatively increased, which makes photosynthesis becomes more active, thus increasing 146 the amount of synthetic organic materials. At the same time, the respiration of plants is 147 also enhanced, which provides more energy for the growth of plants and makes them 148

more vigorous. 149

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3. Materials and methods 150

3.1. Experimental design 151

From the development of plant audio technology and the influence of different music 152 on plants, we can see the functionality of audio control technology and its application 153 potential in ecological agricultural production. Of course, as the development of ecologi- 154 cal agriculture is still in the development stage, the verification or optimization of new 155 technologies is more important. For this reason, the author has carried out research on the 156 influence of plant audio frequency generator and different types of music on the growth 157 of one of the daily edible vegetables, Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort. Lettuce is a com- 158 mon leafy vegetable in China. The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of 159 audio control technology (Single sound wave and different types of music) on its growth, 160 The sampling rate of the frequency spectrum analysis software GoldWave was 44100 Hz 161 for the MPEG format of the sound samples, and the green and red waveforms represent 162 the left and right channels, respectively, yield formation and causes (mainly on leaf pho- 163 tosynthesis) (Figure 3,4,5,6) , and to clarify its application effect, so as to provide a scien- 164 tific basis for the large-scale application of audio control technology in lettuce. 165 3.2. Study on the Effect of Plant Sound Generator on Plant Growth (Experiment 1) 166 The test was carried out in the experimental shed of Anhui University in March 2021. 167 The soil used in the test was 0~20 cm topsoil from the pollution-free experimental soil on 168 the campus of Anhui University. The background value of the soil was pH 7.2, the content 169 of organic matter was 3.2%, the soil fertility (total nitrogen 1.6 g/kg, total phosphorus 1.1 170 g/kg, total potassium 4.1 g/kg), and the soil was air dried and ground, and then sieved by 171 5 mm. The variety of lettuce tested is Daye Chunbai (purchased from Guangzhou Ai- 172 punong Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.). The lettuce was harvested after 35 days of 173 culture, and the growth indexes (plant height, root length, fresh weight of stem and leaf, 174

fresh weight of root) were determined. 175

The test was carried out in two experimental sheds. The silent frequency processing 176 was conducted in the control area (CK) and the acoustic frequency treatment area (AFT). 177 Each processing was repeated four times. To avoid interference, the two experimental 178 sheds were separated by 100 m (Figure 1). The distribution of the experimental sheds and 179 the placement of the audio generator were shown in Figure 1. The audio frequency gen- 180 erator adopts the fully automatic second generation plant audio frequency generator 181 (model: BL01-2011) produced by Beijing Lehe Tongfeng Agricultural Science and Tech- 182 nology Co., Ltd (Figure 2). The audio content is Single sound wave, the dominant fre- 183 quency is about 500 Hz, the audio loudness is about 80 dB, and the maximum effective 184 range of audio frequency is about 100 m from the audio speaker (Figure 3). In this exper- 185 iment, the playback time is set by a programmed timer. The above audio frequency is 186 played for 3 hours (08:30-11:30) every day from the lettuce transplanting period to 5 days 187

before harvest. 188

189 Figure 1 Schematic Diagram of Distribution Location of Experimental Shed. 190 191

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192

Figure 2. plant audio frequency generator (model: BL01-2011). 193

194

195

196 (A)

(B)

(C)

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197 Figure 3. Acoustic characteristic diagram (AFT, Single sound wave, 500HZ) (A: Sound sampling; B: 198

Waveform; C:Spectrogram; D: Spectrum). 199

3.3. Study on the influence of different types of music on plant growth (Experiment 2) 200 The test was started in April 2021. The lettuce seeds were soaked in 2% hydrogen 201 peroxide for 10 minutes and then washed with distilled water. The seedlings were raised 202 with pre washed sand (placed in the turnover box). After the seedlings grew three cotyle- 203 dons (12 days), the seedlings with the same growth momentum were selected and trans- 204 ferred to the 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution for culturing. Put them in four artificial incu- 205 bators for different music treatments at the same time (Table 1). The second experiment 206 was carried out in four artificial climate boxes, including treatments of three kinds of mu- 207 sic (EM, RM, and CM) and silent environment (the control, CKM), each with three repli- 208 cates. The EM was selected from Bandari’s “Anne’s Wonderland”, which was quiet and 209 elegant; “Hey Jude” by The Beatles was selected as the RM treatment, which was high- 210 pitched and excited; the CM was Glazunov “Concerto pour Saxophone op.109”, which 211 was solemn and heavy. The volumes of three kinds of music were adjusted to the extent 212 that human ears could not feel mutual interferences. During music treatment, adjust the 213 music volume to the extent that the human ear could not feel mutual interference. The 214 loudness of three types of music was 80 dB, measured by the sound level meter (Figure 4, 215 5, 6). The playback time was from 8:30 (a.m.) to 16:30 (p.m.). Replace the nutrient solution 216 every 4 days. Each incubator has 20 seedlings, and the treatment time is 30 days. Each 217 treatment has 3 repetitions. After harvesting, clean the hollow with distilled water for 2-3 218

times, and its growth morphology indexs were measured. 219

220

221 (D)

(A)

(B)

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222

223 Figure 4. Acoustic characteristic diagram (EM, “Anne’s Wonderland”) ( A: Sound sampling; B: 224

Waveform; C: Spectrogram; D: Spectrum). 225

226

227

228 (C)

(D)

(A)

(B)

(C)

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229 Figure 5. Acoustic characteristic diagram (RM, “Hey Jude”) ( A: Sound sampling; B: Waveform; 230

C:Spectrogram; D: Spectrum). 231

232

233

234

235

236 Figure 6. Acoustic characteristic diagram (CM, “Concerto pour Saxophone op.109”) ((A: Sound sam- 237

pling; B: Waveform; C: Spectrogram; D: Spectrum). 238

(D)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

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When harvesting, the lettuce shall be cleaned, the roots and stems shall be separated, 239 and the fresh weight, plant height, root length and other growth indicators of plant stems, 240 leaves and roots were determined. The content of chlorophyll in lettuce leaves was deter- 241 mined by spectrophotometry after extraction with 95% ethanol. The data were analyzed 242 by ANOVA using SPSS 26.0 software. The data are presented as mean or mean ± standard 243

error. 244

245

Table 1. Different types of music used in this test. 246

Treatme nts

kinds of

music Song Name features Play time

1 Electronic music(EM)

Bandari’s “Anne’s

Wonderland” Quiet and elegant

8:30-16:30

2 Rock

music(RM) The Beatles “Hey Jude” High pitched and excited 3 Classical

Music(CM)

Glazunov “Concerto pour

Saxophone op.109” Solemn and thick

CK No music —— —— ——

247

4. Results 248

4.1 The results and analysis of experiment 1 (The effect of audio frequency treatment on the 249

morphological indexes of lettuce) 250

After audio frequency treatment, the morphological indexes of lettuce were higher 251 in audio frequency treatment than in control, and plant height was significantly higher in 252 audio frequency treatment than in control. The fresh weight of stem and leaf under audio 253 frequency treatment was significantly higher than that of control. The longest root length 254 showed no significant difference between audio frequency treatment and control. The 255 fresh weight of root showed no significant difference between audio frequency treatment 256 and control. Chlorophyll content in leaves was significantly higher under audio frequency 257

treatment than that under no music treatment (Table 2). 258

Plant Height (cm)

Shoot FW (g)

Root Length (cm)

Root FW (g)

Chlorophyll (mg/g)

CK AFT CK AFT CK AFT CK AFT CK AFT

26.39±0.6 1

33.55±1.13*

*

31.21±0.6 2

38.76±0.66

**

23.25±0.6 5

27.15±0.8 7

11.95±0.5 3

13.52±0.4 3

1.47±0.1 2

1.98±0.15*

*

Table 2. Growth Physiological Indexes of Lettuce under Audio Treatment and Control Treatment. 259 260 4.2. The results and analysis of experiment 2(The influence of different kinds of music on the 261

growth morphology of lettuce) 262

After the music treatment, the overall performance of the morphological indicators 263 of lettuce was that the music treatment was higher than the control. The growth of lettuce 264 plant height showed that the difference between electronic music and rock music was not 265 significant, the difference between classical music and the control was not significant, and 266 the electronic music and rock music treatment was significantly higher than the classical 267 music and the control treatment. The longest root length shows that electronic music pro- 268 cessing is the longest, rock music is medium, and classical music and non music pro- 269 cessing are the shortest. The fresh weight of stems and leaves is the highest in electronic 270 music and classical music, the medium in rock music, and the lightest without music. The 271

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root fresh weight showed that there was no significant difference between electronic mu- 272 sic and classical music, and there was no significant difference between rock music and 273 control. The root/ shoot ratio (R/S) showed no significant difference among the four treat- 274 ments. Chlorophyll content of leaves was the highest under electronic music and classical 275 music treatment, medium under rock music, and the lowest under no music treatment 276 (Table 3). Lettuce shoot (stems and leaves) are edible parts. Compared with the control 277 culture conditions, the electronic music, rock music and classical music increased fresh 278 weight of edible parts by 78.17%, 28.75% and 63.35%, respectively (Table 3). 279 Table 3. Growth Physiological Indexes of Lettuce under Different Types of Music and Control Treat- 280

ment. 281

Treatments Plant Height (cm)

Root Length (cm)

Shoot FW (cm)

Root FW (g)

Root-Shoot Ratio R/S

Chlorophyll (mg/g) EM 22.30±0.62A 14.37±0.61A 18.28±0.53A 9.23±0.56A 0.56±0.02A 1.48±0.07A RM 20.27±0.65A 11.71±0.31B 13.21±0.92B 6.35±0.73B 0.49±0.03A 1.12±0.11B CM 17.28±0.61B 9.89±0.23C 16.76±0.91A 8.21±0.58A 0.47±0.02A 1.37±0.03A CK 15.65±0.82B 9.67±0.25C 10.26±0.52C 4.81±0.15B 0.46±0.03A 0.82±0.02C

Note: Different capitalized English letters after the same column of data in the table indicate that 282 there is significant difference in data statistics, and the difference level is P<0.05. 283 In the experiments, there were differences in the morphology of Lettuce roots after 284 sound wave amendments (Figure 7). Total root length, root surface area number of root 285 tips per unit area, and root average diameter were measured, as shown in Table 3. Com- 286 pared with the control, the AFT treatment significantly (P < 0.05) improved the total length 287 of root, the root surface area, and the root average diameter, but reduced the number of 288 root tips per unit area (Table 3). In the experiment of music treatments, the treatments of 289 EM and CM dramatically (P < 0.05) increased the total length and the surface area of root, 290 and decreased the number of root tips per unit area compared with the control. The EM 291 treatment exhibited more effects on the root length, the root surface area, and the root 292 average diameter than the treatments of CM and RM (Table 3). 293

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294

295 Figure 7. Comparison of morphological indexes of lettuce root system under different sound wave 296

treatments. 297

5. Discussion 298

The results of the above two experiments show that: (1) Under the influence of the 299 music produced by the plant audio frequency generator, the lettuce of the selected crops 300 grows more vigorously than that without music treatment, especially the yield of the sin- 301 gle plant of our daily edible parts has been improved to a certain extent under the influ- 302 ence of audio frequency control technology. This is consistent with Hou Tianzhen's re- 303 search on cotton, sweet pepper, cucumber and tomato [3, 27-33]. (2) Under the influence 304 of different audio control technologies (electronic music, rock music and classical music), 305 lettuce has promoted its growth, especially under the influence of electronic music, the 306 production of edible parts has increased significantly. This is similar to the research results 307

of some researchers on rosemary plants [3]. 308

Previous studies have shown that after sound stimulation, the content of indoleacetic 309 acid (IAA) and polyamine compounds (PAS) in plants increases, which can regulate the 310 plant cell division and plant morphogenesis, and promote the formation of vascular bun- 311 dles, leaves and buds [3-10]. AFT and EM treatment increased significantly. Chlorophyll 312 is the main pigment of plant growth, which is used to absorb solar energy in the process 313 of photosynthesis. Its content directly affects the intensity of light and leaves. In this ex- 314 periment, the AFT generator promoted the chlorophyll content in lettuce leaves (Table 2), 315 thereby improving photosynthesis and increasing biomass. Among the three types of mu- 316 sic, EM has a good effect. The effect on lettuce photosynthesis can be explained as the 317

"stimulus" of music processing, which can affect the yield of lettuce. It may cause physio- 318 logical changes in the process of "enjoying" music, leading to changes in growth capacity. 319

c c

a

ab b bc

0 150 300 450 600 750

CK1 CK2 AFT EM CM RM

Total length (cm)

(A)

b b

a a

b c

0 18 36 54 72 90

CK1 CK2 AFT EM CM RM Surface area (cm2)

(B)

b

a a

a

c c

0.00 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.48 0.60

CK1 CK2 AFT EM CM RM

Average diameter (mm)

(C)

b b

ab a

0 6 12 18 24 30

CK1 CK2 AFT EM CM RM Number of tips (cm2)

(D)

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In addition, chlorophyll is the main pigment of plants to absorb solar energy during pho- 320 tosynthesis, and its content directly affects the light and intensity of the leaves. The author 321 also investigated the content of chlorophyll in lettuce leaves in two experiments. The ex- 322 perimental results showed that the music emitted by the plant audio generator promoted 323 the increase of chlorophyll content in lettuce leaves, thus promoting photosynthesis [33- 324 40]. Different types of music had different effects on the chlorophyll content in lettuce 325 leaves. Among them, electronic music had the largest role in promoting photosynthesis 326

[41-44]. 327

It can be seen that under the "stimulation" of audio control technology, the output of 328 some crops can be effectively improved, which is an effective way to realize pollution-free 329 ecological agriculture. At the same time, the crops themselves may have many physiolog- 330 ical changes in the process of "enjoying" audio control technology, which will lead to 331 changes in growth capacity. However, research in this area, whether in musicology, envi- 332 ronmental science, agronomy and other disciplines, needs further exploration. 333 334

6. Conclusions 335

So far, the research results showed that different plants have different responses to 336 acoustic stimulation at different growth stages, but the mechanism is still unclear. There- 337 fore, further research and confirmation of these results are needed. The audio control tech- 338 nology can stimulate the growth of some plants, while unwanted plants (such as weeds) 339 can be suppressed, which is caused by the electromagnetic wave of plants. In this case, 340 the impact of the setting of the acoustic pulse frequency on the plant vitality enters the 341 molecular level. In addition, the mechanism of how sound affects cell cycle and thus plant 342 growth needs further research, comparison and scientific understanding. 343 Applying audio control technology to ecological agricultural production is a poten- 344 tial project. Constantly exploring the law of audio control technology and agricultural 345 coupling can reduce environmental pollution caused by pesticides, fertilizers, etc., protect 346 the ecological environment, make ecological agriculture the driving force for sustainable 347 development of modern agriculture, and thus promote the development of agricultural 348 science and technology. On the whole, the research on the impact of audio control tech- 349 nology on plant growth is still in the stage of experience exploration and data accumula- 350 tion. The author also hopes that more experts and scholars in musicology and agricultural 351 science can participate in the research on this emerging technology to benefit mankind. 352 Author Contributions: S.W. preformed investigation. H.H. and Q.X. performed conceptualization. 353 S.W performed writing. Q.X. performed formal analysis and project administration. All authors 354

read and approved the final manuscript. 355

Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 356 (41501355), the Talent Research Fund Project of Hefei University (18-19RC11), the Borrowing Trans- 357 fer to Supplement Foundation of Hefei (J2019D04), the double base demonstration teaching organ- 358 ization "Department of Food Engineering" of Anhui Provincial Department of Education, the Anhui 359 Quality Engineering Project Practice Education Base (2021xqhzsjjd069), Hefei University Quality 360 Engineering Project Course Ideological and Political Demonstration (2021hfukcsz09 ), and Anhui 361 Province Philosophy and Social Science Planning project：“Study on the evaluation and Optimiza- 362 tion Strategy of Music Sound Environment in Anhui Urban Public Space” (AHSKQ2019D081). 363

Data Availability Statement: Not applicable here. 364

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 365

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