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Cite this as: Purwanti, P et al. (2023). Food Security of Small-Scale Fishermen's Households in Prigi Bay, Trenggalek Regency. ECSOFiM: Economic and Social of Fisheries and Marine Journal. 10(02): 208-220.
Available online at http://ecsofim.ub.ac.id/
FOOD SECURITY OF SMALL-SCALE FISHERMEN'S HOUSEHOLDS IN PRIGI BAY, TRENGGALEK REGENCY
KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA NELAYAN SKALA KECIL DI TELUK PRIGI, KABUPATEN TRENGGALEK
Pudji Purwanti*1), Mochammad Fattah1), and Agus Dwi Sulistyono1)
1) Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Brawijaya University Jl. Veteran Malang 65145
Received: October 20, 2022/ Accepted: April 21, 2023
ABSTRACT
The dependence of fishermen on obtaining income during the fishing season can cause problems in fulfilling food needs. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the food security of small-scale fishermen's households. The sampling technique was a purposive sampling of 75 small-scale fishing households. The data analysis used was Jonsson and Toole's analysis of food expenditure, energy adequacy and food security. The results showed when it is not fish season or moderate season, some fishing households do productive activities outside of fishing, such as cultivating forest land belonging to the Indonesian Forestry Minister, becoming marine tour guides, and having livestock and a working wife. As a result, household income can meet basic food and non-food expenditures.
The average level of energy consumption is 2,772.8 kcal/capita/day, and the average protein consumption is 177.8 grams/capita/day. The calories from grains or rice reach 780 kcal/capita/day, and the highest protein source comes from fish getting 140.7 grams/capita/day. All fisherman household respondents have a proportion of expenditure for food consumption less than sixty per cent and a gonad maturity level of more than eighty per cent. This value indicates that all small-scale fishing households are food insecure. The existence of activities outside of catching fish diversifies business in the household, enabling fishing households to meet the basic needs of food and non- food and food security.
Keywords: energy consumption, protein consumption, the proportion of food expenditure, food security, activities outside of fishing.
ABSTRAK
Ketergantungan nelayan dalam memperoleh pendapatan pada musim penangkapan ikan dapat menyebabkan permasalahan dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan pangan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis ketahanan pangan rumah tangga nelayan skala kecil. Teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu purposive sampling sebanyak 75 rumah tangga nelayan skala kecil. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis pengeluaran pangan, angka kecukupan energi, dan ketahanan pangan Jonsson dan Toole. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa saat tidak musim ikan atau musim sedang, beberapa rumah tangga nelayan melakukan kegiatan produktif diluar menangkap ikan yaitu sebagai penggarap lahan hutan milik perhutani, pemandu wisata laut, berternak, dan istrinya ikut bekerja.
Pendapatan rumah tangga dapat memenuhi pengeluaran pokok pangan dan pokok non pangan.
Rata-rata tingkat konsumsi energi sebesar 2.772,8 kkal/kapita/hari dan konsumsi protein rata-rata 177,8 gram/ kapita/hari. Sumber kalori yang berasal dari padi-padian atau beras mencapai 780 kkal/kapita/hari dan sumber protein tertinggi berasal dari ikan mencapai 140,7 gram/kapita/hari.
Seluruh responden rumah tangga nelayan mempunyai proporsi pengeluaran untuk konsumsi pangan < 60 % dan memiliki tingkat TKG > 80%. Nilai ini menunjukkan bahwa seluruh rumah tangga nelayan skala kecil tahan pangan. Adanya aktifitas di luar menangkap ikan sebagai diversifikasi usaha dalam rumah tangga, menjadikan rumah tangga nelayan mampu memenuhi kebutuhan pokok pangan maupun non pangan serta tahan pangan.
Kata kunci: konsumsi energi, konsumsi protein, proporsi pengeluaran pangan, ketahanan pangan, aktivitas di luar menangkap ikan.
*Corresponding author: Pudji Purwanti, [email protected]
Institution and its address: Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Brawijaya University Jl. Veteran Malang 65145.
INTRODUCTION
Food is a basic need for human life that must be met in a certain amount every day for a source of energy and nutrients. The quality and quantity of the dish's level of consumption are determined by the fulfilment of all the nutrients the body needs and is called good nutritional status (Saputri et al., 2016). Nutritional status is the State of the body due to food consumption and the use of nutrients.
Distinguished between poor nutritional status, less, reasonable, and more (Almatsier, 2003). The value of the nutritional adequacy rate is calculated from the adequacy of energy and protein. If the adequacy of energy and protein is met, the adequacy of other nutrients is also fulfilling. Therefore, energy and protein values can be used to describe food adequacy. Calorie consumption is closely related to the human ability to live actively, while protein consumption is needed to restore damaged body cells in adulthood (Muchtadi et al., 2008).
Food security is a crucial part of humans obtaining sufficient food. It is one of the main pillars of human rights. According to (Suryana et al., 2014), food security includes sufficient food availability and the ability to access and buy food and not be dependent on food from any party. According to Law No. 18 of 2012, the concept of food security is the condition of fulfilling food for the State to individuals. It is reflected in the availability of sufficient food, both in quantity and quality, safe, diverse, nutritious, equitable and affordable. It does not conflict with religion, belief and community culture to sustainably live a healthy, active and productive life. It means that the government is responsible for realizing food security conditions through guidance, control and supervision and making regulations to ensure adequate and equitable food availability. The achievement of food security is viewed from all aspects, including food adequacy and availability, food access, food quality and utilization (Maxwell & Frankenberger, 1992; Chung et al., 1997)). At the household level, the food security measurement is based on household food expenditure data. The results are compared with the Sufficiency Figures for Energy and Protein that have been determined nationally (Arida et al., 2015; Sabaora et al., 2021; Susanto et al., 2022). It continues with the concept of calculating the Expected Food Pattern (Handayani et al., 2019; Musta’in & Saputro, 2021).
The concept of measuring food security at the household level through the Energy Adequacy Rate has been used by several researchers, including (Wardani et al., 2012; Utami & Mamilianti, 2021; and Anzaini et al., 2022). Even Nagari & Nindya (2017) not only uses the Energy Adequacy Rate as a measure of household food security but also uses the indicator of the Protein Sufficiency Rate. Nuryanti et al. (2019) also used measures of household food absoIDRtion rate, Energy Adequacy Level (TKE) and Protein Adequacy Level (TKP) to assess the level of food security of fishermen's households.
The measurement of the level of household food security is not only through the energy sufficiency figure and the protein sufficiency figure but also must be seen from the portion of food expenditure that shows the ability of the household to provide sufficient food. Households that spend 70% of their income on food consumption indicate households that are food insecure. It is based on the dimensions and measures often used to determine the poverty line by using the household
ECSOFiM Journal of Economic and Social of Fisheries and Marine. 2023. 10(02): 208-220 210
income level through the portion of food expenditure. A household that can achieve food security conditions is very closely related to household economic behaviour, in this case, household decision- making in production and consumption activities, as well as the allocation of working time and household income (Purwanti, 2010).
Prigi Bay is a potential fishery production centre in Trenggalek Regency. In order to support fishery activities, in 2001, the Nusantara Fishery Port (PPN) was built, which previously was a Coastal Fishery Port. With the change of port status, the port facilities will be more complete, and the anchorage pool will be more comprehensive and equipped with a fish auction place (TPI).
However, small-scale fisheries still dominate fishing. The largest ship size under 10 GT is 546 units, and the most fishing gear uses hand line 694 units (Kecamatan Watulimo, 2018). Fishing gear is identical to the characteristics of small-scale fishermen. The boats used are 9-12 meters long and 2- to 3.5 meters wide. The boats used are made of fiberglass, but some are made of wood. Then, the fishing activities of small-scale fishermen are limited by the fishing season for only four months.
Most small-scale fishermen do not carry out fishing activities at sea when it is not the fishing season.
Therefore, most fishing households carry out coping strategies through diversification of income sources for small-scale fishing households (Susilo et al., 2021). The business diversification strategy is a household strategy to meet their food needs. The findings of (Purwanti et al., 2021) suggest that the sustainability of small-scale fishing households during the pandemic is fully sustainable, as measured by a sustainable livelihoods-based sustainability analysis (SLA). The analysis of sustainable livelihoods is based on natural resource capital, human resource capital, finance, physical capital and institutional social capital.
Based on the previous studies, this study examines in more depth the conditions of small-scale fishermen's households through their food security conditions. Food security is measured based on the value of the proportion of food expenditure to total expenditure and the level of energy consumption. Therefore, the results of this study will support comprehensive findings on the behaviour conditions of small-scale fishing households in the sustainable use of natural resources and food sufficiency in Prigi Bay.
RESEARCH METHODS
This research was conducted from July to September 2022. The method used is the survey method. In order to speed up the process of collecting data, we use Rapid Rural Appraisal. Besides being obtained through selected respondents, it also relies on local information and is supported by approaches and interviews with key figures. Samples were taken purposive for fishing gear fishermen. The data collected include (1) Production behaviour of fishing and activities outside the fishing business, (2) Household income (3) Expenditure on staple food and non-food staples.
The analysis of food security starts from the fisherman's household income and analysis of household expenditure. Total household income consists of household income from fishing (on-farm) and outside fishing (off-farm). This income equation (Purwanti, 2010) can be written as follows:
𝑃𝑑 = 𝑃𝑑𝑜𝑛+ 𝑃𝑑𝑜𝑓𝑓 (1) With explanation:
Pd : Total income from the farmers household (in IDR) Pdon : Income from fishing (in IDR)
Pdoff : Income from non-fishing (in IDR)
While the total expenditure of fishermen's households can be known by calculating food and non-food expenditures. The formula used is:
𝑇𝑃 = 𝑃𝑝+ 𝑃𝑛 (2)
With explanation:
TP : Total expenditure from the farmers household (in IDR) Pp : Expenditure for food (in IDR)
Pn : Expenditure for non-food (in IDR)
a. Proportion of Food Expenditure to Total Expenditure of Prigi Bay Fishermen's Household The formula for calculating food expenditures against total household expenditures (Purwanti, 2010) that can be calculated is as follows:
PF = 𝑃𝑝
𝑇𝑝× 100% (3)
With explanation:
PF : Food expenditure proportion (%) PP : Food expenditure (IDR)
TP : Total expenditure from the farmers household (IDR)
b. Energy Consumption of Prigi Bay Fishermen's Household
Food quality indicates the presence of nutrients needed by the body, while food quantity indicates the amount of nutrition in a food ingredient. To measure the amount of energy consumption can be used the formula (Purwanti, 2010), as follows:
𝑇𝐾𝐸 = ∑ 𝑲𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒔𝒊 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒊
𝑨𝑲𝑬 𝒚𝒂𝒏𝒈 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒋𝒖𝒓𝒌𝒂𝒏× 100% (4)
With explanation:
TKE : Energy Consumption Level (%) c. Household Food Security
In measuring the degree of food security at the household level, cross-classification of two food security indicators is used, namely the proportion of food expenditure and the level of energy consumption, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Measuring the Degree of Food Security at the Household Level
Energy Consumption Level The proportion of food expenditure
Low (<60% total expenditure) High (≥60% total expenditure) Sufficient
(>80% energy sufficiency)
1. Food Resistant 2. Food Vulnerability
Insufficient
(≤80% energy sufficiency) 3. Food Insufficient 4. Food Insecurity Source: Jonsson dan Toole, 1991 in (D. Maxwell et al., 2000)
ECSOFiM Journal of Economic and Social of Fisheries and Marine. 2023. 10(02): 208-220 212 RESULTANDDISCUSSION
Productive activities and household income of small-scale fishermen
Household behaviour in achieving food security is closely related to household economic behaviour, in this case, household decision-making in production and consumption activities, as well as the allocation of working time and household income (Purwanti, 2009).Small-scale fishermen in Prigi Bay use fewer than 10 Gross Tonnage (GT) boats and fishing rods or nets. His arrest operation was around Prigi Bay. One-day fishing activity (one-day fishing) is about 10 to 12 hours per trip. In one year, there is a peak season for fish, medium season and no season. During fishing season, fishermen do fishing activities at sea all day long, but only on Friday do some fishermen not catch fish. Peak fish season is from August to November. Types of fish caught during this season include squid, tuna, anchovies, octopus and squid. The season happens from April to July. The fish caught this season are tuna, anchovies, octopus and squid. When it is not the fish season, only fishermen with oars go to sea. Types of fish caught when not in season are octopus and squid. Nevertheless, the catch is not too much. Meanwhile in the previous research (Wahyudi & Sutisna, 2021) stated that all fishermen in the Fishing Ground named 'Pasir' are small-scale fishermen with fibre boats measuring 1 Gross Tonnage (GT), outboard motor engines of 15 Horse Power (HP), fishing gear in the form of gill nets, the length of time at sea is one day. Fishing knowledge is obtained from generation to generation from parents or relatives. Therefore, the main targets of fishermen in the 'Pasir' Fishing Ground are silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) and Largehead hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus).
a. Production assets
Small-scale fishing activities use fern-type boats, motor propulsion engines and fishing rods.
Boat prices vary depending on the boat material used. The price of a fiberglass boat is lower than a wooden boat. From fiberglass raw materials, the price per boat unit is between IDR 20,000,000 to IDR 30,000,000, -. While the price of a boat made of wood ranges from 40,000,000 - to IDR 60,000,000, -. The life of the boat is ten years. The power of the boat propulsion engine also varies, with a range of 12 to 24 HP. The price of the power of the propulsion engine ranges from IDR 7,500,000 to IDR 23,000,000, -. The price is estimated from the price at the time of data collection.
Likewise, the technical life is estimated until the machine cannot be used. The service life of the boat engine is between 5 to 10 years.
The fishing gear used by fishermen has a price ranging from IDR 1,300,000,- to IDR1,500,000,.
This fishing rod can be used for two years. While fishing rods are usually used for three months. This hook is included in the variable cost. Table 2 presents the average capital issued by small-scale fishermen in the research area based on the production assets.
Tabel 2. Fishermen’s Average Capital
No Capital Price (IDR/Unit) Year of Use (Years)
1 Boat 33,979,000 12
2 Boat Machine 9,600,000 7
3 Fishing Gear 1,400,000 3.5
Total 44,979,000
b. Total production cost
Production costs are costs incurred by small-scale fishermen for fishing activities. It consists of fixed costs and variable costs. Furthermore, the types of this costs include boat depreciation, engine depreciation and fishing gear depreciation. In addition, there are boat and engine maintenance costs (oil). The average fixed cost for one year is shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Average Fixed Costs per Year
No Description Cost (IDR)
1 Depreciation 4,600,000
2 Maintenance 2,600,000
Total 7,200,000
In addition to fixed costs, there are also variable costs, namely costs incurred for daily operations. Operational costs consist of fuel and user fees. In addition, fishing rods are usually used once a month. The cost of buying fishing rods in a month is between IDR 150,000 and IDR 400,000.
The use of fishing rods depends on the type of fish and fish caught. One trip requires as much fuel as IDR 150.000, - up to IDR 300,000, - and a levy of IDR 50.000, -/trip. Table 4 presents the average variable costs per trip.
Table 4. Average Variable Cost per Trip
No Description Cost (IDR)
1. Fuel 250,000
2. Fishing Gear 50,000
3. Food Supply 130,000
4. Retribution 50,000
Total 480,000
c. Fishing catches, revenues and profits
The average fish catch of fishermen during the peak season is 7,874 kg/season. The average selling price is IDR 28.000, - per kilogram. Thus, the average income from fishermen during peak season is IDR 220,472,000 /season. Meanwhile, fishermen's catch during the moderate season is 49 kg/season. The average selling price is IDR 24,000 /kilogram. Thus, the average income from fishermen during the medium season is IDR 19,800,000 /season.
d. Income
The income is the difference between the income and the total costs incurred in fishing activities.
This net profit represents household income from the fishing sector. The average income of fishermen in the peak season (fish season) is IDR 112,056,000, -/season and the average fisherman's income in the medium season is IDR 19,770,000, -. Table 5 presents the income range of fishermen in the peak season.
Table 5. Range of Peak Season Earnings
No Fishing Income (IDR) Number of People (person) Percentage (%)
1 < 50,000,000 5 7
2 50,000,000 - 100,000,000 20 27
3 100,000,000 -150,000,000 31 41
4 >150,000,000 19 25
Total 75 100
ECSOFiM Journal of Economic and Social of Fisheries and Marine. 2023. 10(02): 208-220 214 All respondents do fish activities during the peak season (August – November), and most have additional income outside fishermen. When the peak season, as many as five respondents earn as much as IDR 20,000,000, - up to IDR 50,000,000, -. A total of 20 respondents earned an income of IDR 50,000,000, - up to IDR 100.000.000, -. A total of 31 respondents earned an income of IDR 100.000.000 to IDR 150.000.000- and as many as 19 fishermen earn more than IDR 150.000.000.
Not all respondents do fish activities during the moderate season because the available fish stocks are not much. When the season is moderate, sometimes fishermen experience losses because the costs incurred do not follow the catch. Of the 22 respondents who continue fishing in the medium season, four fishermen earn an income of IDR 1,000,000, - up to IDR 5,000,000, -, a total of 7 fishermen earns an income of IDR 5.000.000, - up to IDR 10,000,000, -. A total of 6 fishermen earns an income of IDR 10.000.00 up to IDR 15,000,000 - and as many as five fishermen earn an income of IDR 15,000,000, -. Table 6 presents the mid-season income range.
Table 6. Mid-Season Income Range
No Fishing Income (IDR) Number of People (person) Percentage (%)
1 1,000,000 - 5,000,000 4 18
2 5,000,000 - 10,000,000 7 32
3 10,000,000 - 15,000,000 6 27
4 >15,000,000 5 23
Total 75 100
e. Non-fishing business activities
Most fishermen have non-fishing business activities, such as farmers, forest cultivators, animal husbandry, and tour guides. Several wives of respondent fishermen also have productive activities as teachers and traders. The most non-fishing business activities carried out by fishermen are farmers or forest cultivators ("goplo"), with as many as 67 respondents. Farming activities are carried out by planting rice and corn. While forest cultivating activities, households become cultivators of forest land as "Goplo" or through social forestry programs from Perhutani. Products from forest plants include cloves, durian, bananas, rice and corn (Table 7). The study's results (Rahman et al., 2019) explain that alternative work positively impacts fishermen's income in Paiton District, Probolinggo Regency. Fishermen who do alternative work have higher incomes than fishermen who do not do alternative work or only rely on fishing activities as their only source of livelihood. The payment of fishermen who have alternative jobs reaches IDR 2,201,947.
Table 7. Fisherman's Income a Farmer
Type of Farm Number of People (Person) Income (IDR/Year)
Clove 42 44,200,000
Durian, avocado 9 3,800,000
Banana 11 2,000,000
Paddy 3 32,000,000
Corn 4 2,200,000
Apart from being farmers, three fisherman respondents have side jobs as lobster cultivators, bird breeders and goat breeders. The income of fishermen as lobster cultivators is, on average, IDR 53,000,000 per year. Bird breeder IDR Forty-eight million per year, and as a goat breeder, an
average of IDR 15,000,000 per year. Fishermen whose side jobs are administrators at tourist sites and tour boat guides are nine respondents with an average income of IDR 11.2 million per year.
Fishermen's wives mainly contribute income to fishermen's household incomes. A total of 13 respondents has wives who work in the labour market as traders (11 people) and teachers (2 people). The wife's income as a teacher is IDR 6,000,000 - per year because of a private teacher.
The average income of the wife as a trader is IDR 43.800.000, - per year. Most of the wife's activities as traders are traders of fresh fish and processed fish.
f. Total income of fisherman's household
Household income is the total amount of income received by a household from the income of the head of the household, the wife of the household and other household members. This income can be obtained from the remuneration of production factors (labour) of wages or profits. For example, this income is the income received by fishing households from fishing and non-fishing activities, as shown in Table 8.
Table 8. Household Income
Group of Income (IDR) Number of Households (Person) Percentage (%)
20,000,000 - 80,000,000 16 38
80,000,000 - 150,000,000 41 51
150,000,000 - 200,000,000 14 6
>200,000,000 4 4
Total 75 100
The highest income of small-scale fisherman household respondents is more than IDR Two hundred million per year, and the lowest is IDR 20,000,000, - per year. The income range of most respondents from small-scale fishing households is between IDR 80,000,000 to IDR 150,000,000,.
It shows that small-scale fishing households are in the sufficient category. With this income, households can meet basic food and non-food needs.
Small-scale Fisherman's Household Expenditure
In line with family needs that every household must meet, there is an expenditure of funds needed to finance it. Household consumption is divided into 2, namely food consumption and non- food consumption. Household spending can be used to assess the level of the community's economic welfare. If the lower the proportion or percentage of consumption for food (food) to total consumption, the better the level of the community's economy, meaning that the smaller the food expenditure, the more prosperous the household.
Expenditure for food consumption in this study is based on Indonesian Statistics. Food consumption is the amount of food or drinks consumed by the population to meet their physical needs. Consumption for food is grouped into 14, including grains, tubers, meat, fish, eggs, milk, vegetables, nuts, fruits, oils and fats, beverage ingredients, seasonings, other consumption, food and beverages So, tobacco and betel. Meanwhile, non-food consumption is divided into 5 (five) groups. Table 9 presents the average household consumption expenditure.
ECSOFiM Journal of Economic and Social of Fisheries and Marine. 2023. 10(02): 208-220 216 Table 9. Household Consumption Expenditure
Food Group Value (IDR/ Mounth) Percentage (%)
Rice 248,214 7.13
tubers - -
Meat 146,667 4.21
Fish 192,222 5.52
Eggs and milk 77,538 2.23
Vegetables 91,071 2.61
Nuts 14,636 0.42
Fruits 67,083 1.93
Oil and fat 30,467 0.87
Drink ingredients 25,000 0.72
Other consumption 234,053 6.72
Prepared Food and Beverages - -
Spice 160,714 4.61
Tobacco and Betel -
Food 1,287,667 36.97
Housing and Household Facilities 459,000 13.18
Various Goods and Services 1,104,112 31.70
Clothing, Footwear and Headgear 37,222 1.07
Tax and Insurance 320,199 9.19
Party and Ceremony Supplies 275,000 7.90
Amount of Non-Food 2,195,533 63.03
Total 3,483,200 100
Based on Table 9, it is known that the results of the analysis that has been carried out show that non-food expenditure is more extraordinary than food expenditure. Food expenditure in fisherman households is one million two hundred eighty-seven thousand six hundred sixty-seven IDR per month or 37%, but non-food expenditure is IDR 2,195,533 per month (63%). It means that the non-food expenditure is greater than the food expenditure. Thus, fishing households can be classified in the prosperous category. The data in the table above can be seen that the most dominant expenditure on food is expenditure on carbohydrate sources with the consumption of rice or grains of IDR 248,214 per month (7%). According to the results of research conducted by (Wijayati
& Suryana, 2019), rice has been consumed from generation to generation by all households in Indonesia, where rice is the staple food. Food sources of carbohydrates can be classified into six sub-groups: rice, wheat flour, grains, tubers, sweet/unsalted bread, and ready-to-eat foods. Instant food is a favourite for some Indonesians because of its practicality and making food accessible to everyone. As a result, people tend to shift to a practical culture by consuming and buying ready- made food. However, at the research location, fishermen's households still consume staple foods such as rice compared to ready-to-eat foods such as bread or instant noodles.
The subsequent most significant food expenditure is in the food group or animal food consumption, for example, from fish, meat, eggs and milk, which are IDR 192,222 per month (6%), IDR 146,667 per month (4%), and IDR 77,538 per month (2%). The price of this food group is higher than other types even though the amount consumed is small. Fish consumption is mostly part of the fish from the catch itself, which is valued in money. Research (Purwanti et al., 2023) explained that the primary food expenditure of purse seine fishermen in Panarukan District, Situbondo Regency, in the form of catch fish is still calculated as an expenditure even though the fish received is the result
of the catch. Thus, consumption of this fish ranks third after rice expenditure. For meat consumption, most purse seine fishermen families consume beef more often. In comparison, the first place in household expenditure of purse seine fishermen with the highest percentage is buying cigarettes.
Almost all purse seine fishermen consume cigarettes, 26.46%. At the same time, rice is the second largest share of consumption, 14.95%. Finally, tubers and corn are the lowest percentages to consume, respectively, 1.93% and 1.69%.
Monthly non-food expenditure has a higher percentage than food expenditure. Fisherman households spend a portion of their income on non-food expenditures, the largest in the group of various goods and services such as children's education costs, transportation costs, purchase of motor fuel, and medical expenses, which reach IDR 1,104,112 per month (32%), the housing group and residential facilities consisting of electricity, mobile phone credit and internet packages that reach IDR 459,000 per month (13%).
Food Security Level of Small-scale Fisherman's Household a. Energy and Protein Consumption
The level of energy sufficiency is measured from the consumption of respondent households divided into four groups: the carbohydrate group, protein group, vegetable group and fruit group.
With an adequate level of energy intake, as a result, the fishermen can carry out fishing activities properly. Moreover, it is expected to get a lot of catches, which will increase fishermen's income and welfare (Nuryanti et al., 2019). Consumption can be known by looking at the amount of food consumed by individuals or households, which is then converted into energy consumption (kcal/person/day). Assessment of fishery household food when viewed from two sides, namely the quality and quantity of food consumed by individuals or households. The level of nutritional adequacy can be used as an indicator to show a population's level of welfare by calculating based on the number of calories and protein consumed. Indonesia's average energy consumption adequacy is 2,150 kcal/capita/day, and protein is 57 grams/capita/day, which is adequacy achievement referring to the results of the XI National Food and Nutrition Widyakarya in 2018. Table 10 presents the results of the calculation of energy and protein consumption in fisherman households per capita/day.
Based on Table 10, it can be seen that fishermen's households can meet nutritional adequacy based on the number of calories and protein consumed. The average energy and protein consumption level is 2,772.8 kcal/capita/day and 177.8 grams/capita/day. The source of calories from grains or rice reaches 780 kcal/capita/day, and protein sources from fish reach 140.7 grams/capita/day. Based on the data, it can be seen that fish is a source of energy and high protein in the study area. Fish consumption has become a habit of fishing communities and is part of their catch.
ECSOFiM Journal of Economic and Social of Fisheries and Marine. 2023. 10(02): 208-220 218 Table 10. Levels of Energy and Protein Consumption in Fisher Households
No Kind of Food Consumption of Calories and Protein
Calories (kcal/capita/day) Protein (grams/capita/day)
1 Rice 780 14.4
2 tubers - -
3 Meat 35 4.1
4 Fish 804.3 140.7
5 Eggs and milk 114.6 7.2
6 Vegetables 72.3 0.3
7 Nuts 14.1 1.5
8 Fruits 23.2 2.4
9 Oil and fat 13.1 1.4
10 Drink ingredients 714.2 3.2
11 Other consumption 18.1 2.1
12 Prepared food and drink - -
13 Spice 6.1 0.5
14 Tobacco or betel - -
Total 2,772.8 177.8
b. Relationship between Household Income, Food Proportion, Energy Adequacy Rate and Food Security Category
Determination of the measure of food security is seen through the proportion of food expenditure and energy consumption based on the criteria of food security, the proportion of food expenditure and the level of energy consumption as presented by Jonsson and Toole (1991). Based on Table 11, it can be concluded that the distribution of household food security is in the food security category. Thus, all small-scale fishing households with food security status (100%). Table 11 shows the relationship between household income, food proportion (%), energy adequacy rate and food security category. Again, all respondents fall into the category of food security.
Table 11. Relationship between Household Income, Food Proportion, Adequacy Rate Energy and Food Security Categories
No
Average Household Income per month
(IDR)
Food Expenditure
(IDR)
Percentage of Food
(%)
Adequacy Score
(%)
Number of Respondents
(person)
Food Security Category 1 < 2,275,000 - 8,571,975 1,014,750 26 108 35
Food Resistant 2 > 8,571,975 - 14,868,875 1,285,500 37 121 30
3 >14,868,875 - 22,868,750 1,656,250 48 134 5 4 > 22,868,750 -25,462,500 2,027,000 58 147 5
Furthermore, all fisherman households have a proportion of expenditure for food consumption
<60% and have a TKG level> 80%. Therefore, based on the analysis above, small-scale fishing households in the study area have food security status. Food insecure households have a low share of food expenditure and sufficient energy consumption. This condition indicates the high income received by the household group. The high income has caused the allocation for food expenditure to be met with sufficient energy. According to (Delly et al., 2019), the factors influencing the food security level of fishermen households in Sukajaya Lempasing Village are the education level of housewives and household food expenditure. Thus, efforts made by the government in Prigi, Trenggalek Regency consist of monitoring food availability and food reserves as well as developing food distribution and price stability, developing diversified consumption and food safety, a government programme called the Family Hope Programme (PKH) and essential food assistance
through the rice distribution programme for people experiencing poverty. Meanwhile, efforts made by fishermen households to fulfil food security are borrowing food (92.16%), including staple foods, vegetables, side dishes, cooking oil, and sugar, and changing their diet (7.84%) by reducing the quality of food consumed or reducing the portion of food consumed by the household. Meanwhile, another research (Herdiana et al., 2014) explained that household income, the length of education of the household head, the number of household members, the amount of rice available for consumption, the price of animal food groups and oil and fat food groups affect the level of household food security.
CONCLUSIONANDSUGGESTION Conclusion
Based on the analysis of the portion of food expenditure, it shows that small-scale fishing households in Prigi Bay have been able to meet their food expenditure. The quality of household food shows that small-scale fishing households have exceeded energy and protein consumption rates. As a result, the portion of food expenditure for all households is smaller than their essential non-food expenditure, and the energy adequacy rate exceeds the introductory provisions of the AKE that each family member must meet. Thus, small-scale fishermen in Prigi Bay are in a condition of food security. This food security condition is because fishing households do not rely only on income from fishing at sea. Almost all fishing households have other sources of income besides fishing. Side income is obtained from work such as clove, banana, cassava, durian, and avocado farmers, and some have side jobs as lobster cultivators, bird breeders and goat breeders.
Suggestion
Policy suggestions that the government can submit need to provide development of job opportunities for fishery households outside of fishing through assistance in developing diversified businesses to increase household incomes. The increase in household income makes households able to meet their food needs adequately and can meet the adequacy of energy and protein so that households can achieve food security.
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