As stated above, FISA required warrants for wiretapping to establish that “the purpose of the surveillance is to obtain foreign intelligence information” (Swire 39). Titled "Enhanced Surveillance Procedures," the section greatly increases the power to intercept communications (oral, wire, and electronic) related to terrorism and computer fraud. A little more than a year after the PATRIOT Act was passed, Congress felt that some of the new powers granted to the government were a little too broad in scope.
Bush, the purpose of the HSA was to "protect the United States and protect citizens from the dangers of a new age" (Kirkpatrick and Lockhart LLP 1). According to Kirkpatrick & Lockhart LLP's Homeland Security practice group, Secretary of. This is the "face" of the Dark Web to the American public: it's scary, it's illegal, and national newspapers and magazines can use it to explain why having an anonymous Internet is a bad idea.
Engineering Task Force, the TLS protocol allows clients to communicate with servers “in a manner designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, or forgery of messages.” The protocol consists of two layers: the TLS Record Protocol and the TLS Handshake Protocol. The TLS Handshake protocol takes effect before “the application protocol sends or receives its first byte of data” and allows the client and server to negotiate an encryption algorithm (Dierks and Rescorla 4). Currently, Tor is not illegal in any part of the world, and the Tor Project claims that the good parts of the service outweigh the bad (“Tor FAQ”).
Earp in their paper "Examining Internet Privacy Values within the Context of User Privacy Values". The survey measures attitudes towards various issues in information privacy, which are divided into six factors: personalization (use of cookies and personally identifiable information. This section of the survey is only accessible to those who indicate that they have previously used Tor to accessed the Dark Web The second section acts as a moderator for the Dark Web awareness variable, providing more information on the user's perceived value of the Dark Web and Tor, as shown in Figure 3.
Personalization
Overall, most respondents expressed some concern about their information and purchasing habits being used to customize their web experience. The first statement is that they care about their PII being used to customize their browsing experience, to which 29.87% strongly agreed. The second statement was about cookies, to which 32.47% of respondents strongly agreed that they care about cookies on their computer.
The main cause of concern was the fourth statement stating that they objected to their PID being used for marketing and research activities. Finally, the fifth statement says that respondents are opposed to a website that tracks their shopping activity, with 35.06% strongly agreeing. In this factor, respondents were presented with statements about being informed that their PID was being used or collected.
Notably, two of the statements did not strongly disagree with them, and statement four did not disagree at all. The first statement, with which 57.14% strongly agreed, stated that respondents wanted the ability to determine how their PII is used.
Notice/Awareness
The third statement was about websites disclosing how their PII would be used, with which 59.74% strongly agreed. The fourth statement, which had the highest percentage of strongly agreeing at 61.04%, said that they wanted a website to tell them when the website would use their PII in a way that had not been previously disclosed. Finally, the fifth statement said that respondents want to be informed about changes to a website's privacy practices, with which 59.74% strongly agreed.
Again, as with factor 1, the majority of responses in this section were positive, almost overwhelmingly so. These statements related to respondents' PII and purchasing habits transferred from the website that collected it to a third party. The first statement stated that participants minded when their shopping habits were outsourced to a third party, which garnered a response rate of 53.25%.
Transfer
Finally, the third statement stated that respondents are aware of when their PII is purchased by or traded to third parties, which received the highest strongly agree response to this factor at 66.23%. This could be attributed to the first section dealing with web experience customization, a potentially positive outcome of PII sharing, while this section only addresses it in vague terms of sharing. In this part, respondents were asked a number of statements about the type of information a website can collect from a user.
Collection
The third statement said that users minded when a website collected their IP address without their permission, with 61.04% strongly agreeing. The strongly agreeing numbers tended to decrease in this section as more respondents began to feel neutral about the statements. This may be because websites routinely need operating system or browser configuration information to display content completely and accurately (eg a website showing a different program download to OSX users than to Windows users).
Interestingly, fewer users tended to agree with the statement from factor 1 regarding cookies, another accepted part of web browsing and website functionality. This factor contained two statements about who is actually accessing data stored by websites. The second statement said that respondents were concerned about unauthorized hackers doing the same, and 74.03% strongly agreed with this.
Information Storage
The two statements in this factor addressed what a user could do with their PII after a website has captured it. The first statement said that users wanted to be able to check their PII for accuracy, which is 42.86%. The second and final statement stated that participants wanted to be able to edit their PII, which garnered a rate of 35.06% who strongly agreed.
This section had the smallest gap between strongly agree and agree of any of the original six factors. It is also the only factor to manage how a user interacts with their data after it is collected, which may explain some of the apathy and high neutrality rate.
Access/Participation
Dark Web
The results of the unified theory of technology acceptance and use (included in Appendix #1) shed some light on how the respondents who answered that they used Tor to browse the Dark Web. While negative response rates were low for each statement, statement 9 is noteworthy, "using the system is a bad idea." 54.55% neither agreed nor disagreed with the statement, meaning that, overall, most respondents who used Tor to access the Dark Web did not assign a moral value to it. Even Tor users (regular and infrequent) consider Tor and the Dark Web to be something that might not be the best idea.
There could be many reasons for this, from media stereotypes to users potentially seeing something illegal while using the Dark Web. Overall, 45.45% either agreed or strongly agreed that they were aware of the Dark Web and its uses, but only 20.78% agreed that they had used it or would use it in the future. The objective of this study was to determine whether an increase in privacy concern would lead to an increase in attitudes regarding the Dark Web.
One way to determine this is correlation, which examines how two variables move together. A score of 1 is perfect positive correlation, meaning that as one variable increases, the other variable always increases with it. Likewise, a score of -1 is perfect negative correlation, meaning that as one variable increases, so does the other.
Correlation with Question 23
INSTRUMENT Factor 1: Personalization
I don't mind when a website uses cookies to customize my browsing experience (a cookie is information that a website puts on your hard drive so it can . remember something about you at a later time). I don't mind when a website uses my purchase history to customize my browsing experience (eg by suggesting products for me to buy). I want a site to inform me before using my PII in a way that it has not previously disclosed to me.
I care when a website I visit (without my permission) collects information about my browsing patterns. I care when a website I visit (without my permission) collects information about my browser configuration. I care if a website I visit (without my permission) collects information about my IP address (a number that identifies your computer from all other computers on the Internet).
I care when a website I visit (without my consent) collects information about the type of computer/operating system I use.
