Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 67 DAFTAR KEPUSTAKAAN
1. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour C, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–10.
2. Zachary JF. Mechanisms of microbial infections. Pathol Basis Vet Dis Expert Consult. 2017;132-241.
3. Mahapatra S, Heffner AC. Septic shock. In StatPearls. StatPearlsPublishing.
2021.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430939 - Diakses Juli 2022
4. Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, Shackelford KA, Tsoi D, Kievlan DR, et al.
Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017:
analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200–
11.
5. Nainggolan, Juniarty JP. Kumaat LT, Laihad ML. Gambaran sumber terjadinya infeksi pada penderita sepsis dan syok septik di ICU RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D.
Kandou Manado. J e-Clinic. 2017;5:3–7.
6. Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia nomor HK.01.07/MENKES/342/2017 tentang pedoman nasional pelayanan kedokteran tata laksana sepsis. Jakarta: Menkes RI; 2017.
7. Instalasi Rekam Medik. RSUP. Dr. M Djamil Padang. Data rekam medik sepsis tahun 2018 bagian rawat inap IPD. Padang: RSUP Dr. M Djamil; 2018
8. Sanjaya BD, Djuang MH, Muniro FD, Chiuman L. Sepsis Risk Factors in Elderly Patients At Royal Prima Medan General Hospital. Jambura J Heal Sci Res. 2022;4(3):596–603.
9. Yessica P. Faktor Risiko Sepsis Pada Pasien Dewasa. J Media Med Muda. 2014;
10. Mohamed AKS, Mehta AA, James P. Predictors of mortality of severe sepsis among adult patients in the medical Intensive Care Unit. Lung India.
2017;34(4):330–5.
11. Nasir N, Jamil B, Siddiqui S, Talat N, Khan FA, Hussain R. Mortality in sepsis and its relationship with gender. Pakistan J Med Sci. 2015;31(5):1201–6.
12. Angele MK, Pratschke S, Hubbard WJ, Chaudry IH. Gender differences in sepsis: Cardiovascular and immunological aspects. Virulence. 2014;5(1):12–9.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 68 13. Wang HE, Griffin R, Judd S, Shapiro NI, Safford MM. Obesity and risk of
sepsis: A population-based cohort study. Obesity. 2013;21(12):762–9.
14. Arabi YM, Dara SI, Tamim HM, Rishu AH, Bouchama A, Khedr MK, et al.
Clinical characteristics, sepsis interventions and outcomes in the obese patients with septic shock: An international multicenter cohort study. Crit Care.
2013;17(2):1–13.
15. Weng L, Fan J, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Wei Y, et al. Body-mass index and long- term risk of sepsis-related mortality: A population-based cohort study of 0.5 million Chinese adults. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):1–9.
16. Cecconi M, Evans L, Levy M, Rhodes A. Sepsis and septic shock. Lancet.
2018;392(10141):75–87.
17. Ramachandran G. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial toxins in sepsis:
A brief review. Virulence. 2014;5(1):213–8.
18. Wentowski C, Mewada N, Nielsen ND. Sepsis in 2018: a review. Anaesth Intensive Care Med. 2019;20(1):6–13.
19. Zaccone V, Tosoni A, Passaro G, Vallone CV, Impagnatiello M, Li Puma DD, et al. Sepsis in Internal Medicine wards: current knowledge, uncertainties and new approaches for management optimization. Ann Med. 2017;49(7):582–92.
20. Prasetya YG. Profil klinis dan luaran syok sepsis pada pasien anak yang dirawat di PICU RSUP DR M.Djamil Padang (skripsi). Padang: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas; 2019.
21. Darwis I. Hubungan prokalsitonin dengan derajat keparahan sepsis pada pasien kanker padat neutropenia (tesis). Yogyakarta: Program Studi Ilmu Kedokteran Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada; 2018.
22. Mayr FB, Yende S, Angus DC. Epidemiology of severe sepsis. Virulence.
2014;5(1):4–11.
23. Ljungström L, Andersson R, Jacobsson G. Incidences of community onset severe sepsis, Sepsis-3 sepsis, and bacteremia in Sweden - A prospective population-based study. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):1–17.
24. Manapa AM. Karakteristik penderita sepsis yang dirawat di beberapa rumah sakit di Indonesia periode tahun 2003 sampai dengan tahun 2019 (skripsi).
Makassar: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Bosowa; 2020.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 69 25. Oami T, Karasawa S, Shimada T, Nakada T aki, Abe T, Ogura H, et al.
Association between low body mass index and increased 28-day mortality of severe sepsis in Japanese cohorts. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1–7.
26. Koçak Tufan Z, Kayaaslan B, Mer M. COVID-19 and Sepsis. Turkish J Med Sci. 2021;51(SI1):3301–11.
27. Delaloye J, Calandra T. Invasive candidiasis as a cause of sepsis in the critically ill patient. Virulence. 2014;5(1):154–62.
28. Vincent JL. The Clinical Challenge of Sepsis Identification and Monitoring.
PLoS Med. 2016;13(5):1–10.
29. Sejati A, Pitoyo CW, Suhendro AM. Faktor-faktor prognostik mortalitas pasien sepsis berat fase lanjut di Unit Perawatan Intensif Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta (tesis). Jakarta: Program Studi Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia; 2014.
30. Arina P, Singer M. Pathophysiology of sepsis. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol.
2021;34(2):77–84.
31. Li D, Wu M. Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):1–24.
32. Amarante-Mendes GP, Adjemian S, Branco LM, Zanetti LC, Weinlich R, Bortoluci KR. Pattern recognition receptors and the host cell death molecular machinery. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1–19.
33. Denning NL, Aziz M, Gurien SD, Wang P. DAMPs and NETs in sepsis. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2536.
34. Baratawidjaja KG, Rengganis I. Imunologi dasar. Edisi 12. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia; 2018.
35. Ma’at S. Toll-like Receptor (TLR) dan Imunitas Natura. Indones J Clin Pathol Med Lab. 2018;15(3):111.
36. Mukherjee S, Karmakar S, Babu SPS. TLR2 and TLR4 mediated host immune responses in major infectious diseases: a review. Brazilian J Infect Dis.
2016;20(2):193–204.
37. Younis FQ, Alwan AH, Zaki NH. Using of TLR2 and TLR4 as Biomarker of Sepsis Severity Detection. Al-Mustansiriyah J Sci. 2018;29(2):83–92.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 70 38. Van der Poll T, van de Veerdonk FL, Scicluna BP, Netea MG. The immunopathology of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Immunol.
2017;17(7):407–20.
39. Brady J, Horie S, Laffey JG. Role of the adaptive immune response in sepsis.
Intensive Care Med Exp. 2020;8(1):1–19.
40. Aziz M, Jacob A, Yang W-L, Matsuda A, Wang P. Current trends in inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators in sepsis. J Leukoc Biol.
2013;93(3):329–42.
41. Caraballo C, Jaimes F. Organ dysfunction in sepsis: An ominous trajectory from infection to death. Yale J Biol Med. 2019;92(4):629–40.
42. Rampengan SH. Disfungsi Miokard Pada Sepsis. Fak Kedokt Univ Sam Ratulangi Manad. 2015;7:8–22.
43. Kim WY, Hong SB. Sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome: recent update. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2016;79(2):53–7.
44. Peerapornratana S, Manrique-Caballero CL, Gómez H, Kellum JA. Acute kidney injury from sepsis: current concepts, epidemiology, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Kidney Int. 2019;96(5):1083–99.
45. Woznica EA, Inglot M, Woznica RK et al. Liver dysfunction in sepsis. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2018;27(4):547–51.
46. Wiersinga WJ, Seymour CW. Handbook of sepsis. Handb Sepsis. 2018;1–253.
47. Huang Y, Chen R, Jiang L, Li S, Xue Y. Basic research and clinical progress of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. J Intensive Med. 2021;1(2):90–5.
48. Hunt A. Sepsis: An overview of the signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and pathophysiology. Emerg Nurse. 2019;27(5):32–41.
49. Rello J, Valenzuela-Sánchez F, Ruiz-Rodriguez M, Moyano S. Sepsis: a review of advances in management. Adv Ther. 2017;34(11):2393–411.
50. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(11):1181–247.
51. Lee YI, Smith RL, Gartshteyn Y, Kwon S CE, A N. Predictors of acute hemodynamic decompensation in early sepsis: an observational study. J Clin Med Res. 2016;8(8):575–81.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 71 52. Purwanto DS, Astrawinata DAW. Pemeriksaan laboratorium sebagai indikator
sepsis dan syok septik. J Biomedik. 2019;11(1):1.
53. Meisner M. Update on procalcitonin measurements. Ann Lab Med.
2014;34(4):263–73.
54. Westwood M, Ramaekers B, Whiting P, Tomini F, Joore M, Armstrong N et al.
Procalcitonin testing to guide antibiotic therapy for the treatment of sepsis in intensive care settings and for suspected bacterial infection in emergency department settings: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Heal Technol Assess. 2015;19(96):1–236.
55. Brakenridge SC, Efron PA, Cox MC, Stortz JA, Hawkins RB, Ghita G, et al.
Current epidemiology of surgical sepsis: discordance between inpatient mortality and 1-year outcomes. Ann Surg. 2019;270(3):502–10.
56. Hakim LN. Urgensi revisi undang-undang tentang kesejahteraan lanjut usia.
Aspir J Masal Sos. 2020;11(1):43–55.
57. Kemenkes RI (2019). Batas ambang indeks masa tubuh (IMT) untuk Indonesia.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
http://p2ptm.kemkes.go.id/infographicp2ptm/obesitas/tabel-batas-ambang- indeks-massa-tubuh-imt - Diakses Juli 2022
58. Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Suzuki S, Pilcher D, Bellomo R. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000-2012. JAMA. 2014;311(13):1308–16.
59. Ningsih PK, Subagijo PB. Analisis efektivitas biaya penggunaan antibiotik terhadap pasien sepsis di RSD dr. Soebandi tahun 2014-2015. e-Jurnal Pustaka Kesehat. 2017;5(1):151–6.
60. Rowe TA, McKoy JM. Sepsis in older adults. Infect Dis Clin North Am.
2017;31(4):731–42.
61. Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Immunosenescence: the potential role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in age-related immune deficiency. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019;76(10):1901–18.
62. Esme M, Topeli A, Yavuz BB, Akova M. Infections in the elderly critically-ill patients. Front Med. 2019;6:1–9.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 72 63. Xu J, Tong L, Yao J, Guo Z, Lui KY, Hu X, et al. Association of sex with clinical outcome in critically ill sepsis patients: a retrospective analysis of the large clinical database MIMIC-III. Shock. 2019;52(2):146–51. Available from:
https://www.ptonline.com/articles/how-to-get-better-mfi-results
64. Rowe TA, Juthani-Mehta M. Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in older adults. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2014;28(1):75–89.
65. Lephart ED. A review of the role of estrogen in dermal aging and facial attractiveness in women. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018;17(3):282–8.
66. Fuchs A, Tufa TB, Hörner J, Hurissa Z, Nordmann T, Bosselmann M, et al.
Clinical and microbiological characterization of sepsis and evaluation of sepsis scores. PLoS One. 2021;16:1–21.
67. Fildes A, Charlton J, Rudisill C, Littlejohns P, Prevost AT, Gulliford MC.
Probability of an obese person attaining normal body weight: cohort study using electronic health records. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(9):e54–9.
68. Jabarpour M, Dehghan M, Afsharipour G, Abaee EH, Shahrbabaki PM, Ahmadinejad M, et al. The impact of COVID-19 outbreak on nosocomial infection rate : a case of Iran. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2021;2021:1–6.
69. Shirmohamadi N. The impact of evidence-based training for general standards of hospital infection control on the attitude of nurses working at intensive care units (ICU): Clinical Trial. IJNR. 2017;12(2):50–5.
70. Losurdo P, Paiano L, Samardzic N, Germani P, Bernardi L, Borelli M, et al.
Impact of lockdown for SARS ‑ CoV ‑ 2 ( COVID ‑ 19 ) on surgical site infection rates : a monocentric observational cohort study. Updates Surg.
2020;72(4):1263–71.
71. Markwart R, Saito H, Harder T, Tomczyk S, Cassini A, Struzek CF, et al.
Epidemiology and burden of sepsis acquired in hospitals and intensive care units : a systematic review and meta ‑ analysis. Intensive Care Med.
2020;46(8):1536–51.
72. Prabowo NA, Apriningsih H, Dirgahayu P, Ardyanto TD, Hanafi M, Indriani AT, et al. The decrease in hospital visits at Universitas Sebelas Maret Hospital due to the level of stress and fear of COVID 19. Adv Health Sci Res.
2021;33:101–4.
73. Rowe T, Araujo KLB, Ness PH Van, Pisani MA, Juthani-mehta M. Outcomes of older adults with sepsis at admission to an Intensive Care Unit. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(1):1–6.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 73 74. Martin S, Perez A, Aldecoa C. Sepsis and immunosenescence in the elderly
patient : a review. Front Med. 2017;4:20.
75. Suwondo VN, Jatmiko HD, Hendrianingtyas M. Karakteristik dasar pasien sepsis yang meninggal di ICU RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang periode 1 Januari – 31 Desember 2014. Media Med Muda. 2015;4(4):1586–96.
76. Nachtigall I, Tafelski S, Rothbart A, Kaufner L, Schmidt M, Tamarkin A, et al.
Gender-related outcome difference is related to course of sepsis on mixed ICUs:
a prospective, observational clinical study. Crit Care. 2011;15(3).
77. Van Vught LA, Scicluna BP, Wiewel MA, Hoogendijk AJ, Klouwenberg PMCK, Ong DSY, et al. Association of gender with outcome and host response in critically ill sepsis patients. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(11):1854–62.
78. Zhou Q, Wang M, Li S, Zhang J, Ma Q, Ding Y, et al. Impact of body mass index on survival of medical patients with sepsis: a prospective cohort study in a university hospital in China. BMJ Open. 2018;8(9):e021979.
79. Marzuki MJ, Supriono S, Pratomo B, Mustika S. Perbandingan mortalitas antara pemberian albumin intravena dan tidak diberikan albumin intravena pada pasien sepsis dengan kondisi hipoalbuminemia dan faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas pasien sepsis. Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia. 2019;6(4):196–203.
80. Abe T, Ogura H, Kushimoto S, Shiraishi A, Sugiyama T. Variations in infection sites and mortality rates among patients in intensive care units with severe sepsis and septic shock in Japan. J Intensive Care. 2019;7:28.
81. Kradin RL. Pulmonary infection. Understanding Pulmonary Pathology.
2017;157–242.
82. Pahal P, Rajasurya V, Sharma S. Typical bacterial pneumonia. In StatPearls.
StatPearlsPublishing. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534295/ - Diakses Januari 2023 83. Ki V, Rotstein C. Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections in adults: a review of
their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and site of care. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2008;19(2):173-184.
84. Bouza C, López-Cuadrado T. Epidemiology and trends of sepsis in young adults aged 20–44 years: a nationwide population-based study. J Clin Med.
2020;9(1):77.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 74 85. Lee CY, Kuo LT, Peng KT, Hsu WH, Huang TW, Chou YC. Prognostic factors and monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis: gram-positive versus gram-negative pathogens. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11(1).
86. Qiang XH, Yu TO, Li YN, Zhou LX. Prognosis risk of urosepsis in critical care medicine : a prospective observational study. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:1–5.
87. Wagenlehner FME, Lichtenstern C, Weigand MA, Weidner W. Urosepsis and therapie. Der Urologe. 2010;49(5):618–22.
88. Wardi G, Tainter CR, Ramnath VR, Brennan JJ, Tolia V, Castillo EM, et al.
Age-related incidence and outcomes of sepsis in California, 2008–2015. J Crit Care. 2021;62:212–7.
89. Shawver L, Mazur N, O’Neil S, Reed B, Meram S, Paxton J. 39 The impact of comorbidities on mortality in pre-shock sepsis. Ann Emerg Med.
2021;78(4):S17.
90. Tannou T, Koeberle S, Manckoundia P, Aubry R. Multifactorial immunodeficiency in frail elderly patients: contributing factors and management. Med Mal Infect. 2019;49(3):167–72.
91. James MT, Laupland KB, Tonelli M, Manns BJ, Culleton BF, Hemmelgarn BR, et al. Risk of bloodstream infection in patients with chronic kidney disease not treated with dialysis. 2008;168(21):2333–9.
92. Doi K, Leelahavanichkul A, Hu X, Sidransky KL, Zhou H, Qin Y, et al. Pre- existing renal disease promotes sepsis-induced acute kidney injury and worsens outcome. 2008;74(8):1017–25.
93. Frydrych LM, Fattahi F, He K, Ward PA, Delano MJ. Diabetes and sepsis: risk, recurrence, and ruination. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017;8:271.
94. Jiang L, Cheng M. Impact of diabetes mellitus on outcomes of patients with sepsis: an updated systematic review and meta‑analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr.
2022;14(1):39.
95. Trevelin SC, Carlos D, Beretta M, da Silva JS, Cunha FQ. Diabetes mellitus and sepsis: a challenging association. Shock. 2017;47(3):276–87.
96. Saputra1 FY. Pengaruh komorbiditas terhadap angka mortalitas pasien sepsis di RS PKU Muhammadiyah Unit I (tesis). Yogyakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta; 2015.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 75 97. Mansur A, Mulwande E, Steinau M, Bergmann I, Frederik A, Ghadimi M, et al.
Chronic kidney disease is associated with a higher 90-day mortality than other chronic medical conditions in patients with sepsis. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):10539.
98. Carrero JJ, Ilker M, Yilmaz, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P. Cytokine dysregulation in chronic kidney disease : how can we treat it?. Blood Purif. 2008;26(3)291–9.
99. Pearson-Stuttard J, Blundell S, Harris T, Cook DG, Critchley J. Diabetes and infection: assessing the association with glycaemic control in population-based studies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(2):148–58.
100. Tiwari S, Pratyush DD, Gahlot A, Singh SK. Sepsis in diabetes: a bad duo.
Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2011;5(4):222–7.
101. Park CH, Lee JW, Lee HJ, Oh DK, Park MH, Lim CM. Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of patients with sepsis caused by intra‑abdominal infection in the intensive care unit: a post‑hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study in Korea. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):953.
102. Abe T, Ogura H, Shiraishi A, Kushimoto S, Saitoh D, Fujishima S, et al.
Characteristics, management, and in-hospital mortality among patients with severe sepsis in intensive care units in Japan : the FORECAST study. Crit Care.
2018;22(1):322.
103. Bertani B, Ruiz N. Function and biogenesis of lipopolysaccharides. EcoSal Plus.
2018;8(1):10.
104. Kumar A, Leite AFV, Maekawa LS, Kaur R, Filo SJB, Persaud P, et al.
Management of E. coli Sepsis. E Coli Infections - Importance of Early Diagnosis and Efficient Treatment. 2020.
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/72979 - Diakses Februari 2023
105. Bonten M, Johnson JR, van den Biggelaar AHJ, Georgalis L, Geurtsen J, de Palacios PI, et al. Epidemiology of Escherichia coli bacteremia : a systematic literature review. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(7):1211–9.
106. Wasiński B. Extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli – threat connected with food-borne infections. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2019;26(4):532–7.
107. Phua J, Ngerng WJ, See KC, Tay CK, Kiong T, Lim HF, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of culture-negative versus culture-positive severe sepsis. Crit Care. 2013;17(5):R202.
108. Cohen J, Cristofaro P, Carlet J, Opal S. New method of classifying infections in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(7):1510-1526.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 76 109. Breijyeh Z, Jubeh B, Karaman R. Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to current antibacterial agents and approaches to resolve it. Molecules.
2020;25(6):1340.
110. Duggan S, Leonhardt I, Hünniger K, Kurzai O. Host response to Candida albicans bloodstream infection and sepsis. Virulence. 2015;6(4):316–26.
111. Xiao Z, Wang Q, Zhu F, An Y. Epidemiology, species distribution, antifungal susceptibility and mortality risk factors of candidemia among critically ill patients: a retrospective study from 2011 to 2017 in a teaching hospital in China.
Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:89.
112. Yang Z, Wu L, Liu X, Zhou M, Li J, Wu J, et al. Epidemiology, species distribution and outcome of nosocomial Candida spp. bloodstream infection in Shanghai. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:241.
113. La Combe B, Clermont O, Messika J, Eveillard M, Kouatchet A, Lasocki S, et al. Pneumonia-specific escherichia coli with distinct phylogenetic and virulence profiles, France, 2012–2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(4):710–8.
114. Kollef MH, Ricard JD, Roux D, Francois B, Ischaki E, Rozgonyi Z, et al. A randomized trial of the amikacin fosfomycin inhalation system for the adjunctive therapy of gram-negative ventilator-associated pneumonia: IASIS Trial. Chest. 2017;151(6):1239–46.
115. John TM, Deshpande A, Brizendine K, Yu PC, Rothberg MB. Epidemiology and outcomes of community-acquired Escherichia coli pneumonia. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(1):1–10.
116. Scotland KB, Lange D. Prevention and management of urosepsis triggered by ureteroscopy. Res Reports Urol. 2018;10:43–9.
117. Butta H, Sardana R, Mendiratta L, Singh V, Jasuja S, Tandon H, et al. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of fungal infections of skin and soft tissue in a health care setup in Delhi, India. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2018;12(9):11–6.
118. Pérez-González A, Almudí-Ceinos D, López del Moral O, Martín-Alfonso S, Rico-Feijoo J, López del Moral J, et al. Is mortality in elderly septic patients as high as expected? Long-term mortality in a surgical sample cohort. Med Intensiva. 2018;43(8):464–73.
119. Baykara N, Akalin H, Arslantas MK, Hanci V, Caglayan C, Kahveci F, et al.
Epidemiology of sepsis in intensive care units in Turkey: a multicenter point- prevalance study. Crit Care. 2018;22(1):93.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 77 120. Rahajeng EP. Analisis laktat, albumin dan rasio laktat albumin sebagai prediktor luaran pada pasien sepsis dan syok septik di RSUP Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar. J Kesehat Andalas. 2020;9(1):26.
121. Lily. Karakteristik pasien sepsis dewasa akibat pneumonia yang mengalami mortalitas di RSUP Haji Adam Malik tahun 2013-2015 (skripsi). Medan:
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara; 2016.
122. Caironi P, Latini R, Struck J, Hartmann O, Bergmann A, Maggio G, et al.
Circulating biologically active adrenomedullin (bio-ADM) predicts hemodynamic support requirement and mortality during sepsis. Chest.
2017;152(2):312–20.
123. Russell JA, Rush B, Boyd J. Pathophysiology of septic shock. Crit Care Clin.
2018;34(1):43–61.
124. O’Connor A, Lopez MJ, Eranki AP. Cefepime. In StatPearls.
StatPearlsPublishing. 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542232/ - Diakses Februari 2023 125. Heffernan AJ, Curran RA, Denny KJ, Sime FB, Stanford CL, McWhinney B, et
al. Ceftriaxone dosing in patients admitted from the emergency department with sepsis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;77(2):207–14.
126. Arumugham, Vijay B. Gujarathi R, Cascella M. Third generation cephalosporins. In StatPearls. StatPearlsPublishing. 2022.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31751071/ - Diakses Februari 2023
127. Katzung BG. Basic & clinical pharmacology. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2012.
128. Shahar S, Arimuthu DA, Mazlan SA. Ertapenem-induced neurotoxicity in an end-stage renal disease patient on intermittent haemodialysis: a case report.
BMC Nephrol. 2022;23(1):22–4.
129. Chopraa T, Marchaima D, Veltmana J, Johnsona P, Zhaob JJ, Tanseka R, et al.
Impact of Cefepime Therapy on Mortality among Patients with Bloodstream Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Am Soc Microbiol. 2012;56(7):3936–42.
130. Payne LE, Gagnon DJ, Riker RR, Seder DB, Glisic EK, Morris JG, et al.
Cefepime-induced neurotoxicity: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2017;276:1–8.
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 78 131. Lertwattanachai T, Montakantikul P, Tangsujaritvijit V, Sanguanwit P, Sueajai J, Auparakkitanon S, et al. Clinical outcomes of empirical high-dose meropenem in critically ill patients with sepsis and septic shock: A randomized controlled trial. J Intensive Care. 2020;8(1):1–10.
132. Supaporn K, Boonmuang P, Santimaleeworagun W, Saelim W. Clinical outcomes and mortality rate among critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock treated with meropenem. Thai Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
2023;18(1):71–86.
133. Bardani FR, Andriani Y, Rahmadevi R. Penggunaan antibiotik restriksi pada pasien sepsis di ruang ICU RSUD H. Abdul Manap Kota Jambi periode 2017- 2019. J Sains Kes. 2021;3(2):227-32.
134. Clinical Excellence Commission. List of recommended antimicrobial restrictions. 2013.
https://www.cec.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/258726/AMS- Toolkit-List-of-Recommended-Antimicrobial-Restrictions.pdf - Diakses Februari 2023
