EVE C. SOUTHWA Pogonophora of the Northwest Atlantic:
Nova Scotia to Florida
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 88
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Smithsonian Institution
ZOOLOGY NUMBER 88
Eve c. Southward Pogonophora of the
Northwest Atlantic:
Nova Scotia to Florida
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
CITY OF WASHINGTON
1971
Florida. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 88, 29 pages. 1971.—
Benthic samples from 259 stations along the continental margin of North America have yielded eight genera and twenty-four species of Pogonophora. A key to the genera and species is provided. Three new species are described. After considera- tion of the geographical and depth distribution it is concluded that there are three main zoogeographical groups: Florida Current; northern shallow-water species; and widespread deep-water species.
Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year.
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 40 cents (paper cover)
Eve C. Southward Pogonophora of the Northwest Atlantic:
Nova Scotia to Florida
Introduction
Recent studies of the sea floor of the northwest Atlantic Ocean have included intensive sampling of the benthos by several groups of investigators work- ing from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Woods Hole Laboratory of the Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries, Duke University Marine Labora- tory, and the University of Miami Institute of Marine Sciences. The samples have been sorted by the investigating teams and the Pogonophora from 259 of them sent to me for identification. The geo- graphical region covered by the samples extends from Nova Scotia to Miami, and the depths at which pogonophores were found range from 40 to more than 5,000 meters (Figure 1). A small part of this material, including nine new species, has been described in a paper on the Pogonophora of the North Carolina region (Southward and Brattegard, 1968). Two species of the new genus Crassibrachia were described in a second paper (Southward,
1968), and Nielsen, in 1965, described four other species found near Miami. Examination of the rest of the samples has revealed a further three new species, which are described herein, and at least three others that are new but cannot be fully de- scribed or named without additional specimens.
The distribution data provided by such extensive sampling programs permit some understanding of the factors that may control the distribution of these deep-sea animals.
I am most grateful to all those who have loaned specimens for this study of Pogonophora, namely:
Dr. Eve C. Southward, Marine Biological Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL 1 2 PB, England.
Dr. H. L. Sanders for samples collected by the Atlantis, Atlantis II, and Chain; Dr. R. L. Wigley for samples collected by the Gosnold and Albatross;
Dr. G. T. Rowe, Dr. F. Grassle, Prof. J. H. Day, and Dr. E. B. Cutler for the Eastward samples; and Dr.
F. M. Bayer and Mr. T. Brattegard for those from the Silver Bay and Gerda.
Type material of the new species and representa- tive specimens of the other species are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Smithsonian Institution.
Systematics
The 1,700 miles (2,800 km) of the continental mar- gin of North America sampled by the programs has yielded twenty-four species of Pogonophora. This is a small number compared with the number of spe- cies of Polychaeta or Echinodermata likely to be found in the same area, but the phylum of Pogono- phora is fairly compact, with small morphological differences between species and only slightly larger differences between genera; while big morphological differences correlated with different habits or habi- tats, such as are shown by polychaetes, for example, simply do not exist. All pogonophores are tubic- olous, and nearly all live partly buried in soft sediments.
A key has been devised to help in the identifica- tion of nineteen named species, belonging to eight genera, which live in the area sampled; this key in- cludes the three new species described herein. Five other species, which are known only from fragments, are included either in the key or in footnotes.
To make successful use of the key the investigator 1
45
40"
FIGURE 1.—Part of the northwest Atlantic showing the positions (•) at which samples of Pogonophora were collected. , 200 m depth; , 2,000 m depth; , approximate boundary of areas sampled.
must have the anterior end of an animal, together with several centimeters of its tube, and the animal should be sufficiently mature to contain recog- nizable oocytes or spermatophores in the trunk re- gion of its body. The important characteristics to look for are the number of tentacles, the occurrence of white or opaque patches of epidermis on the forepart of the body, the presence or absence of rings on the tube, and whether the anterior part of
the tube is simple or segmented. Care is necessary, as immature and juvenile specimens frequently differ from adults in having fewer tentacles as well as smaller size, and their tubes may have paler or narrower rings or none at all. In species with a segmented tube the segmentation often is not evi- dent in young tubes, since it usually starts at a later stage in growth, about the time gamete develop ment begins.
Key to Species of Pogonophora
1. One tentacle 10 Two or more tentacles 2 2. Two to four tentacles 3 More than four tentacles 6 3. Black tube, maximum diameter 0.28 mm Crassibrachia sandersi Southward, 1968 Brown or colorless tube 4 4. Segmented tube with brown rings 9 Unsegmented tube 5 5. Two tentacles with dark spots; body also spotted; tube with grayish rings, maximum diameter 0.45 mm Nereilinutn punctatum Nielsen, 1965 Four tentacles, no spots; tube with white and brown rings, maximum diameter 035 mm.
Oligobrachia floridana Nielsen, 1965 6. Seven to twelve tentacles, free from one another; segmented tube with brown rings 7 Fifteen to twenty tentacles, stuck together to form hollow cylinder; tube unringed 8 7. Tube segments 4 to 7 mm long . . . .Polybrachia eastwardae Southward and Brattegard, 1968 Tube segments less than 1 mm long . . . .*Polybrachia lepida Southward and Brattegard, 1968 8. Grayish-white tube, maximum diameter 0.8 mm Siphonobrachia ilyophora Nielsen, 1965 Brown tube, maximum diameter OS mm unnamed lamellisabellid 9. Anterior diameter of tube 0.25-0.27 mm.
Diplobrachia similis Southward and Brattegard, 1968 Anterior diameter of tube 0.14—0.16 mm Diplobrachia floridiensis, new species Anterior diameter of tube 0.09-0.10 mm Siboglinoides caribbeanus, new species 10. Two long white stripes on the forepart, behind the bridle; tube unsegmented, white ringed, maximum diameter 0.46 mm Siboglinum candidum Southward and Brattegard, 1968 Behind the bridle are small white or opaque patches or a complete annulus 11 11. Behind the bridle is a ventral Y-shaped raised area of swollen clear cells; tube white ringed, unsegmented, maximum diameter 0.41 mm Siboglinum mergophorum Nielsen, 1965 No such area behind the bridle 12 12. Anterior part of the tube segmented 13 Tube unsegmented 15 13. Segments short and indistinct, 3 or 4 rings on each; middle of tube with reddish-brown rings
close together, maximum diameter 0.16 mm.
Siboglinum pholidotum Southward and Brattegard, 1968 Segments have 5 to 9 rings 14 14. Forepart not more than 0.85 mm long; tube with narrow yellow rings, maximum diameter 0.14 mm Siboglinum bayeri, new species Forepart at least 0.1 mm long; tube with wider rings, maximum diameter 0.17 mm.
**Siboglinum ektnani Jagersten, 1956 15. Stiff, smooth tube with close reddish-brown rings, maximum diameter 0.16 mm.
Siboglinum pholidotum (see 13) Soft tube 16 16. Ring of opaque cells close behind bridle; tube with transparent colorless rings, maximum diameter 0.21 mm Siboglinum fulgens Southward and Brattegard, 1968 Opaque cells behind bridle patchily arranged 17
No white cells on metameric region of trunk 19 18. White cells behind bridle in irregular lateral patches, joined dorsally and ventrally by white spots; tube with brown rings on middle part, white rings posteriorly, maximum diameter 0.5 mm Siboglinum gosnoldae Southward and Brattegard, 1968 White cells behind bridle in small lateral patches, touching on ventral side only; tube with
long gray or pale brown rings, maximum diameter 0.29 mm.
**Siboglinum holmei Southward, 1963 19. Forepart not more than 1.1 mm long; tube with narrow rings and wrinkled surface, maximum diameter 0.14 mm . . . . **Siboglinum angustum Southward and Brattegard, 1968 Forepart 1.4 to 2.1 mm long; tube with narrow rings and wrinkled surface, maximum diameter 0.19 mm Siboglinum longicollum Southward and Brattegard, 1968
• A species attributed to Diplobrachia (Southward and Brattegard, 1968) is known from fragment!, without tentacles. The segmented tube is 0.35 mm in diameter and resembles that of Polybrachia lepida.
• • Three species of Siboglinum, known from fragments and all occurring on the lower continental slope or rise, could be confused with some species in this key: (1) like S. holmei but has smaller tube of 0.15-0.16 mm diameter, and no pinnules on tentacle; ( 2 ) has tube like S. angustum and forepart about the same length, but bridle is farther back; (3) has segmented tube, with 6 rings per segment, of a distinctive orange color, maximum diameter of 0.13 mm.
Siboglinum bayeri, new species
FIGURE 2
OCCURRENCE.—Twenty-two stations on continental slope between 25° 40' and 37° 30' N (Table 1).
Depth range: 134-692 m.
MATERIAL EXAMINED.—About 120 animals and some empty tubes.
TYPE.—Holotype in National Museum of Na- tural History, USNM 43190.
DESCRIPTION.—This is a small pogonophore with a yellowish-brown tube, which is easily confused with S. ekmani. The forepart of the body is nine to ten times as long as wide, with a pointed cephalic lobe and a tentacle bearing two rows of pinnules.
(text continues on page 11)
TABLE 1.—Station list, classified under names of ships
Station Number
1039 1171 1179 1248 1250 1253 1255 1268 1272 1326 1327 1330 1332 1333 1335 1357 1358 1371 1561 1563 1592
D
05 11 11 02 02 02 02 08 09 14 14 14 15 15 15 19 19 25 28 28 02
Date M
05 08 08 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 05 05 06
Y
63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 64 64 64
Latitude N.
deg.
44 44 44 42 42 42 42 40 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 38 38 39 25 25 24
tnin.
10 51 06 40
24
16 08 00 54 21 19 19 12 10 10 51 42 04 39.7 19.1 37.3
Longitude W.
deg.
67 66 67 64 64 64 64 70
70 72
72 71 71
72 72 72 73 72
80 80 80
min.
45 46 00 10 14 39 53 30 04 06 04 51 47 01 30 54 01 40 02.7 07 15.7
Depth
m
Gosnold 178 141 157 611 1628 1800 1894 316 474 952 1600 1604 2330 1785 406 564 450 446 261 166
757
Species and number of specimens
S. holmei, 1 S. holmei, 15 S. holmei, I
S. ekmani, 3; Siboglinum species, t D. similis, 1
S. ekmani, 1; S. pholidotum, 1 D. similis, 1; S; pholidotum, 1 S. holmei, 37
S. ekmani, 1; S. holmei, t 5. ekmani?, 2
S. angustum, 3 S. pholidotum?, 1 5. pholidotum}, 1 D. similis, 1 5. species, 1
S. ekmani, 5; S. holmei, 1 5. ekmani, 1; 5. holmei, 1 S. ekmani, 1; S. holmei, t S. bayeri, I
S. bayeri, t 5. candidum, t
TABLE 1.—Station list, classified under names of ships—Continued
Station Number
1595 1614 1617 1618 1619 1620 1622 1623 1626 1628 1633 1634 1635 1636 1638 1639 1654 1722 1723 1724 1726 1732 1763 1835 1862 1867
1868 1869 1874 1884 1885 2069 2070 2071 2073 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2082 2084 2085 2086 2087 2088
D
02 03 03 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 05 06 14 14 14 14 14 17 24 26 27
27 27 27 28 28 06 06 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08 08 08
Date M
06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06
06 06 06 06 06 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08
Y
64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64
64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64
Latitude N.
deg.
24 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 30 28 29 29 29 30 31 33 34 35
35 35 36 37 37 36 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 37
min.
54.8 49.7 02 02.3 09.8 10 19.9 30 40 49.8 10.4 20.4 30.8 30.5 40.5 50.1 29.9 59.3 10.4 10 32.8 08.8 49.8 04.3 41.1 05.6
12.7 20.5 0 9 2 18.7 26.7 00 54.5 59.7 14.9 15.5 08.8 15 21.7 30.1 35.2 44.7 44 50.2 04 11
Longitude W.
deg.
80 79 79 79 79 80 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 80 79 79 79 79 79 80 80 79 79 76 75 75
74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74
min.
03.5 49.5 39.6 50 52 00 50 50 50.1 41.4 48.9 50.2 52 00 50.4 51.4 27.2 54.8 55.3 05 00 43.5 14.5 27.1 27.7 06.8
59 59.1 58 29.4 29.2 43.2 34.3 14.5 00 24.1 35.8 42.5 43.5 36.4 40.6 29.6 14.4 00 01.5
15.2
Depth m
Gosnold 500 342 549 321 258 72 303 286 229 529 301 313 348 134 406 435 752 424 494 202 494 802 259 766 692 504
470 70 43 217 406 915 1745 2395 2610 1920 1560 960 365 1545 400 1615 2145 2515 2155 1600
Species and number of specimens
S. candidum?, 1 S. candidum, 1 5. candidum?, 1 D. floridiensis, 1
P. lepida, 1; O. floridana?, t S. species, t
S. bayeri, 14; O. floridana?, t S. bayeri, 3; P. lepida, t S. bayeri, t; P. lepida, 1 S. bayeri, t
5. bayeri, 9; O. floridana, t; N. punctatum, 1 S. bayeri, 17; N. punctatum, 1; O. floridana, t;
Polybrachia species, t S. bayeri, 14; S. candidum, 1 S. bayeri, 3
5. bayeri, 24; S. candidum, 4; O. floridana, t S. bayeri, 3
S. bayeri, 1
S. bayeri, 2; S. candidum, 6; O. floridana, t S. bayeri, 1
S. mergophorum, 1
S. candidum, 3; N. punctatum, 1; D. floridiensis, 1 O. floridana, t
S. bayeri, 1; P. lepida, t 5. angustum, 2
S. bayeri, 3; O. floridana, 1
S. bayeri, 10; S. ekmani, t; S. holtnei, 16;
S. longicollum, 50; S. gosnoldae, 9; O. floridana, 6;
P. lepida, 1; Diplobrachia III, 1 S. holmei, 21; 5. bayeri, 5; O. floridana, 2;
Diplobrachia III, 1
5. longicollum, 1; P. lepida, 1; Siboglinum species, t S. longicollum, t; S. holmei, t
S. holmei, 1 S. holmei, 5
S. ekmani, 1; S. longicollum, 3; S. gosnoldae, t S. angustum, 7
S. ekmani, t S. angustum, 1
S. ekmani, t; S. angustum, t 5. angustum, t; lamellisabellid, t S. ekmani, 1
S. holmei, 11
S. pholidotum, 3; S. angustum, 2; S. fulgens?, t;
lamellisabellid, t S. holmei, 3 S. angustum, 2
S. angustum, 2; S. pholidotum, 1; 5. ekmani, t S. ekmani, 1; D. similis?, t
S. angustum, 3; 5. ekmani, 1; D. similis, 1;
S. pholidotum, t 5. angustum, 1
Station Number
2089 2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2097 2098 2099 2101 2107 2108 2109 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2120 2121 2122 2123 2124 2127 2128 2129 2130 2131 2137 2138 2139 2140 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2151 2154 2155 2158 2161 2163 2164 2165 2167
D
08 08 08 08 09 09 09 09 09 09 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21
Date M
08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08
Y
64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64
Latitude N.
deg.
37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39
min.
11 15.5 22.3 30 29.5 35.9 43.4 45 47.9 55.4 12 04.1 13.3 19.8 24.7 35.2 53.6 44.8 18.2 15.6 14.4 5 1 5 02.2 105 15 05.4 15 26.3 44.6 39.6 50 46 55 55.8 45.4 31.3 15.1 59.2 53 15.1 30.8 46.7 35 08.3 05.0 42.9 56 40.6 24.3 0 9 5 00
Longitude W.
deg.
74 74 74 74 74 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 71 71 71 71 71 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 69 69 70 70 69 69 68 69 68 68 68 68 67
min.
26 27.5 23.7 19.2 07.9 59 30.5 38.2 47.5 54 37.2 325 17.5 06.5 19 53.4 45.0 38.0 42 29 16 15.6 21.8 22 14 08.2 4 5 5 45.2 44.7 29.6 25 51.8 51.9 25.6 15.5 31.3 29.4 29.3 59 59.4 00 0 4 5 45.1 27.8 59 06.3 50.8 30.8 20 08.9 27
Depth m
Gosnold 1150
850 885 505 1100 1515 2275 1955 1408 880 870 1660 1865 2225 1060 2060 1010 2155 2680 2910 2975 2495 1328 635 650 1780 2055 1605 678 1407 740 1605 500 440 1965 2412 2695 2850 2925 2646 2435 1550 2270 2840 3080 1925 1625 2695 3015 3310 3975
Species and number of specimens
S. angustum, 2
S. longicollum, 1; S. ekmani}, 1
S. longicollum, 4; 5. ekmani, 2; S. angustum, 2 S. holmei, 2; S. bayeri, 1; 5. ekmani, 1;
5. longicollum, 1
S. ekmani, 2; S. angustum, 2 S. angustum, 5
Siboglinum species, t
S. angustum, 2; D. similis, 1; S. pholidotum, t S. angustum, 8
S. angustum, 1; S. ekmani, t
5. ekmani, 7; S. angustum, 1; Siboglinum sp., t S. angustum, 2
S. angustum, 1; S. pholidotum, 1; D. similis, 1 S. angustum, I; S. ekmani, 1; S. pholidotum, I;
D. similis, 1 S. angustum, 1 S. ekmani, 1
S. ekmani, 1; S. angustum, t S. angustum, 1
D. similis, t
S. angustum, 1; C. sandersi, t C. sandersi, t
S. pholidotum, 2
S. pholidotum}, 1; D. similis, t 5. ekmani, 2
S. ekmani, 2
S. angustum, 3; D. similis, 1
S. pholidotum, 2; 5. ekmani, 1; D. similis, t S. angustum, 5
S. ekmani, 6
S. angustum, 1; Polybrachia}, t S. ekmani, 1; 5. angustum, 1; D. similis, t S. angustum, 3
S. ekmani, 10; S. holmei, 4 S. ekmani, 1
5. angustum, 2; 5. pholidotum, 1; S. ekmani, t D. similis, 1
D. similis? 1; 5. pholidotum? 1; S. ekmani, t C. sandersi, t
C. sandersi, 1 D. similis, 2
D. similis, 1; C. sandersi, t D. similis, t
S. ekmani, 2
D. similis, 1; C. sandersi, t
D. similis, v, C. sandersi, t; Siboglinum species, t S. pholidotum, 1; D. similis}, 1
S. ekmani, 1 S. ekmani}, t
D. similis, 1; C. sandersi, t C. sandersi, 1
Siboglinum species, t
TABLE I.—Station list, classified under names of ships—Continued
Station Number
2168 2169 2170 2174 2177 2181 2185 2186 2188 2189 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2200 2201 2212 2497 2500 2572 2591 2598
80,5
64-13,11-8 65-11,11 65-11,11-10 65-11,56
271 B 349 351 735 738 964 982 B 998 B 1777 1779 2361 2980 3417
3443 3445
D
21 21 22 22 22 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 17 18 20 04 04 04 07 11
15
13 19 19 24
16 07 07 13 13 06 08 11 29 29 25 30 29
30 SO
Date M
08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 09 08 08 08 08 08
08
11 08 08 08
12 01 01 03 03 04 04 04 06 06 07 09 11
11 11
Y
64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 66 66 66 66 66
56
64 65 65 65
64 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65
65 65
Latitude N.
deg.
39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 41 41 42 37 37 37 38 39
42
44 39 39 43
33 34 34 34 34 34 33 32 34 34 34 34 34
34 34
min.
41 50.2 51 02.1 01.5 14.0 17 05.9 09.4 18.2 42 44.7 52.3 46.1 56.4 10.3 16.4 12.3 05.6 03.3 25.6 28.2 39.3
10
00 58 58 10
06.3 16.6 13.6 13.4 17.5 19.1 29 39.8 22.5 24 14.5 23 14.8
28.8 22.2
Longitude deg.
67 67 68 68 68 67 67 67 66 67 66 66 66 66 66 66 65 65 74 74 74 73 72
67
65 71 71 67
76 75 75 75 75 75 76 74 75 75 75 75 75
75 75
min
58.7 40.7 01.9 21.4 55.8 46.4 28 29.6 45.0 00.3 44.9 35 33.5 25.0 25 13.2 44.4 08.9 39.8 38.5 29.9 30.5 28
58
15 00 00 30
05.5 48.6 45.6 46.6 49 52 01.3 34.5 52 49 44.8 54 46.7
51.4 52.5
W. Depth m
Gosnold 2950 2870 2655 1585 505 940 1420 2035 2715 2235 690 1715 610 2115 1240 941 2451 1119 398 472 410 390 190
Albatross III 232 Albatross IV
110 458 458 188 Eastward
2000 450 620 550 445 210 1305 4480 214 200 610 160 650
190 198
Species and number of specimens
C. sandersi, t
D. similis, 2; Siboglinum species, 1 Siboglinum species, 1
D. similis, 2
S. ekmani, 1; S. holmei, t S. ekmani, 1
D. similis, 2
S. pholidotum, 3; D. similis, 1 S. pholidotum, 3
S. pholidotum, 18; D. similis, t S. ekmani, 1; Siboglinum species, 1 D. similis, 1
S. ekmani, 3; 5. holmei, 1
S. pholidotum, 6; D. similis, 1; S. ekmani, t S. ekmani, 1; 5. angustum, t
S. ekmani, 2 Siboglinum species, 1 S. ekmani, 1 5. holmei, t S. holmei, t S. holmei, t S. holmei, t S. holmei, t
S. holmei, t
S. holmei, 1 5. holmei, 1 S. holmei, 7 S. holmei, 1
S. pholidotum, a; S. fulgens, a; S. angustum, t;
D. similis, a; P. eastwardae, a; C. sandersi, t S. mergophorum, 1
5. angustum, 1 S. candidum, 1
S. candidum, t; 5. mergophorum, 1 S. mergophorum, 2
S. angustum, a Siboglinum species, t
5. mergophorum, 1; S. candidum}, 1 S. mergophorum, 2
S. ekmani, 1; 5. angustum, t S. mergophorum, 1
S. bayeri, 5; S. angustum, 1; P. lepida, 13;
O. floridana, 5; Diplobranchia sp., t;
lamellisabellid, t
S. mergophorum, 4; Siboglinum species, t S. mergophorum, 1
