On the other hand, a study of the Rhizotrogini may show that an entirely new grouping of the. Pending a re-examination of the entire complex, the five genera of Rhizotrogini known to occur in the New World may be separated as follows. Tarsal claws strongly bipectinate or weakly toothed, sometimes with a more or less well-developed subapical tooth on one or both of the claws.
Clypeus deeply concave, anterior third strongly reflexed; lateral marginal ball of pronotum wider near anterior and posterior corners than in middle; apical part of pygidium with shallow, indistinctly defined. Clypeus not deeply concave, anterior heel reflected; lateral marginal circle of pronotum, uniformly narrow throughout its length; apical part of pygidium with a deep, well-defined depression aegrotaBates. Head moderately coarsely and most densely punctate on the upper part of the forehead, vertex and lower part of the forehead sparsely punctate, forehead slightly concave, clypeofrontal suture moderately impressed and double, clypeus more coarsely and sparsely punctate, deeply concave, outer third strongly reflected, margin slightly sinuous in the middle .
Head very coarse and narrowly pierced, except just above the depressed bisinuate clypeofrontal suture, outer or marginal third of clypeus gradually reflected, the central portion tumid, the anterior margin broadly and shallowly notched in the center. Pronotum transversely elongated, lateral margins obtusely angulated in front of the center, lateral margin strongly bisected, when viewed from the side, when viewed from above the anterior and posterior angles are obtuse and rounded; the holes are coarse, sparse and irregularly distributed.
NO. 9 GENUS CHLAENOBIA BLANCHARD CHAPIN 9 to side, apical portion flattened and set off from basal portion by two
Pronotum transverse, lateral margins obtusely angled well before middle, lateral margin sinuate just before posterior angle seen from side, seen from above anterior angles narrowly rounded, posterior angles acute and slightly produced;.
NO. 9 GENUS CHLAENOBIA BLANCHARD CHAPIN II Antennal club a little shorter than second to seventh segments com-
Anterior tibia long and slender, two-toothed with a faint indication of a third tooth, second segment of the anterior tarsus narrow, about four times as long as wide. Pygidium with a moderately deep, transversely oval depression occupying almost the entire apical three-fifths, the apical margin lightly produced, the basal part thin and moderately coarsely pierced. Head coarse and densely pierced except on apex, clypeo-frontal suture deeply depressed, bisinuate, frown with a short median imprinted groove extending posteriorly for a short distance from the clypeofrontal suture, outer third of clypeus gradually reflected, anterior edge wide and tapering shallowly in the middle.
Pygidium broad, not angular, convex basally from side to side; apical portion with a shallow excavation, the floor of which is practically without holes, rest of surface coarsely and rather densely punctured. Elytra with sutural margins obtuse, discal costae faintly indicated; punctures slightly finer but about as densely placed as those on pronotum; epipleura narrow. Metasternum polished and sparsely punctured in the middle, coarsely and more densely punctured on the sides, vestiture short and sparse.
In the present subspecies (Fig. 6) the apical part of the organ narrows sharply from a point at about the level of the end of the median fissure. Material examined.— A pair, probably paratype, from the type locality lent for study by the British Museum, and a pair from RinAntonio, Oaxaca, Mexico, F.Knab, Collector.
NO. 9 GENUS CHLAENOBIA BLANCHARD CHAPIN I 5
The head is moderately coarse and densely pierced near the eyes, the rest of the frown, the apex and the clypeus are thinly pierced. Pronotum transverse, lateral margins obtusely angulated well anterior to the center, lateral marginal carina weakly undulating just anterior to the posterior angle seen from the side, seen from above anterior and posterior corners sharp, unproduced punctures slightly coarser than those of the head, sparse placed on the disk, very thin on the flanks. Metasternum coarse and densely pierced on the sides, very fine and very dense in the center, except the small central area, which is punctured; robe scanty on the sides, very close in the middle.
9 GENDER CHLAENOBIA BLANCHARD CHAPIN IJ Material examined.– Type (male) and three paratypes (males. Material examined.– Type (male) and three paratypes (males and females) from above locality, collected June 10-30, Kusche. The tips of this species are usually hairy in the male, the posterior femorate base and the posterior tibia at the apex bear dense brushes of long hair on the inner edge. The head is coarsely pierced, rapidly dense on the apex and the upper part of the frown, moderately dense, so onclypeous and very thin etc. lower part of the fronts in the region of the clypeofrontal suture, which is strongly depressed and split in two; clypeus with marginal fourth reflex, the central part almost flat, the edges in the middle light carved.
Pronotum transverse, lateral margins strongly angulated in the middle, lateral margin strongly undulating near the posterior corner, when viewed from the side, when viewed from above, the anterior angles are obtuse and rounded, the basal angles are prominent and subacute. Elytra with sutural margins swelling broadly, except atapex where the extreme margins are sharply serrated, discal costae not distinct, holes less coarse but as densely placed as on the flanks of the pronotum, epipleura very narrow. Material examined.—A pair (of which the female is probably a paratype) from Costa Rica, lent for study by the British Museum;
Similar in most respects to the typical subspecies, but differs in the slightly coarser punctures of the head and pronotum and in the conformation of the aedeagus. The lateral appendages of the theaedeagus of the typical subspecies are short and extend about halfway from .. their insertion to the apex of the joined lateral lobes. In the subspecies chiapensis {fig. 10) these appendages are considerably longer and almost reach the level of the top of the lobes.
Head coarsely punctured, moderately densely on both clypeus and iron, rarely shortly median part of vertex, clypeofrontal suture deeply impressed and strongly biarchate, with median tip extended shortly onto forehead as amedian impressed line, clypeus with margin more or less following curvature of clypeofrontal suture , weakly reflected, central part almost flat. Pronotum transversely elongate, sides minutely rounded in the middle, lateral margin almost straight along its entire length, viewed from the side, viewed from above, the anterior and posterior angles are obtuse and rounded; dots similar in size to those on the forehead, moderately densely placed, except along the lateral edges and on the median part of the disc, where they are somewhat less dense. 9 GENUS CHLAENOBIA BLANCHARD CHAPIN IQ punctures about as coarse and as dense as on disc pro-.
NO. 9 GENUS CHLAENOBIA BLANCHARD CHAPIN IQ punctures about as coarse and as densely placed as on disk of pro-
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
NUMBER 10
SOLAR RADIATION AND WEATHER STUDIES
G. ABBOT
CITY OF WASHINGTON
CONTENTS
TEXT FIGURES
MOUNT ST. KATHERINE,
AN EXCELLENT SOLAR-RADIATION STATION
For many years, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory has been busy measuring solar radiation on mountain peaks in desert areas and from these calculating the solar constant for radiation. By that we mean the intensity of the sun's radiation, as it would be found by an observer with a perfect instrument, constantly stationed in free space, outside the earth's atmosphere, at the earth's. Our aim in this work is to determine the degree to which the sun's emanation of radiation is variable, and what effects its variations produce on the weather.
In his "Report of the Mount Whitney Expedition," Langley speaks strongly of the difficulty of measuring solar radiation anywhere as "great," and of correcting such measurements for atmospheric losses as "perhaps overwhelming." Indeed, we have not claimed to determine the exact intensity of that ultraviolet part of the solar radiation which never reaches the earth, because it is completely cut off in the upper atmosphere by ozone. Because its rays are lost at high altitudes, its variations do not perceptibly affect the variation of the sun, as an agency to be considered in the weather.
2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 94 Hence it is with unusual satisfaction that I am able to report the
Roebling, and with a generous gift from the National Geographic Society for apparatus previously installed on Mount Brukkaros, Mount St. Catherine was occupied in the summer of 1933, and regular observations of the solar radiation constant began there in December 1933. Records of observations from December 1933 to April 1935 are now one reduced under the direction of my colleague, L. 94 calories from these first calculated, have been substituted for the general calories from these first calculated, have been substituted for Montezuma's observations of the constant of the sun's radiation for the last few years.
The rate depends on the constants of the pyrheliometers chosen, and no favorable weather for their determination was available at Washington before the departure of the Egyptian expedition. Further, the average difference of the daily quality results, common to both stations, was calculated for each month without regard to the sign, as shown in Table i, together with the num-. Thus the overall average of all diurnal variations, numbering 182 over the entire earth covering a period of 17 months, is approximately 0.45 percent of the solar constant, taken as 1,940 cal.
The 94 calories from the first calculation have been replaced with the extensive calories from the first calculation have been replaced with Montezuma's transmitted observations of the solar constant of radiation over the last few years. The scale depends on the adopted constants of the pyrheliometers, and unfavorable weather for their determination was available at Washington before the departure of the Egyptian expedition. Then, the mean difference of daily quality scores, common to both stations, was calculated for each month regardless of sign, as shown in Table i.
Thus the general mean of all the daily differences, numbering 182 in all countries, covering a period of 17 months, is about 0.45 per cent of the solar constant, taken as 1,940 calories. Because the differences are not greater than one would expect due to unbalanced experimental errors. This means that the differences in exposure of instruments caused by unequal solar altitudes and differences in procedure and magnitudes allowing atmospheric losses at two independent stations in opposite hemispheres, separated by nearly a third of the earth's circumference, produce no differential of the solar periodicity in the 10-percent constant of 10 percent of the solar periodicity.
The summer with its increased heat, haziness and humidity, against the winter with its greater coldness, brightness and dryness, and, moreover, the observation of the sun at different angles above the horizon at the contrasted stations, completely failed to account for differences in the results. produce which suggests that systematic errors are certainly valuable. A heavy line in the figure gives the best value from their archive of the solar constant of radiation.^ The independent results of the two stations are indicated by a lighter line for Montezuma and dashed line for St. Katherine. The two stations naturally support each other by generally exhibiting many variations of the intensity of solar radiation.
6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 94 Table 3
MOUNT ST. KATHERINE STATION ABBOT Table 3
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 94 Table 3
So far, its number of days of good viewing quality per year has slightly exceeded Montezuma, so St.Katherine may well rank as high as Montezuma overall. It seemed doubtful at the time whether stations could be found whose combined results would give for almost every day of the year the value of the solar constant accurate to i per cent, of random error, which seemed the minimum requirement for the purpose proposed.
10 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 94
