View of Soekarno in PDI perjuangan billboards as an intention to perpetuate power: a study of critical discourse analysis

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Jurnal Disastri: Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Vol. 5, No.2, Agustus 2023

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Soekarno in PDI Perjuangan Billboards … | 268

Jurnal Disastri:

Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Vol 5, No. 2, Agustus 2023

http://ejournal.unhasy.ac.id/index.php/disastri EISSN:2722-3329, PISSN:2716-411X

Soekarno in PDI perjuangan billboards as an intention to perpetuate power:

a study of critical discourse analysis

¹Risalah Damar Ratri, ²Rizky Abrian

1’2UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Indonesia Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract

The language and signs discussed in the public space by various political parties are known to be related to politics and power, namely that the two are interrelated. Something that political parties construct has a specific purpose. This study aims to dissect the hidden discourses of Ir. Soekano in PDI Perjuangan billboards through the application of Michel Foucault's theory of power- knowledge Utilizing a descriptive qualitative design with primary data sources of PDI Perjuangan billboards in public places and data in the form of the name and portrait of Ir. Soekarno in billboards and secondary data in the form of data on the internet regarding the PDI Perjuangan. The data collection technique was carried out by purposive sampling. The data analysis applies the Miles & Huberman triangulation model, including data reduction, presentation, and verification. The results obtained include; (1) interpretation of Megawati's knowledge of the privileges and prestige she has, displays the image of a symbolic leader, and is represented through Ir Soekarno's object in the PDI Perjuangan billboard; (2) Ir. Soekarno, in the PDI Perjuangan billboard, attempted to perpetuate the PDI Perjuangan power from the people's voice.

Keywords: discourse, Soekarno, Megawati, PDI Perjuangan, Michel Focault, power

INTRODUCTION

The presence of language in human life indirectly has a concept that can be utilized and applied to human life. In line with the explanation that language is viewed from the point of view of its arbitrary and general nature, humans can express all ideas, thoughts, opinions, and other things through language by simply calling it arbitrary and universal (Mardiana, 2021). The development of the times has influenced the development of language functions explained by Fairclough (Anggraini, 2015; Mardiana, 2021), a phenomenon encountered regarding the outcome of language functions, namely its role as an intermediary medium in expressing the ideology of a practice of power carried out by individuals or groups of individuals. In general, in society, language is in an essential position because the interactions that occur involve communication, and a language is a communication tool (Asca, et al, 2022).

Discussions about politics and governance have various episodes in several countries.

Article history Received:

17-06-2023 Revised:

28-6-2023 Accepted:

23-07-2023 Published:

24-08-2023

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Soekarno in PDI Perjuangan Billboards … | 269 This is due to the relationship between the two groups. The government that is run can create a political community group (Nambo & Puluhluwa, 2005). Then the government is run and filled by individuals who are part of politics. David explained in the gm.ac.id staff kumoro that politics is related to the formal decision policy system for efforts to establish an action plan for the community. In KBBI, politics is explained as a knowledge of state administration or state affairs related to government. Therefore parties that have an interest in politics or care about politics present an association which is generally known as a political party. The birth of political parties such as the Democratic PDIP, PAN PPP, PSI, and various other political parties marked Indonesia's attention to politics.

The phenomenon in Indonesia is related to one of several political party activities, namely, bringing someone in the same party to nominate themselves as people's representatives in the government area. Knowing that Indonesia is a democratic country that involves all the people in the election and arrangement, as well as the election of parties who will occupy the majority of the government, the people participate in determining it. So it is simply that the democratic state expressed by Lincoln is of the people, by the people, and for the people (Kesbang, 2022). Because political parties compete with each other to get attention from the public as vote holders, efforts that are made and are often encountered are the installation of billboards beside the main road or in various places where many people meet. Pictures or portraits of people who will be nominated for their party become objects that are presented on billboards.There has been a discourse campaigned for support, but what is being questioned is the role of other objects in billboards.

PDI Perjuangan Is a party still actively using billboards to realize its goals for the public. Billboards, from a political perspective, have a function to discuss the formulated vision and mission (Olivia 2014). The massive attitude of the PDI Perjuangan in campaigning through billboards attracted attention, and many objects were found in Megawati as the general chairperson who often took her father, Indonesia's first president. Ir. Soekarno to participate in making billboards proud both when commemorating certain days or when

promoting individuals who carried the presence of Ir. Soekarno, in the PDI Perjuangan billboard, presents a role that is still vague because he previously had a previous position as Indonesia's first president and one of the parties that helped build the PDI Perjuangan. Is Ir.

Soekarno was discussed as the founder of the child's party, so he tried to be introduced, or did Megawati try to perpetuate the memory of the Indonesian people that her father was the first president who contributed to the independence of the Republic of Indonesia. However, if the PDI Perjuangan effort wants to show the founders of their party, of course, all parties who play a role should be included in the billboards.

In this context, it is known that the function of language or language signs is a social practice generally referred to as discourse. In the public space, the discourse is applied as a medium to achieve specific goals from the complicated side of the address (Ratnaningsih.

2019). The plans built in discourse are considered if the discourse can realize that goal. This follows Ratnaningsih (2017), the attainment of goals will create an impact according to the objectives of the related discourse. So that there is a correlation between dreams and discourse. However, in discussing the goals, some things must be understood that speech formation must be based on knowledge. Each discourse that is compiled is carried out based on information obtained through experience and social activities (Ratnaningsih, 2017)

The ambiguity of meaning Ir. Soekarno in the billboards is a thing that allows for an imbalance of knowledge in the fields of politics and governance of discourse, thus affecting the results of the discourse. This study will dissect using Michel Foucault's theory of knowledge and power to discover the discourse intent of material objects created in politics

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Soekarno in PDI Perjuangan Billboards … | 270 and government. Then to focus on the study, the problem is formulated in two parts covering (1) Knowing Megawati's form of knowledge in managing the PDI Perjuangan, (2) Dissecting Ir. Soekarno who was massively present in billboards through the perspective of Michael Focault's discourse by connecting to the knowledge of discourse.

METHOD

This study utilizes a descriptive qualitative design to analyze human phenomena more. Data sources were obtained from PDI Perjuangan billboards found in the general public. As for the data, they are grouped into two, namely in data sources that include Ir Soekarno and those that have a photo of Ir. Soekarno and data on the internet regarding the PDI Perjuangan. The data collection method was carried out by purposive sampling. Then the data were analyzed using the concept of triangulation (Miles, Huberman, Sadana, 2014), including data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. The first stage is done by sorting the required data, namely sentences and photos of Ir. Sukarno. The second stage of data presentation is carried out by presenting the reduced data in tabular form supported by discourse originating from data sources. Then the data is analyzed in the paper of a description based on the researcher's arguments, but still

Based on applied theory and also strengthened through expert opinions. In the final stage, the researcher concludes and also verifies the data that has been presented and elaborated on in the discussion.

DISCUSSION

Megawati and Soekarno: Politics, Knowledge and Power of the PDI Perjuangan

1. Interpretation of Megawati's Knowledge in Managing the Power of the PDI Perjuangan Since 1999 Megawati Soekarno Putri has occupied the seat of power in the PDI Perjuangan. Her role as the number one person in the party entrusts Megawati with significant responsibility for the party she leads. Following the 2019 PDI Perjuangan AD ART in CHAPTER V Part Two in the Second Paragraph, which explains the powers and duties of the general chairman of the party that "the General Chair as the central political power of the Party has the authority, duty, responsibility and acting both inside and outside on behalf of the Partat and for the existence of the Party, programs and performance of the Partat."

Megawati's central role with all the authorities and obligations it has can work with each other if capabilities in related fields accompany it.

Leading activity in the concept of trait theory is that a leader will appear to have a piece of knowledge or intelligence that is different from that of a non-leader so that he can lead a group (Syarifudin, 2004). Intelligence should be a leader's combat tool in dealing with the present responsibilities. Intelligence is a leader's capital to carry out leadership (Tambunan, 2015). Megawati's ability to lead gives results in the form of winning elections, although in the end, there was a general assembly in 1999 which shifted her position from being president. Then Megawati served as Gus Dur's vice president. However, two years later, Megawati obtained the presidential chair after the MPR RI Mandate removed Gus Dur from the presidency (Safitri, 2016).

Megawati attempted to gain power over the government for the welfare of the PDI Perjuangan. This was done by educating the people in the party so that the concept of the ideal leader that Megawati wanted would appear. This is in line with Safitri (2014), after serving as chairman of a political party, Megawati tried to cadre other cadres to emerge as

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Soekarno in PDI Perjuangan Billboards … | 271 symbolic leaders. The concept of symbolic leadership was explained by Klap (1964, Irmalinda & Magriasti, 2022), which is an attempt by a leader to be able to communicate in an interpreted way about status, prestige, and reputation to the public. The use of symbolic leadership because, in terms of quality, prestige, and reputation is wholly owned by Megawati. By status, Megawati is known as the second daughter of Ir. Sukarno. Then Megawati has the prestige of a particular person, or as explained by Irmalinda & Magriasti (2022), Megawati received a prestige label in the form of being not an ordinary person because she lived in a palace environment from her father, who was the proclaimer and first president of the Republic of Indonesia. This has contributed to building Megawati's reputation in Indonesia. Megawati initially built her reputation by participating in GMNI (Indonesian National Student Movement) while studying at the University of Indonesia and Padjadjaran University. After completing all her educational activities, Megawati plunged into Indonesian politics (Irmalinda & Magriasti, 2022).

The identity of a symbolic leader shown by Megawati became a bridge for Megawati's knowledge of managing politics and power. Inheriting her father's political party, which had previously won votes from many parties, such as the Abangan people in Central Java, who were said to be close to Ir. Soekarno (Putri, 2013). This influenced Megawati's triumph in gathering more votes from the Indonesian people during her leadership period in the PDI Perjuangan. Symbolic leadership is a form of obtaining special rights and honor from his family. The symbol of symbolic leadership is associated with sociological studies that someone with privileges, namely privileges and honorary prestige, is at one level from someone else who does not have privileges and prestige (Sinanto & Awaru, 2017).

The symbolic leadership interpreted Megawati's knowledge in the political field.

Privileges and prestige inherent in her were used to create the image of PDI Perjuangan in society as a party that had a hero proclaimer and Indonesia's first president. Thus, recalling the public's memory of the figure of Ir. Soekarno. Then this is a kind of barter system. The voices of support from the community are a form of gratitude for the struggle of Ir. Sukarno for the Indonesian nation. The relation of power and interpretation of Megawati's knowledge is illustrated by Megawati inheriting her father's party and then exploiting privileges and prestige, thus creating a symbolic leadership symbol not far from Soekarno's shadow. The conclusion obtained is that privilege and prestige influence the creation of the symbolic leadership constructed by Megawati in the public space.

2. Megawati's Knowledge Representation: Soekarno Imagery and PDI Perjuangan Billboards

The PDI process resulted from the fusion of four political parties, namely the Indonesian National Party (PNI) belonging to Ir. Soekarno, the Catholic Party, the Indonesian Christian Party (Parkindo), and the Murba party, initially five fusions, but the Indonesian Independence Supporters (IPKI) declared it again to be an independent, non-affiliated non- political mass organization (Sandika, 2018). The absence of several founding parties from billboards and activating Ir. Soekarno gave rise to another discourse. Things that are shown to the public by using language or language signs that the PDI Perjuangan carries out with the object of Ir. Soekarno in billboards adjusted to Hamid's statement (2005), namely to adjust the construction of reality. Ir. Soekarno, in the existence of Indonesian society, was constructed as a hero and the first president who played an essential role in fighting Dutch colonialism (Kemdikbud, 2021). The image of Indonesia's first strong hero and leader, Ir.

Soekarno gave him various forms of appreciation. Several forms of appreciation include the figures of Soekarno and Hatta, which are enshrined in the highest rupiah denomination in

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Soekarno in PDI Perjuangan Billboards … | 272 Indonesia, namely the one hundred thousand rupiah note (BI, 2020). The pinning of the name Ir. Soekarno at the stadium in the center of Jakarta, namely Bung Karno's surge (Rizaldy et al., 2020). As well as the nickname of one of the heroes of Indonesian plotters (Kemdikbud, 2021).

Megawati applied language to represent knowledge in political parties through billboards. On various occasions, the PDI Perjuangan framed a massive father-son relationship publicly. However, this father-son relationship may change due to the construction in Ir. Political interests supported Soekarno and Megawati. At the celebration of Eid Al- Fitr 2023, PDI Perjuangan put up billboards to honor the Muslim holidays in Indonesia. However, there is still an element of cadre promotion, Ir. Soekarno and Megawati accompanied the billboards accompanying the photos of the cadres being carried. The following is the data obtained.

Picture 1

Sumber: Kecamatan Mantup, Lamongan

The majority of the population in Indonesia is Muslim. According to the report of the Ministry of Home Affairs that it was reported that until the end of 2022, the total population of Indonesia was 277.75 million, and of this number, 241.7 million people in Indonesia were known to embrace Islam (Rizaty, 2023). Ir. Soekarno was a follower of Islam and was close to Abangan Muslims in Central Java. Besides that, Ir. Soekarno, in his leadership, adhered to several ideologies, one of which was Islamism. This principle was used as a spirit in opposing capitalism. In Islamism, caring and togetherness among people are important because individualism tends to be considered as having denied fundamental human values (Setiadi, 2014).

The form of obedience Ir. The construction of a mosque in Jakarta represents Soekarno's towards Islam. In line with what was explained by Arifin (2017), September 2, 1960, in Jakarta coincided with the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad SAW Ir. Soekarno built a mosque which was named the Baiturrahman mosque. This good situation gave the PDI Perjuangan a golden ticket. So Ir. Soekarno, in the billboard greeting Eid al-Fitr 2023, found a relation, namely the PDI Perjuangan discourse, to get votes from Muslims, who make up the majority in Indonesia. Megawati's function is to match Ir. Soekarno in the Idul Fitri 2023 greeting billboard relates to his position as chairman of the PDI Perjuangan. Represents the concept of a symbolic leader by accompanying struggling cadres and their father to reminisce about society.

Quoted from Kominfo go id (10/4/2022) that General Elections in Indonesia have been set for 14 February 2024, and the president has ensured there will be no delays. The PDI Perjuangan increasingly carried out the event to attract people's hearts. Billboards and matters that were to be discussed were shown by Ir. Soekarno also greeted the public more with red billboards and consistently accompanied his son to perpetuate the PDI Perjuangan.

The following are billboards for the 2024 election.

Gambar 1 Gambar 2

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Soekarno in PDI Perjuangan Billboards … | 273 Sumber: Kecamatan Wonokromo Sumber: facebook.com

Gambar 3

Sumber: @freebutpeace.twitter.com

In the political field, Ir. The establishment of the Indonesian National Party evidenced Soekarno's soar. On July 4, 1927, Soekarno formulated the teachings of Marhaenism and founded the PNI (Indonesian National Party), which aimed to designate an independent Indonesia (Kemdikbud, 2021). Having an important role in politics and the PDI Perjuangan became commonplace when Ir. Soekarno remained on the PDI Perjuangan billboard until the leadership period of the second daughter. However, the things that have been described above. PDI is a party formed from several parties (Sandika, 2017). Of course, it would be incomplete if the presence of Ir. Soekarno, in the billboards, had a background because he was the founder of the PDI while other parties participated in the development of the PDI. Ir.

Soekarno in heroism, government, politics, and religion are the qualifications Megawati needs in campaigning for her party Object Ir. Soekarno was catapulted enthusiastically in the public sphere, promoting presidential and other government candidates, Ir. Soekarno, led by Megawati, was not only a father but as Megawati's implicit force in facing competition from political parties in Indonesia. Matters related to politics and what is presented have the aim of gaining power. In line with what was explained by Deliar Noer (1983: Nambo &

Puluhuluwa, 2005), politics is any activity or behavior related to power and has the intention of persuading by changing or maintaining a kind of structure in society.

Soekarno's Discourse in Billboards: Relations of Knowledge and Power Michel Foucault

Explicitly Megawati has positioned herself as a courageous female leader. Megawati made various changes within the PDI, including changing the name of PDI to PDI Perjuangan.

The name change was due to internal party conflicts, and Megawati's action to change to PDI Perjuangan, which was legalized on February 1, 1999, was an effort so that the PDI party could participate in elections (Tajri, 2016). She appointed Joko Widodo as a presidential candidate and won for two terms. Megawati is also the only female president in Indonesia, namely the fifth president (Rendrawati, 2017). But plunging independently into the PDI struggle has not been fully implemented. Megawati still holds her father, Ir. Soekarno.

It is realized that Megawati's privilege and prestige will give her power through Foucault's concept that there is a relationship between knowledge and ability. The power

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Soekarno in PDI Perjuangan Billboards … | 274 that was in his hands. Megawati's action in discussing the object of Ir. Soekarno in billboards was influenced by knowledge and then applied to gain power. However, one thing that needs to be understood is that in the process of working, knowledge and power, feelings, and thoughts are part of the influence. Megawati's understanding of her father's struggle for Indonesia influenced her feelings. There was a feeling of pride because of the thought of providing information that Ir Soekarno's services were very great for Indonesia. This is by the following speech excerpt:

”Sebelumnya, marilah kita lebih dahulu bersama- sama memekikan salam nasional kita. Merdeka!!!

Merdeka!!! Merdeka!!!. Marilah kita panjatkan puji syukur kehadirat Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala, atas rahmat dan hidayah-Nya, sehingga Negara Republik Indonesia yang kita cintai bersama, mencapai usianya yang ke-70. Dalam satu tarikan nafas kemerdekaan tersebut, pada hari ini, kita memperingati hari Konstitusi (mkri.id, 2015).

On August 18, 2015, Constitution Day, Megawati enthusiastically opened her speech in the languages of independence. Although a natural thing because the day before was the anniversary of the freedom of the Republic of Indonesia. However, in Foucault's point of view, Megawati's sentence has been influenced by thoughts about the image of her father and feelings of pride. The mind is analogous to software contained in the human brain, and the human brain itself acts as hardware, a person installs thoughts which become software in the brain properly to achieve success which is one's goal ( Kolom Pimpinan, 2018; Nafila, 2021). Meanwhile, feelings are understood as an image obtained from one's experience and are not the same or cannot be compared with other parties, so it has a subjective nature (Psychogenesis, 2008; Nafila, 2021).

Megawati is visionary, namely the actions and thoughts of someone competent with concrete goals and in line with thoughts (Supriyanto, 2007; Nafila, 2021). Megawati's persistence in perpetuating Ir Soekarno's struggle was shown in a speech delivered at the commemoration of Pancasila Day on June 1, 2011. She explained that Pancasila was related to and could not be separated from the first president of the Republic of Indonesia. Ir.

Soekarno (Hadi, 2011). However, to eliminate various wrong perceptions. Megawati added in the next sentence as follows:

“Bukan karena beliau bapak saya, tapi beliau sebagai penggali Pancasila dan proklamator.” (Hadi, 2011).

What is known is that several figures are involved in Pancasila and the heroes of the proclaimer, not just Ir. Soekarno. The figure who proposed the foundation of the state, namely Moh. Yamin, Soepomo, and Ir Soekarno. As for the proclaimer, Ir. Soekarno and Moh Hatta (Ristekdikti, 2016). Protecting a visionary attitude that is kept implicitly cannot cover up the facts. In the speech, it appears that he prepared a place for his father, with an intense visionary instilling Ir. Soekarno to the Indonesian people, thoughts about the knowledge gained influence the presence of a feeling of enthusiasm to achieve goals (Nafila, 2021).

Megawati's visionary attitude was also evident in the speech delivering the Presidential Candidate that was carried by the PDI for the struggle for the 2024 election, namely Ganjar Pranowo, as follows:

“Pancasila digagas Bung Karno proklamator dan bapak Bangsa Indonesia melalui falsafah, tujuan dan tekad untuk mewujudkan masyarakat adil dan makmur. Itulah

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Soekarno in PDI Perjuangan Billboards … | 275 spirit proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945. Atas dasar hal itu

maka yang menjadi pemikiran dan perjuangan Bung Karno khususnya di dalam mewujudkan Indonesia yang berdaulat di bidang politik, berdiri di atas kaki sendiri di bidang ekonomi dan berkepribadian dalam kebudayaan atau yang telah dikenal dengan nama Trisakti menjadi jalan terpenting di dalam melaksanakan pembumian Pancasila.” (Merdeka.com, 2023).

The concept of discourse formulated by Foucault in terms of present object dynamic relations Megawati has knowledge of privilege and prestige, so she uses everything she has, thereby presenting herself as a symbolic leader and then representing her knowledge to the public domain by offering a language sign in the form of Ir. Soekarno, the father.

Understanding their privilege and prestige influences Megawati's feelings of pride and feelings to act visionary because, after all, appearing in public as part of politics certainly has a goal embedded in the heart. So that Megawati places her father in every speech. Apart from that, as an effort to support the functioning of Ir. Soekarno, in the PDI billboard for Megawati's Knowledge Struggle, relates to the objective in public of Ir. Soekarno, who accompanied his son in every campaign. The decisive goal of controlling Megawati is to gain power. Language also acts as a social semiotic and a form of social and political action (Haliday, 1997, Santoso, 2008).

CONCLUSION

the explanation above. It was concluded that in the research against the object of Ir.

Soekarno, who accompanied Megawati in the PDI Perjuangan billboard, through the point of view of Michel Foucault, was caused by the influence of knowledge. Megawati's knowledge of her privileges and prestige made her confidently present as a symbolic leader. Then represented by Ir. Soekarno who was massively present in the billboards. The goal of gaining power is a form of power over Megawati from the knowledge she understands. So that in the public area Ir. Soekarno was discussed as a sign of language to gain power. Ir. Soekarno not only had a biological role for Megawati, but also as a sign for discourse in the public sphere.

Knowledge in Foucault's concept also explains how it can affect one's feelings Megawati shows a strong sense of pride and visionary. In every speech Ir. Soekarno was given a place in it. The feeling of pride and vision to instill his father's name in the community has collaborated with the goals that dominate him. Michel Foucault's theory regarding the relation of knowledge and power proves that things that are deliberately presented in the public sphere have a purpose. Ir. Soekarno did not appear on the PDI struggle billboards as a hero, but also helped his son to gain lasting power through the voices of the people.

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