SOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYTICAL DATA

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Appendix I

SOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS AND

ANALYTICAL DATA

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PEDON NO. : S1

SOIL MAP UNIT : Buso Series (Bso/2)

LOCATION : Block O44, Mouila Lot 3 Estate

Latitude 01° 59’ 44” S, Longitude 11° 03’ 33” E PARENT MATERIAL : Sub-Recent Alluvium

TOPOGRAPHY : Undulating ELEVATION (m) : 140

SLOPE (%) : 12

VEGETATION/LAND USE : Savanna

DRAINAGE : Imperfectly drained

CLASSIFICATION : a) Keys to Soil Taxonomy – Eleventh Edition (Soil Survey Staff, 2010)

Typic Haplohumod

b) FAO/UNESCO Soil Map of the World – Revised Legend (FAO, 1990)

Carbic Podsol

c) Malaysian Soil Taxonomy – Revised Second Edition (Paramananthan, 2010)

Lithic Haplohumod

d) World Reference Base for Soil Resources (FAO, 2006) Carbic Podsols (?)

HORIZON DEPTH (cm) DESCRIPTION

Ap 0-10 Light brownish gray (10YR6/2), fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky; very friable; many fine roots;

diffuse smooth boundary.

Bh 10-40 Brown (10YR5/3), fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; compact cemented pan at around 30 cm; diffuse smooth boundary.

BC 40-100 Light gray (10YR7/1), fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky; firm.

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ANALYTICAL DATA Pedon S1 — Buso Series

HORIZON :

Ap Bh BC

DEPTH (cm) :

0-10 10-40 40-100

TEXTURE

Clay % : 8 10 14

Silt % : 33 32 18

Sand % : 59 58 68

pH (1:2.5 – H2O) : 5.94 5.20 6.26

pH (1:2.5 – KCl) : 4.09 4.48 4.64

Organic Carbon % : 1.00 0.33 0.18

Nitrogen % : 0.10 0.03 0.01

C/N Ratio : 10 11 18

Available P (ppm) : 6 1 8

Total P (ppm) : 63 105 109

Exchangeable Cations

(NH4OAc.pH-7) (cmol (+) kg^–1 soil)

Calcium : 0.07 0.05 0.07

Magnesium : 0.08 0.06 0.07

Potassium : 0.14 0.13 0.14

Sodium : 0.03 0.03 0.04

Cation Exchange Capacity

(NH4OAc.pH-7) (cmol (+) kg^–1 soil) : 1.86 0.65 0.59 (NH4OAc.pH-7) (cmol (+) kg^–1 clay) : 23.25 6.5 4.21

Base Saturation % : 17 43 54

Extractable Cations 6N-HCl (ppm)

Calcium : 18 19 10

Magnesium : 8 7 4

Potassium : 9 8 8

Sodium : 7 4 3

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PEDON NO. : S2

SOIL MAP UNIT : Nangka Series (Nka/2)

LOCATION : Block N51, Mouila Lot 3 Estate

Latitude 2° 00’ 51” S, Longitude 11° 3’ 11” E PARENT MATERIAL : Sub-recent alluvium

SLOPE (%) : 12

VEGETATION/LAND USE : Savanna DRAINAGE : Well drained

Typic Dystrudept

Dystric Cambisol

Typic Dystrudept

d) World Reference Base for Soil Resources (FAO, 2006) Haplic Cambisol (dystric)

HORIZON DEPTH (cm) DESCRIPTION

Ap 0-20 Light brownish gray (10YR6/2), fine sandy loam; weak to moderate, fine subangular blocky , friable, few pores; many fine roots; diffuse smooth boundary.

Bw1 20-50 Very pale brown (10YR7/4), fine sandy loam; weak to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; friable; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2 50-100 Very pale brown (10YR7/4), fine sandy loam; weak to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; friable.

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ANALYTICAL DATA Pedon S2 — Nangka Series

HORIZON : Ap Bw1 Bw2

DEPTH (cm) : 0-20 20-50 50-100

TEXTURE

Clay % : 17 21 17

Silt % : 12 14 16

Sand % : 71 65 67

pH (1:2.5 – H2O) : 4.63 4.95 5.44

pH (1:2.5 – KCl) : 4.22 4.31 4.76

Organic Carbon % : 0.84 0.79 0.41

Nitrogen % : 0.09 0.07 0.05

C/N Ratio : 9 11 8

Available P (ppm) : 9 5 3

Total P (ppm) : 231 122 122

Exchangeable Cations

Calcium : 0.06 0.05 0.04

Magnesium : 0.06 0.04 0.03

Potassium : 0.15 0.14 0.13

Sodium : 0.14 0.03 0.04

(NH4OAc.pH-7) (cmol (+) kg^–1 soil) : 2.83 2.43 1.58 (NH4OAc.pH-7) (cmol (+) kg^–1 clay) : 16.64 11.57 9.29

Base Saturation % : 11 11 16

Matter % : 1.94 1.82 0.93

Extractable Cations 6N-HCl (ppm)

Calcium : 23 9 7

Magnesium : 14 11 9

Potassium : 21 11 7

Sodium : 5 6 4

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PEDON NO. :

S3

SOIL MAP UNIT :

Pedu Series (Pdu/2)

LOCATION :

Block FF96, Estate 15, Mouila Lot 3 Extension Estate Latitude 02° 08’ 15.5” S, Longitude 011° 13’ 07.7” E

PARENT MATERIAL : Pediments

TOPOGRAPHY : Undulating

ELEVATION (m) : 103

SLOPE (%) : 7

VEGETATION/LAND USE : Oil Palm

DRAINAGE : Moderately well drained

CLASSIFICATION : a) Keys to Soil Taxonomy – Eleventh Edition

(Soil Survey Staff, 2010)

Typic Kandiudult

b) FAO/UNESCO Soil Map of the World – Revised Legend

(FAO, 1990)

Haplic Nitisol

c) Malaysian Soil Taxonomy – Revised Second Edition

(Paramananthan, 2010)

Typic Kandiudult

d) World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2014)

(Soil Survey Staff)

Haplic Nitisols (dystric)

HORIZON DEPTH (cm) DESCRIPTION

Ap

0-10

Light yellowish brown (10YR6/4) sandy loam to sandy clay loam, weak fine subangular blocky; friable consistence; few pores; common fine and medium roots; clear smooth boundary.

Btcn

10-40

Brownish yellow (10YR6/6-6/8) gravelly sandy clay; weak subangular blocky structure; friable consistence, few fine roots; clear smooth boundary.

BC

40-110

Brownish yellow (10YR6/6-6/8) gravelly sandy clay; weak

subangular blocky structure; friable consistence, dense layer

of lateritic gravels; few fine roots; clear smooth boundary.

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ANALYTICAL DATA Pedon S3 — Pedu Series

HORIZON :

Ap Btcn BC

DEPTH (cm) :

0-10 10-40 40-110

TEXTURE

Clay % :

55 55 57

Silt % :

4 6 5

Sand % :

41 39 38

pH (1:2.5 – H2O) :

5.2 4.6 4.7

Organic Carbon % :

32.6 17.6 8.9

Nitrogen % :

2.0 1.4 0.9

C/N Ratio :

16 13 10

Available P (ppm) :

6 2 1

Total P (ppm) :

388 369 363

Exchangeable Cations

Calcium :

1.55 0.36 0.19

Magnesium :

1.76 0.14 0.07

Potassium :

0.70 0.19 0.14

Sodium :

0.12 0.12 0.10

(NH4Oac.pH-7) (cmol (+) kg^–1 soil) :

13.1 14.4 9.5

(NH4Oac.pH-7) (cmol (+) kg^–1 clay) :

23.8 26.2 16.7

Base Saturation % :

31 6 5

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PEDON NO. : S4

SOIL MAP UNIT : Serai Series (Sri/2)

LOCATION : Block Z106, Estate 15, Mouila Lot 3 Extension Estate Latitude 02° 09’ 49.3” S, Longitude 011° 09’ 28.0” E PARENT MATERIAL : Sub-Recent Sandy terrace

SLOPE (%) : 6

VEGETATION/LAND USE : Oil palm

DRAINAGE : Excessive

Albic Quartzipsamment

Albic Arenosol

d) World Reference Base for Soil Resources (FAO, 2014) Albic Arenosol (dystric)

HORIZON DEPTH (cm) DESCRIPTION

Ah 0-20 Dark brown (10YR3/3) coarse sand; single grain; loose; some organic staining; many medium and coarse roots; clear smooth boundary.

E1 20-40 White (10YR8/1) to light gray (10YR7/2) coarse sand; single grain; loose; few coarse roots; diffuse boundary.

E2 40-70 White (10YR8/1) coarse sand; single grain; loose; very few coarse root; diffuse smooth boundary.

E3 70-100 White (10YR8/1) coarse sand; single grained, loose; no roots.

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ANALYTICAL DATA Pedon S4 — Serai Series

HORIZON :

Ap E

1

E

2

E

3

DEPTH (cm) :

0-20 20-40 40-70 70-100

TEXTURE

Clay % :

8 5 5 7

Silt % :

16 17 16 16

Sand % :

76 78 79 77

pH (1:2.5 – H2O) :

5.6 4.9 5.3 5.3

Organic Carbon % :

12.8 1.6 9.4 4.9

Nitrogen % :

0.9 0.1 0.4 0.2

C/N Ratio :

14 16 23 24

3 1 2 10

Total P (ppm) :

47 15 74 102

Calcium :

0.15 0.13 0.10 0.13

Magnesium :

0.07 0.02 0.04 0.04

Potassium :

0.10 0.07 0.08 0.07

Sodium :

0.10 0.07 0.09 0.06

4.1 3.8 11.5 6.8

24.4 76.0 230.0 97.1

10 8 3 4

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PEDON NO. :

S5

SOIL MAP UNIT :

Nerang Series (Nrg/fsl/3)

LOCATION :

Block V114, Estate 15, Mouila Lot 3 Extension Estate Latitude 02° 11’ 27.0” S, Longitude 011° 07’ 41.0” E

PARENT MATERIAL : Pediments

TOPOGRAPHY : Rolling

ELEVATION (m) : 125

SLOPE (%) : 18

VEGETATION/LAND USE : Oil Palm

DRAINAGE : Moderately well drained

CLASSIFICATION : a) Keys to Soil Taxonomy – Eleventh Edition

(Soil Survey Staff, 2010)

Typic Kandiudult

b) FAO/UNESCO Soil Map of the World – Revised Legend

(FAO, 1990)

Haplic Nitisol

Typic Kandiudult

(Soil Survey Staff)

Haplic Nitisols (dystric)

HORIZON DEPTH (cm) DESCRIPTION

Ap 0-20 Brownish yellow (10YR5/6) fine sandy clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky; friable; thin patchy clayskins; few medium and fine roots; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw

20-60 Strong brown (7.5YR5/8) fine sandy clay loam with many subrounded lateritic gravels (45%); weak coarse angular blocky;

friable; patchy clayskins.

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ANALYTICAL DATA Pedon S5 — Nerang Series

HORIZON :

Ap Bw

DEPTH (cm) :

0-20 20-60

TEXTURE

Clay % :

15 22

Silt % :

6 8

Sand % :

79 70

pH (1:2.5 – H2O) :

5.7 4.8

Organic Carbon % :

11.1 6.9

Nitrogen % :

0.7 0.6

C/N Ratio :

16 11

4 2

Total P (ppm) :

157 183

Calcium :

0.57 0.16

Magnesium :

1.13 0.29

Potassium :

0.16 0.13

Sodium :

0.06 0.07

6.3 6.5

42.0 29.5

30 10

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PEDON NO. : S6

SOIL MAP UNIT : Serai Series (Sri/2)

LOCATION : Block X119, Estate 15, Mouila Lot 3 Extension Estate Latitude 02° 12’ 02.9” S, Longitude 011° 08’ 48.3” E PARENT MATERIAL : Sub-Recent Sandy terrace

SLOPE (%) : 8

VEGETATION/LAND USE : Oil palm

DRAINAGE : Excessive

Albic Arenosol

d) World Reference Base for Soil Resources (FAO, 2014) Albic Arenosol (dystric)

HORIZON DEPTH (cm) DESCRIPTION

Ah 0-25 Dark brown (10YR3/3) coarse sand; single grain; loose; some organic staining; many medium and coarse roots; clear smooth boundary.

E1 25-50 White (10YR8/1) to light gray (10YR7/2) coarse sand; single grain; loose; few coarse roots; diffuse boundary.

E2 50-75 White (10YR8/1) coarse sand; single grain; loose; very few coarse root; diffuse smooth boundary.

E3 75-100 White (10YR8/1) coarse sand; single grained, loose; no roots.

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ANALYTICAL DATA Pedon S6 — Serai Series

HORIZON :

Ap E

1

E

2

E

3

DEPTH (cm) :

0-25 25-50 50-75 75-100

TEXTURE

Clay % :

10 5 3 3

Silt % :

4 9 11 10

Sand % :

86 86 86 87

pH (1:2.5 – H2O) :

5.7 5.3 5.1 4.1

Organic Carbon % :

9.7 2.6 5.9 17.8

Nitrogen % :

0.7 0.2 0.2 0.6

C/N Ratio :

14 13 29 30

3 1 3 2

Total P (ppm) :

50 20 46 187

Calcium :

0.11 0.11 0.15 0.10

Magnesium :

0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02

Potassium :

0.12 0.11 0.12 0.12

Sodium :

0.06 0.06 0.09 0.09

2.9 6.2 11.2 18.0

29.0 12.4 373.7 600.0

11 5 3 2

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PEDON NO. : S7

SOIL MAP UNIT : Serai Series (Sri/2) LOCATION : Block 68, Ndende Estate

Latitude 02° 20’ 48.5” S, Longitude 11° 15’ 04.1” E PARENT MATERIAL : Sedimentary rocks

TOPOGRAPHY : Undulating ELEVATION (m) : 132

SLOPE (%) : 8

VEGETATION/LAND USE : Oil palm DRAINAGE : Well drained

CLASSIFICATION : a) Keys to Soil Taxonomy – Eleventh Edition (Soil Survey Staff, 2010)

Typic Paleudult

b) FAO/UNESCO Soil Map of the World – Revised Legend

(FAO, 1990)

Haplic Alisol

Allic Paleudult

Haplic Alisols (Arenic)

HORIZON DEPTH (cm) DESCRIPTION

Ap 0-15 Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky; friable; few pores; diffuse smooth boundary.

Bw

1

15-40 Brownish yellow (10YR6/8); sandy loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky; firm; many medium roots; many pores;

many, distinct clay cutan on ped faces; diffuse smooth boundary.

Bw

3

40-90 Brownish yellow (10YR6/8); sandy loam; moderate coarse

subangular blocky; firm; many, distinct clay cutan on ped

faces; many, coarse roots.

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ANALYTICAL DATA Pedon S7 — Serai Series

HORIZON :

Ap Bw

1

Bw

3

DEPTH (cm) :

0-15 15-40 40-90

TEXTURE

Clay % :

15 13 15

Silt % :

18 22 19

Sand % :

67 65 66

pH (1:2.5 – H2O) :

4.5 5.1 4.7

Organic Carbon % :

13.4 9.1 1.8

Nitrogen % :

0.7 0.5 0.2

C/N Ratio :

19 18 9

4 3 2

Total P (ppm) :

34 24 6

Calcium :

0.31 0.14 0.14

Magnesium :

1.15 0.56 0.37

Potassium :

0.15 0.14 0.13

Sodium :

0.09 0.07 0.10

7.1 6.7 6.1

47.3 51.5 40.7

24 14 12

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PEDON NO. : S8

SOIL MAP UNIT : Nangka Series (Nka/2) LOCATION : Block G55, Ndende Estate

Latitude 02° 18’ 44.3” S, Longitude 11° 12’ 00.0” E PARENT MATERIAL : Sub-Recent Alluvium

TOPOGRAPHY : Undulating ELEVATION (m) : 105 m

SLOPE (%) : 7

VEGETATION/LAND USE : Oil palm DRAINAGE : Well drained

CLASSIFICATION : a) Keys to Soil Taxonomy – Eleventh Edition (Soil Survey Staff, 2010)

Typic Dystrudept

b) FAO/UNESCO Soil Map of the World – Revised Legend

(FAO, 1990)

Dystric Cambisol

Typic Dystrudept

Haplic Cambisol (dystric)

HORIZON DEPTH (cm) DESCRIPTION

Ap 0-20 Pale brown (10/YR6/3) fine sandy loam, weak medium subangular blocky; friable; many fine and few medium roots; diffuse smooth boundary.

Bt

1

20-50 Yellow (10YR7/6) fine sandy loam; weak, medium subangular blocky; friable; no clayskins; few medium roots;

diffuse smooth boundary.

Bt

2

50-100 Yellow (10YR7/6) fine sandy loam with few medium

distinct strong brown (7.5YR5/8) mottles; weak medium

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ANALYTICAL DATA Pedon S8 — Nangka Series

HORIZON :

Ap Bt

1

Bt

2

DEPTH (cm) :

0-20 20-50 50-100

TEXTURE

Clay % :

23 23 32

Silt % :

5 9 3

Sand % :

72 68 65

pH (1:2.5 – H2O) :

5.6 4.8 4.3

Organic Carbon % :

15.9 10.4 5.5

Nitrogen % :

1.0 0.6 0.5

C/N Ratio :

16 17 11

6 3 2

Total P (ppm) :

252 267 285

Calcium :

0.70 0.36 0.13

Magnesium :

1.07 0.24 0.05

Potassium :

0.36 0.26 0.15

Sodium :

0.09 0.15 0.06

10.8 10.9 8.3

46.9 47.4 25.9

20 9 5