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PERSPEKTIF
Available online http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/perspektif
Spatial Transformation Agriculture to Industry and Social Change in the Peasant Community of Noborejo Subdistrict
Intan Feranita*, Daru Purnomo & Suryo Sakti Hadiwijoyo Sociology Study Program, Faculty of Social Sciences and Communication Sciences,
Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Indonesia
Received: 30 March 2023; Reviewed: 18 June 2023 Accepted: 23 June 2023
Abstract
The spatial transformation in the Noborejo Subdistrict caused the change from an agricultural area to an industrial one. This transformation impacts society, from assets, and access to social changes in the community. Assets consist of land ownership and income of the farming community, while access is related to access to work for the people of the Noborejo Village community. Spatial transformation is also inseparable from social change, patterns of behavior, and social interaction of people when they experience changes from agrarian to industrial. This study aims to identify the transformation of the agricultural to industrial space in the Noborejo Subdistrict and analyze the effect of the transformation of the agricultural to industrial space on assets, access, and social change in the Noborejo Subdistrict, Argomulyo District, Salatiga City. The problem is focused on spatial transformation and its impact on society to find out what changes and influences have occurred after the change in space. To approach this problem, theoretical references from Marxists are used. The data are collected through interviews, observation, and documentation, then analyzed qualitatively. This study concludes that the transformation of the agrarian to industrial space that occurred in Noborejo occurred after Noberejo changed from a village to a sub-district and joined the City of Salatiga, this change from an agricultural area to industry greatly impacted the assets, access, and social changes of the Noborejo community.
Keywords: Spatial Transformation; Agrarian; Industry; Social Transformation; Noborejo Subdistrict How to Cite: Feranita, F., Purnomo, D., & Hadiwijoyo, S.K., (2023), Spatial Transformation Agriculture to Industry and Social Change in the Peasant Community of Noborejo Subdistrict, PERSPEKTIF, 12 (3): 860- 867
*Corresponding author:
E-mail: intanferanita00@gmail.com
ISSN 2549-1660 (Print) ISSN 2550-1305 (Online)
INTRODUCTION
The process of changing society and social space from rural to urban life will indeed always exist or occur every year. The State of Indonesia has the title of an agricultural country which proves that most of the land in Indonesia is used for agricultural land (Utomo, 2018). Changes in agricultural land can affect the growth of a region, but the growth of an area is also influenced by its population. The growing population and the increasing flow of urbanization causes urban sprawl, namely the process of spreading the physical appearance of cities outward. (Dewi & Rudiarto, 2013). Spatial change or spatial transformation is part of the dynamic nature of space, the dynamics of this space is caused by quantitative and qualitative reasons. If it is related to quantitative changes in population through aspects of fertility, mortality and migration which will affect population activities so that a policy is needed, the policy referred to here is the Regional Spatial Plan. Then if it is related qualitatively, it can be seen from the increasingly prosperous quality of society / the economy of the people of Noborejo Village is increasing.
Spatial transformation also occurs in the Noborejo Village, the Noborejo Village is one of the Villages in the Argomulyo District.
Previously, the Noborejo Village was one of the villages in the Tengaran District, Semarang Regency, which was later based on Government Regulation Number 69 of 1992, and in the end it officially became a division area for the City of Salatiga. As for the status as a kelurahan, it was officially obtained based on the Salatiga City Regulation No. 11 of 2003 concerning the Change of Village to Kelurahan, which is basically an implementation of Government Regulation No. 62 of 1992. (Kelurahan Noborejo, 2021).
From 2017 to 2021 there have been slight land changes in Argomulyo District with a vulnerability of the last 6 years. Significant changes that have occurred in the Noborejo Village can be seen since the issuance of Regional Regulation No. 4 of 2011 concerning the Spatial Plan for the City of Salatiga which stipulates the Noborejo Sub-District as an Industrial Area, because prior to the existence of this Perda there were only industries engaged in the production of fiber cement and several other fields with an area of only around 12 Ha. After the issuance of the Regional Regulation, the area of the Industrial Estate increased to 33.5 Ha which was divided into 5 points.
This spatial transformation also has an impact on the assets and access of the people of the Noborejo Village, especially the farmers.
The assets referred to here are the community's own land ownership and income earned before or after the spatial transformation. The existence of this spatial transformation has an impact on the assets of the farmers, if the land is wider the farmers' yields are increasing, but if the agricultural land is narrowed due to the transfer of land assets or the farmers' yields also decrease. For example, in the case of Mr.
Wiryo Witono's land which was used for agriculture, it changed hands to PT. ERELA, this is a small example of changes in the assets of the Noborejo community. Furthermore, what is meant by access here is community access, especially farmers, to their work. After this spatial transformation, the farmers determine their livelihood to continue working as farmers or move on to other jobs, in this case, namely the industrial sector. Changes in the employment of farmers and factory workers (private employees) in the Noborejo Village can be seen in the table:
Table 1 Number of Workers by Type of Work Farmers and Private Employees from 2017 - 2021
Type of Work The number of workers
Year 2017 Year 2018 Year 2019 Year 2020 Year 2021
Farmers / Gardeners 348 413 344 312 289
Private employee (Industry) 1122 1113 1180 1210 1214
Source: Noborejo Village Profile from 2017 to 2021 From table 1 it can be seen that workers who work as farmers from year to year tend to decrease, in contrast to private or industrial employees whose numbers are increasing from year to year. The profession as a farmer is considered to be less attractive and often abandoned, while the profession in the
industrial sector is considered to be more attractive, so that from year to year it is increasing.
The existence of this spatial transformation is also related to social change, social change is a change concerned with the socio-demographic aspects of society and the
structural aspects of community organizations.
The process of changing or shifting social order, such as a more creative mindset, attitude, and social life to get a more secure life (Mulyadi, 2015). This social change is caused by the development process in the community and outside the community, the changes that occur in society are changes in patterns of social behavior and social interaction of the people.
(Garna, 1992). Based on the Salatiga City Spatial Planning (RTRW), Noborejo Village is an industrial development area (Industrial Area).
The development of this industry will have an impact on social change, if previously the Noborejo people had an agrarian culture related to agriculture after the spatial transformation, the Noborejo people's agrarian culture would decrease. In addition to changes in the culture of the Noborejo community, there have also been interactional changes, from previously a community characterized by a gemeinschaft to a more individual gesellschaft.
These changes can be analyzed using the Marxist theory of land use values and class differences.
This Marxist theory discusses territory, a discussion that was rarely discussed by Marx himself because his theory is general in nature (Yunus, 2006). In discussing urban structure, this approach starts from the existence of a capitalist economy, in which the processes and functional relations that exist within the city are the product of the capitalist economic system. The Marxist approach emphasizes the analysis on the production organization that applies to the economic system.
Capitalist economic organization gives rise to a skewed/unequal distribution of gains as a consequence of the large disparity between the assets and access of landowners and those who do not own land. If this is applied to the geographical analysis of a region, it will become an interesting analysis in an effort to find answers to the occurrence of existing spatial structures. The availability of land in the area is very limited and therefore the land has economic value, namely use value and sale value.
Characteristics that emerge with the application of sale values and use values for urban land :
1. Land does not experience a transfer of hands (rights/control) in a short time so that when a certain person/party controls it, they can enjoy the use of the land for a
certain period of time, can also rent it out, contract it out to other parties.
2. Land is a property that is immovable and of a certain nature so that if land is purchased, the owner will hold monopoly rights over it.
3. Land or any improvement on it can function as a commodity which will make the owner have a stronger economic position compared to those who do not own it.
Land ownership is determined by competition in bidding (Yunus, 2006). ts bidding power is determined by the size of the income. The high purchasing power/ability of the high income population will result in the domination of this group in the form of a monopoly over urban lands. This class of landlords controls and controls the urban land market. This landlord strategy raises complex problems for urban authorities and planners to solve. Important implications of the analytical approach.
Previous research used as a reference is previous research from (Ismanto et al., 2012) who examines the transformation of the Mranggen farming community into an industrial society. The industrialization process in Mraggen received various responses from the community, some felt lucky because their land was sold but some felt disadvantaged because they lost jobs in the agricultural sector.
The second previous research from (Setioko, 2013) who examines the transformation of urban space in the Tambakmulyo fishing settlement in Semarang, research discusses that a city will continue to develop even though previous planning has been careful. This study also discusses three dimensional aspects, namely physical, socio-spatial and temporal dimensions. Furthermore, the third study from (Putra & Setiawan, 2022) who examines the analysis of the effect of the transformation of the Kalijodo area into a green open space on people's behavior. This research discusses the changes that have occurred in the Kalijodo area, which was originally an area that was used for bad things after the change to a green open space. This area has become more positive.
This research has the first two objectives;
identify the transformation of agrarian space into industry in the Noborejo Village, the second; analyze the effect of the transformation of agrarian space into industry on assets, access and social change in Noborejo Village, Argomulyo District, Salatiga City. Identifying and analyzing this is done by using a Marxist
view related to the sale value and use value of land.
RESEARCH METHOD
The research method used is qualitative, a natural method that sees reality and describes phenomena in depth. Qualitative methods have data in the form of words, sentences, gestures, facial expressions, charts, pictures and photographs (Sugiyono, 2007). Therefore researchers as the main instrument in qualitative research need to try to describe their views which are examined in detail and formed with words. The type of research used is descriptive research which shows the ways and limits of data collection and management.
The description of the reality that will be carried out in this research is the transformation of agrarian space into industry and social changes that affect the assets and access of the farming community in Noborejo Village. The unit of observation in this study is the farmers who are affected by the transformation of agrarian space into industry in the Noborejo Village, while the unit of analysis is the assets and access of the farmers after the spatial transformation.
In this study researchers used 3 research techniques, including; interview, observation, and documentation. Interviews to be conducted with ASN of Noborejo Village, Noborejo Community (Farmers and Industrial Workers) and landowners. Furthermore, this observation was carried out at the observation location, namely Noborejo Village, Argomulyo District, Salatiga, observing conditions, facilities, community activities, and most importantly observing the assets and access of farmers in Noborejo Village. Finally, documentation, documentation is needed as additional data such as important letters, photos/pictures, and other documents that are useful for data and to answer research objectives.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The process of transforming space from agriculture to industry in the Noborejo Village, began with Government Regulation Number 69 of 1992 which discussed the Changes in the Municipal Boundaries of the Municipality of the Second Level Region of Salatiga and the District of the Second Level Region of Semarang (Kelurahan Noborejo, 2020). This spatial transformation will continue until 2022. Due to this government regulation, the Noborejo area has undergone many changes. Changes in the
administration of the Noborejo community resulted in several changes from spatial changes to social changes.
Spatial Transformation from Agriculture to Industry in the Noborejo Village
Figure 1. Noborejo Village in 2002
Image Source: Google Earth downloaded March 11, 2023
The transformation of an agrarian space into an industrial space is felt by the people of Noborejo after the change in the administrative area. The changes that have occurred certainly have negative and positive impacts, positive changes such as easier administrative services because they are closer to the city, but there are also policies that are considered negative, not all Noborejo people can agree such as changing from an agricultural area to an industrial one.
The change from an agrarian area to an industrial area experienced pros and cons at first, but over time the community adapted. The large number of these industries has an impact on increasing the density of people and mobility in the Noborejo Sub-district because industrial workers are not only from within the sub- district, sub-district or city, there are also workers from other cities such as Semarang and other areas (Zack & Landau, 2022). The increase in density and mobility is due to the increase in industry and the area of industry in the Noborejo Village which requires more workers, changes in the increase in industry can be seen in the following figure 1.
From the picture, it can be seen that the Noborejo Village in 2002, which was bordered by the yellow line, only had a few industries, the
white building picture is an asbestos industry which is still surrounded by agricultural land or dry fields.
Figure 2. Noborejo Village in 2012
Image Source: Google Earth downloaded March 11, 2023
Seen from figure 2, that the Noborejo Village in 2012 experienced industrial additions and industrial expansion. There are many different industries established around the fiber cement industry. In addition to adding industry, residential or residents' houses also increasing, this certainly reduces the agricultural land or fields of Noborejo Village farmers.
The picture 3 shows Noborejo Subdistrict in the year 2022 experiencing a significant increase in industries and residential areas. It can be seen that the area, which was previously used for agriculture or fields in the year 2002, has undergone significant changes by the year 2022. The recorded industries up until the year 2021 amounted to 81, with 18 large-scale industries. These 81 industrial businesses with 18 large-scale industries are spread across the northern part of Noborejo Subdistrict, which is an industrial zone.
Figure 3. Noborejo Village in 2022
Image Source: Google Earth downloaded March 11, 2023
The Effect of Spatial Transformation from Agriculture to Industry on Assets and Access in the Noborejo Village
Spatial transformations that occur from time to time make the humans who interact in it also experience changes (Haid et al., n.d.). If seen from Figure 1, the Noborejo Village in 2002 has extensive farms or fields, this extensive agricultural land can be interpreted that the people of the Noborejo Village mostly work as farmers and farm laborers (Usil Sis Sucahyo et al., 1995). The transformation of the agrarian space into the industry in the Noborejo Subdistrict which affects the assets and access of the Noborejo community related to community professions. For the people of the Noborejo Village, changing the area from agriculture to industry can be both beneficial and detrimental. It is profitable if the community gets increased assets and easy access. The assets referred to here are farmer land ownership and farmer income. While access here is access to work for the Noborejo Village community, the easier or more difficult it is for the Noborejo community to get a job.
Land ownership assets are rice fields or fields that are officially owned by farmers and registered, there are several considerations for farmers selling their land to other parties, in this case entrepreneurs who will build or expand their industry. There are also farmers who still maintain their fields or fields, have no desire to sell their fields or fields. There are several reasons why farmers sell their paddy
fields or fields; the first, the consideration of farmers who consider farming increasingly difficult, from the difficulty of fertilizers, the weather is less predictable, and results in decreased crop yields. The second reason, do not want to farm and want to change professions. The third reason is to follow directions from the family or people around who think that agricultural land is less profitable. The fourth reason or the last reason is wanting to get money fast. Behind all the reasons for farmers to sell their agricultural land, there are also farmers who defend their paddy fields or fields for several reasons. The first reason is that there is no desire to change professions even though agriculture is becoming more and more challenging. The second reason is that the rice fields or fields that are owned are an inheritance that must be maintained and cannot be sold from the farmer's parents. The third reason, or the last one, is the fear of not getting an income because they think that the only definite source of income is from agriculture. From the farmers' reasons, many farmers agreed to sell their paddy fields or fields to the entrepreneur when compared to farmers who did not sell their land. It can be seen from table 2 of the addition of industrial business units in the Noborejo Village:
Table 2. Total Noborejo Village Industrial Business Units from 2017 - 2021 Noborejo Village Industrial Business Units
Year Units
Year 2017 57 units
Year 2018 58 units
Year 2019 58 units
Year 2020 60 units
Year 2021 81 unit
Year 2022 234 unit
Source Table: https://dataku.salatiga.go.id/
From the table 2, it is clear that the industry in the Noborejo Village is increasing from year to year which indicates that many farmers are selling their assets, namely agricultural land, so that in the Noborejo Village many have switched functions to become industries. If we look at it from the Marxist theory of class society formed due to changes in land ownership, that people who still own their paddy fields and do not sell them are the party/ruling class or are entitled because they
can enjoy the use of the land and can be said to have a more economic position.
The next asset is the community's income when the area was still agrarian and when it turned into an industry. Some farmers or farm laborers agree that after the transformation of the agrarian space into an industry, income from agriculture has decreased, this decline is caused by many factors. The factors that cause the decline in the income of farmers or farm laborers are the price of agricultural products which fall when the harvest arrives, the land cultivated by farmers or farm workers is getting narrower, and the increasing number of pests on one agricultural land because the target pests are getting smaller, the pests are getting worse. a lot of course inversely proportional to the less agricultural output. Therefore, many farmers switch professions to become industrial workers or open their own business by selling. There are some farmers who change professions who feel that their income or income has increased and tends to be more stable, those who switch professions to become industrial workers feel that their income is more stable and more reliable to meet their needs even though the average income of industrial workers and for those who switch professions to become traders feel that the income as a trader is greater because the target buyers are many, not only from the Noborejo Village, but people outside the Noborejo Village.
Many farmers who change professions do not rule out the possibility that there are farmers who do not choose to switch professions because they do not have sufficient capital to open a business or the education, skills and young age to work in the industry.
There are also some fears, if you work in the industry there is a possibility that the work contract will not be extended by the industry because of small production requirements or a work ethic that is considered to be lacking. Less interest in work will result in a person's enthusiasm in learning to master or understand his work (Andryvo, 2013). Then, if you stay as a farmer, the community must rack your brains in order to continue to survive because you cannot rely on erratic yields. Farmers who don't change professions have to look for additional jobs such as being breeders and construction workers. In fact, many farmers admit that most of them are also dairy and beef cattle breeders because they cannot rely on agricultural produce. Farmers also admit that their income has decreased since the existence of the
industry because the area they usually work on has also decreased.
If asset ownership and income change a lot, so does access. The access referred to here is access to work for the people of the Noborejo Village, including farmers who have the desire to change professions. If when the Noborejo Village became an agricultural area, access to work as a farmer/farm laborer was very easy, but the large number of industries in the Noborejo Village certainly made access to other jobs for the community more widely open.
Access to work in this industry has challenges, namely; farmers who are no longer young, people who have less education and have to compete with candidates from outside the sub- district and even job seekers from outside the City of Salatiga, will find it very difficult to get opportunities, this has reduced access to work for the people of the Noborejo Sub-district.
Access to work still has to be balanced with the requirements set by the industry.
Community Social Changes in the Noborejo Village
Spatial changes that occur in the Noborejo Village can affect social changes in the Noborejo Village community. The social change referred to here is the pattern of social behavior and social interaction of the community. Space that was formerly agrarian has turned into an industry that influences behavior patterns as well as social interactions in society, because both are closely related involving individual and social needs (Effendi et al., n.d.).
Differences in the process of adapting to the environment affect the level of community ability, then this ability has an impact on how to fulfill needs (Hildayanti & Machrizzandi, 2022).
Needs in this case can be work or other necessities of life. Changing spaces and changing jobs make patterns of behavior and interaction change, if at the time it was still in pre-industrialization conditions or turned into an industrial area, the Noborejo community had quite frequent patterns of interaction in the agricultural environment, because at that time the Noborejo area itself was a farming area.
agriculture. In addition to the patterns of interaction that are carried out when farming or in agricultural areas, the community also interacts in their home environment, for example in the afternoon when relaxing in front of the house or giving each other their leftover crops to neighbors. But after changing the space
into an industry, the pattern of interaction and social interaction of the community is no longer about agriculture but interacting with people who are in the industry, which can be considered not only from the Noborejo Village but from the community outside Noborejo and their interaction at home is reduced due to increased time working in the industry itself and reduced interaction habits when the Noborejo area was still an agricultural area.
Even though the situation has changed slightly, community interaction must continue, the community must adapt well (Prasetya et al., 2021).
CONCLUSION
The transformation of the agrarian space into the industrial space that occurred in the Noborejo Sub-district lasted quite a long time, since the status of the village became a sub- district. Spatial transformation is quite significant when viewed from 2002 to 2022.
The existence of this spatial transformation has an impact on assets, access and social change in the Noborejo Village. Ownership of land or assets of the farming community changes hands and changes functions, which means the loss of the rights/power of the farmers over the land which makes the farming community no longer in the power class. In addition to land ownership, assets such as income are also affected, some people who change professions agree that their income has increased, while those who are still living as farmers feel that their income has decreased. Furthermore, for access to work in the Noborejo Village, of course it will increase along with the increase in industry, but the community must meet requirements such as education, age, and skills.
Apart from education, age and skills, the Noborejo people also have to compete with people from other areas. Lastly related to the existence of spatial transformation is social change, the existence of definite spatial transformation of society is experiencing social change from what previously had patterns of behavior and interactions related to agriculture, now people are adapting to interacting in an industrial environment.
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