Study of Ethnopharmaceutical Plants with Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Loa Lepu Village, Kutai Kartanegara
Siti Sulayha1, Paula Mariana Kustiawan2*
1,2Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda 75124, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
*Correspondent email: [email protected]
Received: May 12, 2022 Accepted: May 27, 2022
Abstract
Medicinal plants is mostly used by tribes in Indonesia, one of them is the Loa Lepu Village community.
Excavation of information on the use of medicinal plants can be done by using the ethnopharmaceutical method. This study was conducted to determine the use of plants as anti-inflammatory drugs, how to make them, how to use plants as anti-inflammatory drugs in Loa Lepu Village. Determination of informants in the Loa Lepu Village Community using the Snowball method and purposive sampling of 15 informants, followed by semi-structured interviews. The results obtained 15 types of medicinal plants used for anti- inflammatory by the people of Loa Lepu village which were divided into 10 families. The most widely used plant family was the Zingiberaceae family with 5 plants, namely ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), laos (Alpinia galangal L. Willd), kencur (Kaempferia galangal L.), temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza) and turmeric (Curcuma domestica). The most widely used plant parts are the leaves and rhizomes, then the method of use that is most often done is boiled
Keywords: ethnopharmacy, medicinal plants, anti-inflammatory, loa lepu village, Kutai Kertanegara
Abstrak
Pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat banyak dilakukan oleh suku di Indonesia, salah satunya masyarakat Desa Loa Lepu. Penggalian informasi penggunaan tumbuhan obat dapat dilakukan dengan metode etnofarmasi.
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pemanfaatan tumbuhan sebagai obat anti inflamasi, cara pembuatan, cara penggunaan tumbuhan sebagai bahan obat anti inflamasi pada Desa Loa Lepu. Penentuan informan pada Masyarakat Desa Loa Lepu dengan metode Snowball dan purposive sampling terhadap 15 informan, dilanjutkan wawancara semi-structured. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 15 jenis tumbuhan obat yang digunakan untuk anti inflamasi oleh masyarakat desa loa lepu yang terbagi dalam 10 famili Famili tumbuhan yang paling banyak digunakan adalah famili Zingiberaceae sebanyak 5 tumbuhan yaitu jahe (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), laos (Alpinia galangal L. Willd), kencur (Kaempferia galangal L.), temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza) dan kunyit (Curcuma domestica). Bagian tumbuhan yang paling besar digunakan adalah daun dan rimpang, dengan cara penggunaan yang paling sering yaitu di rebus
Kata Kunci: etnofarmasi, tumbuhan obat, antiinflamasi, Desa Loa Lepu, Kutai Kertanegara
1. Introduction
Indonesia is a country with abundant natural resources. Indonesia is known as a country with very fertile soil and rich in biodiversity, stretching from Sabang to Marauke, some scattered natural resources, namely plants, animals and others. There are so many types of plants in Indonesia, including medicinal plants or herbs, either in the form of rhizomes, stems, leaves and other herbs [1]. The natural wealth that surrounds humans is very useful and has not been fully explored to be used or even developed. The potential of natural resources is very closely related to the lives of local people, meaning that the more abundant the existing produce, the more people's needs can be met, especially food and medicine [2]
The use of plants in the daily life of an ethnic group is called ethnopharmacy. Ethnopharmacy is part of the scope of pharmacy which includes the use of drugs and methods of treatment carried out by certain ethnic groups, the scope of ethnopharmacy itself is medicines and methods of treatment with natural ingredients. The ethnic community of an area has a unique culture and local wisdom according to their respective regions, which has an impact on the understanding of some ethnic communities about traditional medicine [3]. One area that still has traditional culture in terms of tradition, cuisine and medicines derived from natural ingredients is Loa Lepu village in Tenggarong Sebrang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency,
amounted to 1432 people. Most of the ethnic groups (tribes) of the Loa Lepu village community are Kutai customs and most of the livelihoods of the Loa Lepu villagers are farmers [24]
Loa Lepu Village has long used medicinal plants in their daily life, especially in medicine. However, there have not been many studies on the exploration of medicinal plants, especially medicinal plants that specifically treat one type of disease, such as plants that are most often used as anti-inflammatory by the people of Loa Lepu village.
Inflammation is a localized protective response elicited by tissue damage caused by physical trauma, damaging chemical substances, or microbiological substances. Inflammation serves to destroy, reduce, or localize (sekuster) both the damaging agent and the damaged tissue [25]. Signs of inflammation are swelling/edema, redness, heat, pain, and changes in function [4]
Anti-inflammatory drugs, both steroidal and non-steroidal, both have side effects, so many anti- inflammatory drugs have been developed from natural ingredients, especially herbal medicines that have anti-inflammatory properties. Given the many cases of inflammation or inflammation that occur in the Loa Lepu village community, it is important to observe herbal medicines that have the potential as anti- inflammatory in the Loa Lepu village community. However, a good and effective method is needed to obtain comprehensive data on medicinal plants that have the potential as anti-inflammatory in the Loa Lepu village community. Ethnopharmacy is a branch of science that is used to study the use of medicinal plants in a tribe [5].
Based on the description of the background above, research will be carried out in the village community of Loa Lepu, Kutai Kartanegara. In this study, a verification study and data completion of medicinal plants commonly used as anti-inflammatory drugs by the people of Loa Lepu Village, Kutai Kartanegara will be carried out. This study will provide a sequence of medicinal plants that are commonly or most often used for anti-inflammatory treatment.
2. Material and Methods
The data collection methods used in this study were semi-structured interviews and plant identification with the determination of respondents using the snowball method and purposive sampling, starting from the village head, then the village head would recommend the names of 15 respondents. Each respondent was asked to provide information about medicinal plants that have anti-inflammatory properties and how to process them, which have been used by the people of Loa Lepu Village. This research was conducted from January to February 2022, in Loa Lepu Village, Tenggarong Sebrang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency. The work procedure starts from research preparation to data or result analysis which includes the following steps:
Preliminary Study
At this stage, a preliminary study was carried out which included an introduction to the research area, an approach to the residents of the research area by asking residents or elders who understand medicinal plants, as well as initial observations of informants about knowledge of the use of traditional medicines and the willingness of informants to become resource persons.
Preparation of Research Tools and Materials
The instruments used were interview guides (questionnaires), documentation tools (digital cameras and recording devices) and writing instruments. As for the materials to be used, namely all types of plants used as traditional medicines from Loa Lepu Village, Tenggarong Sebrang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency.
Conducting Interviews for Responden
Interviews were conducted by interviewing informants who were identified based on initial observations. Interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner using open-ended questions.
Interviews with informants were conducted with open-ended questions, supported by a recording device, and a questionnaire filled out by the researcher. Open-ended questions describe the options available to the respondent to provide an answer. respondents provide answers or feedback that is free and open.
Observation
The observation method used is unstructured observation. Unstructured observations are observations that are not systematically prepared for what will be observed, only in the form of observations. The observation method was carried out by direct observation and recording or systematic data collection of medicinal plants used by the people of Loa Lepu Village, Tenggarong Sebrang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency.
Documentation and Data collection
Collecting data in the form of photos on plant species obtained from the results of structured interviews. Documentation of plants belonging to the tree and shrub group can be taken on the part of the plant used as traditional medicine or take documentation at the location where it grows. Data collection was obtained through semi-structured interviews with informants who use plants as traditional medicine.
3. Results and Discussion
The Ethnopharmaceutical Study in Loa Lepu Village, Tenggarong Sebrang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency was carried out from December 2021 to January 2022, obtained a sample of 15 respondents from the snowball method and purposive sampling. The results that have been obtained from this study are respondent data, names of medicinal plants, diseases being treated, plant parts used as medicine and processing methods of medicinal plants that are known or used in daily life by the people of Loa Lepu village, Tenggarong Sebrang district, Kutai Kartanegara Regency.
Loa Lepu Village is one of 18 villages located in Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara Kingdom, East Kalimantan Province. This village has an area of 11.70 km2 and has 6 RTs. The number of residents in the Loa Lepu sub-district is increasing from year to year, since 2019 totaling 1432 people consisting of 391 families (745 men and 687 women). Loa Lepu village is located ± 21 km from the capital of Tenggarong Seberang district, and most of the ethnic (tribes) of the Loa Lepu village community are Kutai, Dayak, ethnic (tribes) while the livelihoods of the residents of Loa Lepu village are mostly farmers [24]
Table 1. Traditional medicinal plants used as anti-inflammatory in Loa Lepu Village
No. Local name Scientific name Family Plant parts Methods 1. Jahe Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Rhizome Boiled 2. Kunyit Curcuma domestica Zingiberaceae Rhizome Boiled
3. Kelor Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Leaf Boiled
4. Lidah Buaya Aloe vera L. Xanthorrhoeaceae Leaf Smeared 5. Patah Tulang Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbiaceae stem Pounded
6. Pepaya Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Leaf Boiled
7. Salam Syzygium polyanthum Myrtaceae Leaf Boiled
8. Sambiloto Andrographis paniculata Ancanthaceae Leaf Boiled
9. Sirih Piper betle L. Piperaceae Leaf Pounded
10. Temulawak Curcuma xanthorriza Zingiberaceae Rhizome Boiled
11. Beluntas Pluchea indica L. Asteraceae Leaf Boiled
12 Jeruk Nipis Citrus hystrix DC Rutaceae Fruit Smeared
13. Jarak Pagar Jatropha curcas L Euphorbiaceae Leaf Boiled 14. Kencur Kaempferia galangal L. Zingiberaceae Rhizome Boiled 15. Laos Alpinia galangal L. Willd. Zingiberacea Rhizome Boiled
Source: Data research (2022)
From the results of interviews that have been conducted with 15 informants. Overall, 10 female informants in the 31-50 age group and 5 from 51-70 age group with the latest education ranging from elementary to university and the livelihoods of the Loa Lepu village community are mostly farmers. Based on the results of the interview, it was found that medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory properties were found around the yard and there were several plants found in the garden. Table 1 showed that 15 medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory potential in Loa Lepu village, such as ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), turmeric (Curcuma domestica), kencur (Kaempferia galangal L.), temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb), laos (Alpinia galangal L. Willd), moringa (Moringa oleifera), lidah buaya (Aloe vera L.) , patah tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli), papaya (Carica papaya L), bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp), bitter leaf (Andrographis paniculata nees.), betel (Piper betle L.), beluntas (Pluchea indica L.), lime (Citrus hystrix DC) and jarak (Jatropha curcas L.) ).
As shown in Figure 1, there are 10 families of medicinal plants used by the loa lepu village, the highest family is Zingiberaceae, which consists of 5 plants, namely ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), laos (Alpinia galangal L. Willd), kencur (Kaempferia galangal L.), temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb) and turmeric (Curcuma domestica). The Zingiberaceae family is a family that has many medicinal properties and is widely used as food, spices, herbal medicines and beauty treatments [6]. This family contains many medicinal compounds such as phenols, aromatic compounds, oleoresins and flavonoids that
Figure 1. The plant family used by Loa Lepu Village
Loa Lepu Village utilizes several parts of the plant for treatment such as rhizomes, leaves, stems and fruit. It can be seen in Figure 2. The part of the plant that is widely used in Loa Lepu village is 53% leaves.
According to the village community, Loa Lepu leaves are plant parts that are easy to find anywhere and do not cause significant damage to the plant Haziki and syamswisna 2021 besides that this part of the leaf plant is different from other plant parts such as fruit or flowers that depend on the plant [7]. seasons other than that the use of leaves has a rapid regeneration process so that conservation does not have a major impact on the loss of plant sustainability in the forest
Figure 2. Medicinal plant parts by Loa Lepu Village
Based on the method of processing medicinal plants, there are 4 ways of processing medicinal plants by the people of Loa Lepu village which are carried out in a simple way, namely boiling, pounding, smearing and eating directly. It can be seen in Figure 3. The processing method that is mostly done by the people of the village of Loa Lepu is by boiling with a percentage of 73%. Previous research by Bana et al., 2016 the method of processing medicinal plants is mostly done by the Kaili Rai community in Taripa Village, Sindue District, Donggala Regency, Central Sulawesi, namely by boiling [8]. The processing is very effective for removing the active substances contained in these medicinal plants, besides being effective, processing by boiling is very easy and simple for the people of Loa Lepu village.
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Rhizome Leaf stem Fruit
Figure 3. Processing methods of medicinal plants use in Loa Lepu Village
Some plants contain compounds that are known to be useful for treating anti-inflammatory properties such as Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Based on research stated that ginger contains oleoresin, essential oils and flavonoids which have anti-inflammatory properties such as burns, etc. [9] According to research in Turmeric rhizome (Curcuma domestica Val.) contains curcumin which can be useful as an anti- inflammatory [10]. Kelor (Moringa oleifera) contain flavonoid compounds, saponins and polyphenols which are known to have anti-inflammatory activity [11]. Lidah buaya (Aloe vera L.) contains mycopolysaccharide compounds that function as anti-inflammatory, maintain wound moisture and play an important role in skin regeneration [12]. Patah tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.) contains flavonoid compounds, tannins and steroids which have anti-inflammatory properties [13]. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) contain anti-inflammatory properties, namely flavonoids, steroids, and tannins [14].
Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Wal) contain alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and essential oils consisting of citral and eugenol which have anti-inflammatory properties such as rheumatoid arthritis [15]. According to research, sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) has anti- inflammatory activity because it contains andrographolide which has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the migration of inflammatory cells [16]. Sirih (Piper betle L.) contains flavonoid compounds, saponins and tannins that have anti-inflammatory activity [17].
Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza roxb) has anti-inflammatory properties, namely flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids and essential oils [18]. According to research, the Beluntas plant (Pluchea indica L). has anti-inflammatory properties, namely flavonoids, essential oils and tannins [19]. Lime plants (Citrus hystrix DC) contain high flavonoid compounds that can work as anti-inflammatory [20]. Jarak (Jatropha curcas L) contains saponins, flavonoid compounds including kaempferol, nikotoflorin, quercitin, astragalin, ricinin and vitamin C. showed more than one hundred kinds of bioactivity, including antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects [21]. Kencur plant (Kaempferia galangal L.) has anti-inflammatory activity because it contains flavonoid compounds, saponins, and essential oils that can function as anti- inflammatory. Anti-inflammatory in kencur is a type of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory. Flavonoids can inhibit metabolic pathways arachidonic acid, prostaglandin formation and histamine release in inflammation [22]. The next plant that has anti-inflammatory activity is the Laos plant (Alpinia galangal L. Willd) which contains saponin and flavonoid compounds that work as anti-inflammatory [23]
Several plants for anti-inflammatory was used as a spices. Ethnomedicine sources provide general knowledge that we can apply and are easy to use as self-medication at home.
4. Conclusion
Ethnopharmaceutical studies of potential anti-inflammatory plants in Loa Lepu village, Kutai Kartanegara, it can be concluded that the medicinal plants used by the people of Loa Lepu village that have the potential as anti-inflammatory are 15 plants and grouped into 10 families. The highest use is found in the Zingiberaceae family. The most widely used plant parts are the leaves and the processing method that is mostly used by the Loa Lepu village community is by boiling.
5. Acknowledgment
The author would like to thank the Loa Lepu Village Community and KDM fund from Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur.
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Boiled Pounded smeared out
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