ACTVITIES OF BIODESEL ADDITIVES
By
Safirah Janet Isabella Wahyudi 11404022
BACHELOR’S DEGREE in
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT CONCENTRATION
FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower
Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 – Indonesia
August 2018
Revision after the Thesis Defense on 24 July 2018
Safirah Janet Isabella Wahyudi STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
Safirah Janet Isabella Wahyudi
_______________________________________________ ______________
Student Date
Approved by:
Hery Sutanto, M. Si
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Thesis Advisor Date
Dr. -Ing. Evita H. Legowo
_________________________________________________ ______________
Thesis Co-Advisor Date
Dr. Dipl. -Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo
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Dean Date
Safirah Janet Isabella Wahyudi ABSTRACT
STUDY OF SOLUBILITY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF BIODIESEL ADDITIVES
By
Safirah Janet Isabella Wahyudi Hery Sutanto M. Si, Advisor Dr. -Ing. Evita H. Legowo, Co-Advisor
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Biodiesel has been the most propitious substitute fuel for diesel engines. Although biodiesel is sensitive to oxidation during storage, synthetic antioxidants have been explored to overcome this drawback. However, these synthetic antioxidants that are commonly of phenolic compounds are insoluble in biodiesel due to their polarity. Thus, this study aims to obtain the most soluble antioxidant with effectiveness in reducing oxidation in biodiesel. Four phenolic antioxidants (Tert-butylhydroquinone, Pyrogallol, Gallic Acid and a pyrogallol derivative, New Additive) were subjected into UV-VIS spectrophotometer to obtain their solubility limit in Palm Oil biodiesel. Iodine Value, Acid Number and Viscosity of the additives in biodiesel were also measured for four weeks to study their antioxidant activities. The result showed that Tert- butylhydroquinone and New Additive are the most soluble antioxidant with solubility limit of 3000 ppm. Based on regression test, the best antioxidant in inhibiting oxidation in Iodine Value is B-TBHQ, the best in holding Acid Number jump is B-NA and the best in holding Viscosity increase is B-PY.
Keywords: biofuel, biodiesel, solubility, antioxidant activity, phenolic compound.
Safirah Janet Isabella Wahyudi
© Copyright 2018
by Safirah Janet Isabella Wahyudi All rights reserved
Safirah Janet Isabella Wahyudi DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis work to the people who always bring out the best in me: my beloved family, my best friends and my companion.
Safirah Janet Isabella Wahyudi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My greatest gratitude goes to God who gives me the blessing to complete both my thesis and my study. For without God, I would not have the strength and courage to conquer any obstacles.
To my Advisor, Hery Sutanto, M.Si, thank you for your endless guidance and support.
I am grateful for your trust in me and your reassurance for my every doubt. To my Co- Advisor, Dr. -Ing. Evita H. Legowo, thank you for your valuable inputs and supervision of my work. To Dr. Abdulla Muzi Marpaung, MP, for your guidance on the statistical analysis of my thesis work. Equally important, to all my lecturers who gave me knowledge and wisdom. To the lab assistants of LST faculty, Mr. Tabligh Permana, M.Si, Ms. Purwanti Rara Azura and S.Si Ms. Sylvia Yusri S.Si, for being the first persons I asked when I come across a challenge.
To my dearest classmates: the first batch of Sustainable Energy & Environment class.
Thank you for your support, comfort, joy, and above all an amazing friendship. I am honored to have grown together with each and every one of you on our journeys. Also, to my Life Sciences & Technology friends, who gave me their support during my thesis work at the laboratory.
To Roman Kusumohardono, for your loyal companion, sincere patience and endless support. Thank you for setting a higher standard than I set for myself.
Last but not least, to my parents and siblings for having no doubts in me. I am most grateful for your infinite love and supports.
Safirah Janet Isabella Wahyudi TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ...2
ABSTRACT ...3
DEDICATION ...5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...6
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...7
LIST OF FIGURES ...9
LIST OF TABLES ...11
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ...12
1.1. Background ...12
1.2. Research Problems ...13
1.3. Research Objectives ...13
1.4. Significance of Study ...14
1.5. Research Questions ...14
1.6. Hypothesis...14
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ...15
2.1 State of the Art ...15
2.2 Biodiesel ...16
2.3 Biodiesel Antioxidant Additives ...17
2.4 Ultraviolet –Visible Spectrophotometer ...18
2.5 Solubility ...19
2.6 Iodine Value ...19
2.7 Acid Number ...19
2.8 Viscosity ...20
CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODS ...21
3.1 Venue and Time ...21
3.2 Materials and Equipment ...21
3.2.1 Materials ...21
3.2.2 Equipment ...21
3.3 Design of Experiment ...22
Safirah Janet Isabella Wahyudi
3.4 Experimental Procedure ...22
3.4.1 Solubility Test ...22
3.4.2 Antioxidant Activities ...23
3.4.2.1 Iodine Value ...23
3.4.2.2 Acid Number ...24
3.4.2.3 Viscosity ...24
3.5 Statistical Analysis ...25
CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS...28
4.1 Solubility limit ...28
4.2 Antioxidant Activities ...33
4.2.1 Iodine Value ...38
4.2.2 Acid Number ...44
4.2.3 Viscosity ...47
CHAPTER 5 – CONSLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...52
5.1 Conclusions ...52
5.2 Recommendations ...52
GLOSSARY ...54
REFERENCES ...55
APPENDICES ...59
CURRICULUM VITAE ...93
