SUMMARY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system is a system that has the main function of getting oxygen as the body needs and removing carbon dioxide produced by cells.
Following are some of the functions of the respiratory system:
✓ Get oxygen from the atmosphere which will then be carried throughout the body through the blood to carry out metabolic processes
✓ Removing carbon dioxide from the body as the rest of the metabolic process through the blood is then taken to the lungs to be removed / disposed of
✓ Non-respiratory
ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system is divided into two structures, namely the main structure and the auxiliary structure . The main structure consists of the upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract, and lungs. Meanwhile, the appendage structure consists of respiratory muscles and pleura.
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
It consists of the nose, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx.
1. Nose
The nasal cavity starts from the vestibule, namely from the anterior to the posterior bordering the nasopharynx. The nasal cavity is divided into two parts, namely longitudinally by the nasal septum and transversely by the superior, medial and inferior turbinates . The vestibule is lined by submucosal cells for protection. The hairs in the nasal cavities act as air filters. The turbinate structure functions as protection against outside air because of its layered structure. Sililla cells whose role is to throw foreign objects out in an effort to clear the airway.
The function of the nose can be divided into three, namely preventive function, lubrication, as well as heating and air conditioning.
The preventive function is through the nose hair which can filter dust and cilia as a filter for foreign particles. The lubrication function can cause the airway to become moist and not dry. The function of heating and air conditioning is due to the vascularization in the nasal cavity as the conduction of heat and the exchange of air from the process of inspiration and expiration.
2. Pharynx
Located at the back of the nasal cavity and mouth. The pharynx itself consists of the nasopharynx , oropharynx and laryngopharynx . The pharynx is the separation between air and food.
3. Larynx
The larynx has the main function as a vocal organ. The laryngeal skeleton consists of nine c artilages, three single (thyroid/adam's apple, cricoid, and epiglottis) and three paired (arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform) , connected by membranes and ligaments. Some of the functions of the larynx, namely the mucous layer serves as a protector
from foreign particles and warms the air that is inhaled, besides that the larynx also helps prevent food or foreign objects from entering the airways by way of the back of the tongue which is connected to the top of the larynx will push upwards forcing the epiglottis to close the glottis.
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
The lower airway consists of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
The following is a brief description of the parts of the lower airway.
1. Trachea
The trachea is composed of incomplete, U-shaped rings of cartilage and is about 10-20 cm long. The trachea is made up of 20 layers of C- shaped cartilage and terminates in the carina bifurcation . Posteriorly, there is a non-cartilaginous portion called the membranous trachea.
After the trachea there will be a branching Carina which divides the branches into two namely the right and left main bronchi.
2. Bronchus
Before entering the mediastinum there is a branch of the trachea which is called the bifurcation and the sharp angle formed at the branch is the carina . The bronchi are divided into two, namely the right and left main bronchi. In the right main bronchus there are three branches namely superior, medial, and inferior . In the
left main bronchus there are two branches namely the superior and inferior lobar bronchi . The branches of the lobar bronchi are called segmental bronchi .
3. Bronchioles
Based on its function, the bronchioles are divided into two parts, namely respiratory and non-respiratory. In the respiratory bronchioles, gas exchange occurs along with the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs.
Meanwhile, in the non-respiratory bronchioles, gas exchange does not occur.
4. alveoli
Alveoli consist of more than 300 million alveoli bubbles with a diameter of about 0.3 mm. the structure of these bubbles tends to be unstable. When there is tension on the surface of the fluid lining the alveoli it can cause the bubbles to collapse. However, the presence of a surfactant is able to lower the surface tension of the liquid on the alveoli walls so that the bubbles do not collapse easily so they can remain inflated and stable.
COMPLEMENTARY STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Respiratory Muscles
When breathing normally, the process of expiration does not require muscle activity and only uses lung elasticity or recoil.
Meanwhile, when an asthma attack occurs, singing, talking, coughing, sneezing, or straining requires active breathing.
2. Diaphragm
The diaphragm is the foundation of the thoracic cavity. Where is a septum in the form of musculotendineus tissue as a separator between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm is the main muscle in breathing. It consists of synergistic thin sheets of muscle
attached to the lower ribs and to the phrenic nerve which originates from segments 3, 4 and 5.
3. Pleura
Pleura is formed from tissue derived from mesodermal. The pleura itself is divided into two, namely the Parietal Pleura which lines the walls of the hemothorax and the Visceral Pleura which lines the lungs.
There is a pleural cavity between the pleura which when under normal conditions contains a small amount of pleural fluid, which is around 0.1-0.2 ml/KgBW. The function of the fluid itself is to separate the two pleura so they don't stick together.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A. CHEST BREATHING
Is breathing that involves the muscles between the ribs (musculus intercostalis). The mechanism itself can be divided into two, namely inspiration and expiration.
➢ Inspiration
Contraction occurs in the muscles between the outer ribs, the
→ribs are raised, →the chest cavity increases, →the air pressure in the chest cavity decreases, →air from outside enters
➢ expiration
There is relaxation of the muscles between the ribs, →the ribs return to their original position, →the chest cavity decreases, →the air pressure in the chest cavity increases,
→the air flows from the inside out B. STOMACH BREATHING
In contrast to chest breathing, abdominal breathing does not involve the muscles between the ribs but rather involves the activity of the diaphragm muscles that separate the abdominal and chest cavities.
➢ Inspiration
Contraction of the diaphragm muscle occurs, →the diaphragm flattens, →the chest cavity increases, →the air pressure decreases, →the air from outside enters
➢ expiration
Diaphragm muscles relax, →the diaphragm returns to its original position, →the chest cavity decreases, →the air pressure increases, →the air comes out of the lungs
C. BREATHING AIR VOLUME
There are several kinds of air volume breathing, including the following.
a. Tidal volume = normal respiratory volume of 500 cc
b. Inspiratory reserve volume = volume that can still be maximally inhaled after a normal inspiration (1,500 cc)
c. Expiratory reserve volume = volume that can still be maximally exhaled after a normal inspiration (1,500 cc)
d. Residual volume = volume of air remaining in the lungs (1,000 cc)
e. Lung vital capacity = maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration (3,500 cc)
f. Total lung volume = maximum volume that the lungs can accommodate (4,500 cc)