Supplemental Table 1a. Percentage of Participants Choosing Delayed Choice in Pain Relief Choice Questionnaire (PRCQ).
Order Choice Trial Mag.
Low SOAPP-R
(N=120)
High SOAPP-R
(N=129)
Total (N=249)
Complete Pain Relief %LL %LL %LL
1
54 days starting today or 55
days starting in 117 days M 3 5 4
2
55 days starting today or 75
days starting in 61 days L 22 30 26
3
19 days starting today or 25
days starting in 53 days S 16 17 16
4
31 days starting today or 85
days starting in 7 days L 87 85 86
5
14 days starting today or 25
days starting in 19 days S 55 46 50
6
47 days starting today or 50
days starting in 160 days M 3 9 6
7
15 days starting today or 35
days starting in 13 days S 85 81 83
8
25 days starting today or 60
days starting in 14 days M 89 84 86
9
78 days starting today or 80
days starting in 162 days L 3 9 6
10
40 days starting today or 55
days starting in 62 days M 22 20 21
11
11 days starting today or 30
days starting in 7 days S 93 89 91
12
54 days starting today or 85
days starting today Distract 92 88 90
13
67 days starting today or 75
days starting in 119 days L 10 12 11
14
34 days starting today or 35
days starting in 186 days S 1 7 4
15
27 days starting today or 50
days starting in 21 days M 68 62 65
16
50 days starting today or 80
days starting today Distract 93 91 92
17
69 days starting today or 85
days starting in 91 days L 23 20 22
18
49 days starting today or 60
days starting in 89 days M 21 16 18
19
80 days starting today or 85
days starting in 157 days L 5 7 6
20
24 days starting today or 35
days starting in 29 days S 35 29 32
21
34 days starting today or 67
days starting today Distract 94 90 92
22
33 days starting today or 80
days starting in 14 days L 88 87 88
23
28 days starting today or 30
days starting in 179 days S 3 7 5
24
34 days starting today or 50
days starting in 30 days M 48 40 44
25
25 days starting today or 30
days starting in 80 days S 8 9 8
26
41 days starting today or 75
days starting in 20 days L 75 69 72
27
54 days starting today or 60
days starting in 111 days M 8 7 7
28
54 days starting today or 80
days starting in 30 days L 59 49 54
29
22 days starting today or 25
days starting in 136 days S 5 7 6
30
20 days starting today or 55
days starting in 7 days M 93 91 92
Order=order the question appeared in survey. Mag.=magnitude of reward (S=small; M=medium; L=large).
Distract=distracter question to ensure participants were paying attention. %LL=Percentage of participants who chose the larger later response, demonstrating more self-control. SOAPP-R=Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients in Pain - Revised.
Supplemental Table 1b. Percentage of Participants Choosing Delayed Choice in Monetary Choice Questionnaire (MCQ).
Order Choice Trial Mag.
Low SOAPP-R
(N=120)
High SOAPP-R
(N=129)
Total (N=249)
Money Gains %LL %LL %LL
1 $54 today or $55 in 117 days M 3 2 2
2 $55 today or $75 in 61 days L 41 33 37
3 $19 today or $25 in 53 days S 21 16 18
4 $31 today or $85 in 7 days L 98 97 97
5 $14 today or $25 in 19 days S 66 53 59
6 $47 today or $50 in 160 days M 4 4 4
7 $15 today or $35 in 13 days S 89 90 90
8 $50 today or $80 today Distract 100 100 100
9 $25 today or $60 in 14 days M 97 97 97
10 $78 today or $80 in 162 days L 3 3 3
11 $40 today or $55 in 62 days M 32 18 25
12 $11 today or $30 in 7 days S 98 100 99
13 $54 today or $85 today Distract 100 100 100
14 $67 today or $75 in 119 days L 12 11 11
15 $34 today or $35 in 186 days S 3 3 3
16 $27 today or $50 in 21 days M 79 73 76
17 $69 today or $85 in 91 days L 29 23 26
18 $49 today or $60 in 89 days M 26 13 19
19 $80 today or $85 in 157 days L 6 5 5
20 $24 today or $35 in 29 days S 39 29 34
21 $34 today or $67 today Distract 100 100 100
22 $33 today or $80 in 14 days L 96 99 97
23 $28 today or $30 in 179 days S 3 3 3
24 $34 today or $50 in 30 days M 56 48 52
25 $25 today or $30 in 80 days S 13 6 9
26 $41 today or $75 in 20 days L 87 81 84
27 $54 today or $60 in 111 days M 8 8 8
28 $54 today or $80 in 30 days L 68 64 65
29 $22 today or $25 in 136 days S 5 4 4
30 $20 today or $55 in 7 days M 98 96 97
Order=order the question appeared in survey. Mag.=magnitude of reward (S=small; M=medium; L=large).
Distract=distracter question to ensure participants were paying attention. %LL=Percentage of participants who chose the larger later response, demonstrating more self-control. SOAPP-R=Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients in Pain - Revised.
Supplemental Table 1c. Percentage of Participants Choosing Delayed Choice in Additional Pain Choice Questionnaire (APCQ).
Order Choice Trial Mag.
Low SOAPP-R
(N=120)
High SOAPP-R
(N=129)
Total (N=249)
Additional Pain %SS %SS %SS
1
54 days starting today or 55
days starting in 117 days M 49 40 44
2
55 days starting today or 75
days starting in 61 days L 80 65 72
3
19 days starting today or 25
days starting in 53 days S 82 64 72
4
31 days starting today or 85
days starting in 7 days L 86 81 83
5
14 days starting today or 25
days starting in 19 days S 90 84 87
6
47 days starting today or 50
days starting in 160 days M 59 46 52
7
15 days starting today or 35
days starting in 13 days S 86 83 84
8
25 days starting today or 60
days starting in 14 days M 88 81 85
9
78 days starting today or 80
days starting in 162 days L 54 45 49
10
40 days starting today or 55
days starting in 62 days M 80 67 73
11
11 days starting today or 30
days starting in 7 days S 89 82 86
12
54 days starting today or 85
days starting today Distract 92 86 89
13
67 days starting today or 75
days starting in 119 days L 71 59 65
14
34 days starting today or 35
days starting in 186 days S 51 40 45
15
27 days starting today or 50
days starting in 21 days M 88 83 86
16
69 days starting today or 85
days starting in 91 days L 84 67 75
17
49 days starting today or 60
days starting in 89 days M 79 67 73
18
80 days starting today or 85
days starting in 157 days L 56 44 50
19
24 days starting today or 35
days starting in 29 days S 85 74 80
20
50 days starting today or 80
days starting today Distract 93 88 90
21
34 days starting today or 67
days starting today Distract 93 90 91
22
33 days starting today or 80
days starting in 14 days L 93 87 90
23
28 days starting today or 30
days starting in 179 days S 53 43 47
24
34 days starting today or 50
days starting in 30 days M 93 82 87
25
25 days starting today or 30
days starting in 80 days S 66 58 62
26
41 days starting today or 75
days starting in 20 days L 90 86 88
27
54 days starting today or 60
days starting in 111 days M 62 49 55
28
54 days starting today or 80
days starting in 30 days L 90 86 88
29
22 days starting today or 25
days starting in 136 days S 56 47 51
30
20 days starting today or 55
days starting in 7 days M 93 87 90
Order=order the question appeared in survey. Mag.=magnitude of punishment (S=small; M=medium; L=large).
Distract=distracter question to ensure participants were paying attention. %SS=Percentage of participants who chose the smaller sooner response, demonstrating more self-control. SOAPP-R=Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients in Pain - Revised.
Supplemental Table 1d. Percentage of Participants Choosing Delayed Choice in Modified Monetary Choice Questionnaire (MCQ) assessing Money Losses.
Order Choice Trial Mag.
Low SOAPP-R
(N=120)
High SOAPP-R
(N=129)
Total (N=249)
Money Losses % SS % SS % SS
1 $54 today or $55 in 117 days M 61 51 56
2 $55 today or $75 in 61 days L 82 71 76
3 $19 today or $25 in 53 days S 78 74 76
4 $31 today or $85 in 7 days L 83 81 82
5 $14 today or $25 in 19 days S 85 85 85
6 $47 today or $50 in 160 days M 61 51 56
7 $15 today or $35 in 13 days S 83 83 83
8 $25 today or $60 in 14 days M 82 82 82
9 $78 today or $80 in 162 days L 56 44 50
10 $40 today or $55 in 62 days M 85 70 77
11 $11 today or $30 in 7 days S 82 83 82
12 $50 today or $80 today Distract 84 83 84
13 $54 today or $85 today Distract 86 84 85
14 $67 today or $75 in 119 days L 66 56 61
15 $34 today or $35 in 186 days S 54 47 50
16 $27 today or $50 in 21 days M 88 85 86
17 $69 today or $85 in 91 days L 80 74 77
18 $49 today or $60 in 89 days M 78 67 73
19 $80 today or $85 in 157 days L 57 44 50
20 $24 today or $35 in 29 days S 82 78 80
21 $34 today or $67 today Distract 87 85 86
22 $33 today or $80 in 14 days L 87 83 85
23 $28 today or $30 in 179 days S 56 52 54
24 $34 today or $50 in 30 days M 86 81 84
25 $25 today or $30 in 80 days S 67 55 61
26 $41 today or $75 in 20 days L 88 85 86
27 $54 today or $60 in 111 days M 67 53 60
28 $54 today or $80 in 30 days L 83 86 85
29 $22 today or $25 in 136 days S 62 49 55
30 $20 today or $55 in 7 days M 86 84 85
Order=order the question appeared in survey. Mag.=magnitude of punishment (S=small; M=medium; L=large).
Distract=distracter question to ensure participants were paying attention. %SS=Percentage of participants who chose the smaller sooner response, demonstrating more self-control. SOAPP-R=Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients in Pain - Revised.
Supplemental Table 2. Correlation Matrix of Predictor Variables and Four Delay Discounting Outcomes.
SOAP
P-R Age
Gend er
Sex.
Orien
t. Ethn. Race Edu. Inc.
Leng th C.P.
Pain Dx (#)
Last Pain VAS
Usual Pain VAS
BPI Wors t
BPI Least
BPI Ave.
BPI Right
Now BPI–
Sev.
BPI Int.
Exp.
to Op.
PHQ -2
GAD
-7 PCS ISI
$ Gain
s Pain Relie f
$ Losse
s Add Pain SOAPP-R 1.00
Age -0.17 1.00
Gender -0.04 0.09 1.00
Sex.
Orient. 0.19 -0.21 -0.05 1.00
Ethn. -0.08 0.13 -0.01 0.05 1.00
Race -0.11 0.12 0.02 0.06 0.08 1.00
Edu. -0.10 0.01 -0.04 -0.06 0.08 0.00 1.00
Inc. -0.13 -0.02 0.04 -0.16 0.02 -0.05 0.34 1.00
Length
C.P. -0.002 0.05 0.07 0.11 -0.01 0.02 -0.04 -0.10 1.00
Pain Dx
(#) 0.03 0.27 0.13 0.02 0.11 0.13 -0.06 -0.04 0.15 1.00
Last Pain
VAS 0.03 0.01 -0.08 -0.05 0.01 -0.10 -0.07 -0.10 -0.03 0.07 1.00
Usual Pain
VAS 0.08 0.00 -0.03 0.07 0.06 -0.08 -0.11 -0.03 0.06 0.04 0.61 1.00
BPI Worst 0.11 0.03 0.00 -0.07 0.01 -0.06 -0.15 -0.10 -0.02 0.16 0.62 0.51 1.00 BPI Least 0.10 0.08 0.04 -0.03 0.05 -0.10 -0.06 -0.05 0.00 0.15 0.53 0.52 0.60 1.00
BPI Ave. 0.09 0.04 0.08 0.00 0.01 -0.12 -0.12 -0.07 -0.02 0.09 0.65 0.75 0.56 0.64 1.00
BPI Right
Now 0.11 0.10 0.05 -0.03 0.03 -0.04 -0.10 -0.04 -0.01 0.18 0.55 0.54 0.69 0.67 0.59 1.00
BPI Sev. 0.12 0.07 0.05 -0.04 0.03 -0.09 -0.13 -0.07 -0.01 0.17 0.68 0.66 0.84 0.87 0.79 0.89 1.00
BPI Int. 0.40 0.03 0.06 0.02 -0.01 -0.04 -0.20 -0.09 0.01 0.29 0.45 0.40 0.57 0.56 0.44 0.53 0.62 1.00
Exp. to
Op. -0.19 -0.03 0.01 -0.08 0.00 -0.17 0.11 0.04 -0.06 -0.21 -0.13 -0.11 -0.27 -0.21 -0.17 -0.25 -0.27 -0.33 1.00
PHQ-2 0.53 -0.07 0.07 0.02 -0.07 -0.06 -0.13 -0.16 0.09 0.23 0.10 0.05 0.15 0.21 0.08 0.18 0.19 0.45 -0.01 1.00
GAD-7 0.58 -0.21 0.07 0.08 0.00 -0.15 -0.13 -0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.16 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.32 0.06 0.68 1.00
PCS 0.44 -0.14 0.12 0.03 -0.05 -0.11 -0.13 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.28 0.34 0.23 0.30 0.36 0.23 0.32 0.45 -0.04 0.38 0.45 1.00
ISI 0.45 -0.11 0.01 0.04 -0.05 -0.15 -0.25 -0.12 0.11 0.21 0.28 0.24 0.35 0.36 0.31 0.32 0.40 0.56 -0.15 0.48 0.47 0.38 1.00
$ Gains -0.10 0.03 0.09 -0.01 -0.04 -0.02 0.10 0.19 0.05 0.01 -0.16 -0.22 -0.18 -0.09 -0.16 0.10 -0.15 -0.18 0.01 -0.06 -0.04 -0.05 -0.08 1.00 Pain Relief -0.03 -0.09 0.14 -0.01 -0.05 0.05 0.08 0.16 0.10 -0.03 -0.07 -0.03 -0.02 -0.04 0.04 0.03 0.00 -0.08 -0.01 -0.01 0.05 -0.02 0.05 0.48 1.00
$ Losses -0.13 0.08 0.09 0.01 0.09 -0.02 0.11 0.18 -0.01 -0.03 -0.04 -0.05 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.03 0.00 -0.06 -0.02 -0.08 -0.07 -0.07 -0.09 0.01 -0.10 1.00 Add Pain -0.18 0.00 0.08 -0.05 -0.10 0.10 0.01 0.06 0.05 -0.03 -0.14 -0.09 -0.09 -0.18 -0.08 -0.11 -0.14 -0.12 0.01 -0.10 -0.15 -0.23 -0.17 -0.01 0.09 0.38 1.00 p<0.05 (Bonferroni corrected). SOAPP-R=Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients in Pain-Revised; Sex. Orient.=sexual orientation (Heterosexual vs. Non-heterosexual); Ethn.=ethnicity (Non-Hispanic vs. Hispanic);
Edu.=level of education; Inc.=annual household income; C.P.= chronic pain; Dx=diagnoses; VAS=visual analog scale; BPI=Brief Pain Inventory for primary pain; Ave.=average; Sev.= BPI severity score for primary pain; Int.=BPI interference score; Exp. to Op.=exposure to opioids; PHQ-2=Patient Health Questionnaire 2-item depression screener; GAD-7=Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale; PCS=Pain Catastrophizing Scale; ISI=Insomnia Severity Index; $=money; Add.=additional.
Supplemental Table 3. Univariate Analyses of Four Separate Delay Discounting Outcomes. *
Rewards Punishments
Variable
Pain Relief
β 95% CI
Money Gains
β 95% CI
Additional Pain
β 95% CI
Money Losses
β 95% CI
SOAPP-R Low vs. High -0.05 -0.28, 0.16 -0.15 -0.34, 0.04 -0.47 -0.79, -0.15 -0.31 -0.61, -0.01
Age -0.01 -0.02, 0.002 0.002 -0.01, 0.01 0.00 -0.01, 0.01 0.01 -0.005, 0.02
Gender Male vs. Female 0.27 0.03, 0.52 0.14 -0.07, 0.35 0.22 -0.12. 0.57 0.25 -0.07, 0.56
Sexual Orientation Heterosexual vs. Non-heterosexual -0.03 -0.37, 0.31 -0.03 -0.33, 0.26 -0.21 -0.68, 0.25 0.05 -0.45, 0.55
Race Non-Caucasian vs. Caucasian 0.13 -0.29, 0.55 -0.04 -0.37, 0.29 0.36 -0.13, 0.86 -0.07 -0.50, 0.35
Ethnicity Non-Hispanic vs. Hispanic -0.17 -0.52, 0.18 -0.13 -0.46, 0.21 -0.64 -1.28, 0.01 0.38 -0.13, 0.89
Education 0.09 -0.05, 0.23 0.10 -0.02, 0.23 0.02 -0.16, 0.21 0.17 -0.02, 0.37
Income 0.08 0.01, 0.16 0.09 0.02, 0.15 0.04 -0.07, 0.15 0.13 0.05, 0.22
Length Chronic Pain 0.18 0.01, 0.35 0.07 -0.10, 0.24 0.12 -0.18, 0.42 -0.02 -0.31, 0.26
Number of Pain Diagnoses -0.01 -0.08, 0.05 0.002 -0.05, 0.05 -0.02 -0.11, 0.07 -0.02 -0.10, 0.05
Last Pain VAS -0.03 -0.1, 0.03 -0.07 -0.12, -0.01 -0.10 -0.19, -0.01 -0.03 -0.11, 0.05
Usual Pain VAS -0.01 -0.08, 0.05 -0.09 -0.15, -0.04 -0.07 -0.16, 0.03 -0.03 -0.12, 0.05
BPI -Primary Pain Worst -0.01 -0.06, 0.05 -0.06 -0.11, -0.01 -0.05 -0.15, 0.04 -0.01 -0.09, 0.07
Least -0.01 -0.07, 0.04 -0.03 -0.07, 0.02 -0.10 -0.17, -0.02 -0.004 -0.07, 0.07
Average 0.02 -0.05, 0.10 -0.08 -0.14, -0.01 -0.06 -0.17, 0.05 -0.01 -0.10, 0.09
Right Now 0.01 -0.04, 0.06 -0.03 -0.07, 0.01 0.06 -0.13, 0.01 0.01 -0.05, 0.08
Severity 0.00 -0.07, 0.07 -0.06 -0.12, -0.004 -0.10 -0.20, 0.003 0.00 -0.09, 0.09
BPI Interference -0.03 -0.07, 0.02 -0.06 -0.10, -0.01 -0.07 -0.14, 0.01 -0.03 -0.10, 0.04
Exposure to Opioid Analgesics -0.02 -0.25, 0.20 0.01 -0.20, 0.23 0.02 -0.33, 0.37 -0.06 -0.40, 0.27
PHQ-2 -0.01 -0.06, 0.05 -0.02 -0.07, 0.02 -0.07 -0.15, 0.02 -0.05 -0.13, 0.03
GAD-7 0.01 -0.01, 0.03 -0.01 -0.02, 0.01 -0.03 -0.06, -0.01 -0.02 -0.04, 0.01
PCS -0.001 -0.01, 0.01 -0.003 -0.01, 0.01 -0.02 -0.04, -0.01 -0.01 -0.02, 0.01
ISI 0.01 -0.01, 0.02 -0.01 -0.02, 0.01 -0.03 -0.06, -0.01 -0.02 -0.04, 0.01
*Negative β coefficients indicate lower self-control. Univariate analyses were conducted separately for each outcome using generalized linear model (GLM) with logit link, binomial distribution and robust standard error estimation. Outcomes were proportion of answers (out of 27) representing higher self-control; each outcome ranged between 0-1. p<0.05 and p<0.10. CI=confidence interval; SOAPP-R=
Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients in Pain - Revised; VAS=visual analog scale; BPI= Brief Pain Inventory; PHQ=Patient Health Questionnaire 2-item depression screener; GAD=Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale; PCS=Pain Catastrophizing Scale; ISI=insomnia Severity Index.