1 Supplementary Table 1. Final screening items selected for group classification.

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Supplementary Table 1. Final screening items selected for group classification.

Note: All items were selected from a list in the Comprehensive Pain and Symptom

Questionnaire (CPSQ) under the question “Do you have any of the following conditions or symptoms” except for the followings:

a

Presence of “frequent or multiple types of headaches” was based on self-reported headache frequency “every week or so” or “more than once every week” from the

Pennebaker Inventory for Limbic Languidness questionnaire, or the presence of 2 or more different types of headaches in the past year from the Comprehensive Pain and Symptom Questionnaire.

b

Presence of poor sleep quality was based on question “During the last month, how would you rate your sleep quality overall?” from Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The presence of poor sleep quality was “yes” if rated “fairly bad” or “very bad”, and “no” if rated “good” or

“fairly good”.

c

Presence of “feeling low in energy” was based on a question “check the response that best describes how much that problem has distressed or bothered you during the past 7 days including today - feeling low in energy or slowed down” from Symptom Checklist – 90R.

Individuals reported on a 5-category scale (not at all, a little bit, moderately, quite a bit, and extremely). Presence of low in energy was “yes” if an individual reported “quite a bit” or

“extremely”, and otherwise was “no”.

Items Question Answer

Pain-related issues

Do you have any of the following conditions or symptoms?

1. -Trouble with neck Yes (=1), No (=0)

2. -Irritable bowel syndrome Yes (=1), No (=0)

3. -Acid reflux Yes (=1), No (=0)

4. -Chronic pelvic pain Yes (=1), No (=0)

5. -Fibromyalgia Yes (=1), No (=0)

6. Do you have a persistent or chronic pain in areas other than face? Yes (=1), No (=0) 7. ^aPresence of frequent headache or multiple types of headaches in the past

year?

Yes (=1), No (=0) Psychological issues

Do you have any of the following conditions or symptoms?

8. -Anxiety disorder Yes (=1), No (=0)

9. -Panic Disorder Yes (=1), No (=0)

10. -Depression Yes (=1), No (=0)

11. -Post-traumatic stress disorder Yes (=1), No (=0)

Sleep-related issues

12. Do you have any of the following conditions or symptoms?

-Sleep apnea Yes (=1), No (=0)

13. ^bPresence of poor sleep quality during the last month” Yes (=1), No (=0) 14. ^cPresence of “feeling low in energy or slowed down” in the past 7 days? Yes (=1), No (=0)

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Supplementary Table 2. Quantitative sensory testing measures

Units and Potential Range

Non-Triad Group Median (range) Mean (sd) (N=1193)

Triad Group Median (range) Mean (sd) (N=151)

P value⁺ (unadjusted)

P

value⁺(adju sted*)

Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)

PPT -Temporalis kPa

50-600

210 (56.8-600) 226 (89.2)

211 (76.2-548) 218 (88.1)

1.00 1.00

PPT - Masseter kPa

50-600

195 (54.0-600) 208 (80.9)

186 (61.8-454) 199 (79.5)

1.00 1.00

PPT – TMJ kPa

50-600

180 (55.8-522) 188 (70.6)

174 (59.5-340) 177 (59.3)

1.00 1.00

PPT – Trapezius kPa

100-600

365 (108-600) 381 (150)

346 (110-600) 359 (149)

1.00 1.00

PPT – Lat. Epicondyle kPa 100-600

394 (102-600) 399 (149)

332 (110-600) 356 (143)

0.041 1.00

Mechanical Cutaneous Pain (MCP)

MCP threshold mN

8 - 512

223 (7.00-512) 268 (168)

239 (36.8-512) 281 (170)

1.00 1.00

MCP single stimulus ratings 256-mN probe

Ratings 0 - 100

4.50 (0.00-85.0) 9.55 (13.9)

2.50 (0.00-67.5) 7.88 (12.2)

1.00 1.00

MCP single stimulus ratings 512-mN probe

Ratings 0 - 100

7.50 (0.00-95.0) 14.5 (17.7)

5.50 (0.00-86.2) 15.5 (19.4)

1.00 1.00

MCP overall ratings of 10 stimuli

256-mN probe

Ratings 0 - 100

10.2 (0.00-100) 18.9 (21.5)

6.25 (0.00-100) 15.9 (21.7)

1.00 1.00

MCP overall ratings of 10 stimuli

512-mN probe

Ratings 0 - 100

21.2 (0.00-100) 30.5 (27.1)

18.4 (0.00-100) 30.3 (29.7)

0.176 1.00

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MCP temporal summation:

overall rating of 10 stimuli minus single stimulus rating 256-mN probe

Δ Ratings,

±100

5.00 (-10.00- 74.0) 9.33 (11.9)

3.25 (-11.25-80.0) 8.00 (12.8)

0.293 1.00

MCP temporal summation:

overall rating of 10 stimuli minus single stimulus rating 512-mN probe

Δ Ratings,

±100

11.2 (-12.50-100) 16.1 (16.0)

9.25 (-2.50-67.0) 14.6 (15.9)

1.00 1.00

MCP aftersensation 15s, 256-mN probe

Ratings 0 - 100

0.00 (0.00-71.5) 3.12 (8.08)

0.00 (0.00-42.5) 2.92 (7.07)

1.00 1.00

Ratings 0 - 100

0.00 (0.00-61.5) 1.57 (5.29)

0.00 (0.00-40.0) 1.56 (5.36)

1.00 1.00

Ratings 0 - 100

0.75 (0.00-86.2) 6.03 (11.6)

1.00 (0.00-68.8) 8.22 (15.2)

1.00 0.25

Ratings 0 - 100

0.00 (0.00-82.5) 3.16 (8.22)

0.00 (0.00-56.2) 4.72 (10.6)

1.00 0.55

Heat pain (HP)

HP threshold C, 32-52 42.8 (33.4-51.0)

42.2 (3.18)

42.5 (33.5-47.6) 41.8 (3.35)

1.00 1.00

HP single stimulus ratings 46^oC

Ratings 0 - 100

22.5 (0.00-100) 35.7 (31.7)

30.0 (0.00-100) 41.7 (34.5)

1.00 1.00

Ratings 0 - 100

40.0 (0.00-100) 44.6 (33.0)

50.0 (0.00-100) 51.7 (34.4)

0.447 1.00

Ratings 0 - 100

50.0 (0.00-100) 55.5 (33.9)

75.0 (0.00-100) 64.1 (34.3)

0.113 1.00

HP ratings of 10 stimuli:

area under curve 46^oC

Ratings 0 - 1000

320 (0.00-872) 345 (235)

316 (0.00-870) 348 (235)

1.00 1.00

area under curve

Ratings 0 - 1000

415 (0.00-890) 410 (243)

450 (0.00-887) 425 (243)

1.00 1.00

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48^oC

area under curve 50^oC

Ratings 0 - 1000

478 (0.00-891) 467 (252)

525 (0.00-860) 492 (257)

1.00 1.00

HP temporal summation:

highest minus first rating 46^oC

Δ Ratings 0 - 100

15.0 (-90.00-100) 19.7 (26.2)

15.0 (-50.00-100) 19.2 (25.3)

1.00 1.00

Δ Ratings 0 - 100

20.0 (-80.00-100) 24.5 (25.1)

20.0 (-30.00-95.0) 26.3 (26.3)

1.00 1.00

Δ Ratings 0 - 100

20.0 (-100.00- 100)

25.2 (25.4)

20.0 (-60.00-9 5.0) 28.6 (29.5)

1.00 1.00

HP aftersensation 15s, 46^oC

Ratings 0 - 100

0.00 (0.00-80.0) 7.79 (14.5)

1.00 (0.00-75.0) 10.2 (16.9)

1.00 1.00

Ratings 0 - 100

0.00 (0.00-80.0) 4.16 (10.2)

0.00 (0.00-75.0) 5.12 (11.9)

1.00 1.00

Ratings 0 - 100

5.00 (0.00-100) 12.2 (18.6)

5.00 (0.00-80.0) 13.5 (19.7)

1.00 1.00

Ratings 0 - 100

0.00 (0.00-100) 7.51 (14.6)

1.00 (0.00-65.0) 8.54 (14.4)

1.00 1.00

Ratings 0 - 100

5.00 (0.00-100) 13.7 (19.8)

8.00 (0.00-80.0) 17.1 (22.0)

1.00 1.00

Ratings 0 - 100

0.00 (0.00-100) 7.80 (15.0)

0.50 (0.00-70.0) 10.4 (16.8)

1.00 1.00

TMJ: Temporomandibular joint

* P value adjusted for age, gender, race, and study sites.

+

All p-values (unadjusted and adjusted) were corrected for multiple comparisons via the Holm

method with significance level of family-wise error rate (Type I error rate) at 5%.

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Supplementary Table 3. Spearman correlations between LogHF and variables of interest within study groups

LogHF: logarithmic transformation of absolute power of high frequency band. SBP: systolic blood pressure. DBP: diastolic blood pressure. MAP: mean pressure. HR: heart rate. MCP:

1 Supplementary Table 1. Final screening items selected for group classification.

Supplementary Table 1. Final screening items selected for group classification.

Note: All items were selected from a list in the Comprehensive Pain and Symptom

Questionnaire (CPSQ) under the question “Do you have any of the following conditions or symptoms” except for the followings:

Presence of “frequent or multiple types of headaches” was based on self-reported headache frequency “every week or so” or “more than once every week” from the

Pennebaker Inventory for Limbic Languidness questionnaire, or the presence of 2 or more different types of headaches in the past year from the Comprehensive Pain and Symptom Questionnaire.

Presence of poor sleep quality was based on question “During the last month, how would you rate your sleep quality overall?” from Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The presence of poor sleep quality was “yes” if rated “fairly bad” or “very bad”, and “no” if rated “good” or

“fairly good”.

Presence of “feeling low in energy” was based on a question “check the response that best describes how much that problem has distressed or bothered you during the past 7 days including today - feeling low in energy or slowed down” from Symptom Checklist – 90R.

Individuals reported on a 5-category scale (not at all, a little bit, moderately, quite a bit, and extremely). Presence of low in energy was “yes” if an individual reported “quite a bit” or

“extremely”, and otherwise was “no”.

Items Question Answer

Supplementary Table 2. Quantitative sensory testing measures

TMJ: Temporomandibular joint

* P value adjusted for age, gender, race, and study sites.

All p-values (unadjusted and adjusted) were corrected for multiple comparisons via the Holm

method with significance level of family-wise error rate (Type I error rate) at 5%.

Supplementary Table 3. Spearman correlations between LogHF and variables of interest within study groups

LogHF: logarithmic transformation of absolute power of high frequency band. SBP: systolic blood pressure. DBP: diastolic blood pressure. MAP: mean pressure. HR: heart rate. MCP:

mechanical cutaneous pain. PSS: Perceived Stress Scale. SCL: Symptom Checklist 90-revised. STAI:

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

*All p values were unadjusted

Variables Overall Non-Triad Group Triad Group

Correlation p value* Correlation p value* Correlation p value*

Resting SBP -0.15 <0.001 -0.13 <0.001 -0.26 0.002

Resting DBP -0.18 <0.001 -0.16 <0.001 -0.31 <0.001 Resting MAP -0.17 <0.001 -0.15 <0.001 -0.30 <0.001

Resting HR -0.43 <0.001 -0.41 <0.001 -0.49 <0.001

Perceived Stress (PSS)

-0.07 0.018 -0.02 0.494 -0.05 0.567

Depression (SCL) -0.04 0.169 0.03 0.379 -0.16 0.062

Anxiety (SCL) -0.04 0.115 0.01 0.691 -0.10 0.271

Trait Anxiety (STAI) -0.09 0.002 -0.04 0.231 -0.22 0.013

Sleep quality (PQSI) -0.08 0.005 0.00 0.974 -0.19 0.025