Supplementary Table - Pedicled Flaps
Study # of
patients (% male)
Patient information
Mean age at onset;
Duration of disease;
Mean age at operation
(years)
Laterality;
Severity and /or Distribution
Intervention;
Ancillary Procedures Follow-Up;
Outcome Assessment Measures Outcomes;
Complications Study summary
Zhang et al.
(2009)53 Case Series
8
(n.s.) n.s. n.s.;
n.s.;
n.s.
Laterality:
n.s.;
Severity:
n.s.
Intervention:
• Pedicled superficial temporal fascia (STF) sandwich flap
• A T-shaped skin incision was made in the tempo-parietal area.
• The fascia and temporal vessels were raised to form the fascia flap
• Dermal fat tissue from the abdomen was excised and fixed at the edge of the STF flap forming a sandwich-like structure
• Dissection of the recipient area of the hemiface was performed.
• The pedicled STF and dermal fat tissue flap was turned more than 180 degrees and inserted into the dissected cavity.
Ancillary Procedures: n.s
Follow-Up: n.s.
Assessment measures:
• Subjective: surgeon-reported outcomes
Outcomes:
• "Good" in 75% of cases, “Fair”
in 25%
Complications:
• Hematoma (1 patient)
The STF flap is thin, pliable and has rich vasculature, however in patients with severe atrophy, they
are too thin to provide optimal correction. The pedicled STF sandwich flap can be used to achieve good clinical outcomes with
increased volume restoration, smoother facial contour, and
minimal scarring.
Rees et al.
(1983)54 Case Series
11
(n.s.) All patients had lip
involvement n.s.
Laterality:
n.s.;
Severity:
n.s.
Intervention:
• Tongue flap for correction of upper lip deformity
• A horizontal incision was made at the junction of atrophic vermilion with the lip mucosa to create the recipient site.
• A vermillion flap was raised
• The medial edge of the tongue defect was sutured to posterior edge of lip incision.
• The free end of the flap was then approximated to the posterior vermillion border.
• The flap pedicle was divided after 2 weeks.
Ancillary Procedures:
• Silicone fluid injections, bone grafting to maxilla, free microsurgical flaps
Follow-Up: n.s.
Assessment measures:
• Subjective: surgeon-reported outcomes
Outcomes:
• 91% of patients obtained adequate correction of lip contour
• 100% of patients had retained tongue function.
Complications:
• Under-correction due to flap pedicle having been divided too far distally (1 patient)
The tongue flap, particularly the ventral surface, can be used to achieve good correction of upper lip defects as it highly vascular and
possesses similar color, bulk and texture to the lip.
