Supplemental Digital Content 1. Treatment regimen of triamcinolone in each study.
Injection time, (Recurrence rate)
Reference Regimen
Rosen et al.
(2007)25
0.1‐0.3 cc of triamcinolone 40 mg/mL Intraoperative (immediate postoperative) Postoperative 2 injections monthly Sousa et al.
(2015)29
Triamcinolone 10 mg/mL
Intraoperative (immediate postoperative) Postoperative 3, 6, and 9 weeks
Intraoperative + Postoperative, (20.8 %)
Sclafani et al.
(1996)15
0.4 cc of triamcinolone 40 mg/mL
Intraoperative (immediate postoperative) Postoperative days 7, 21, and 35
Khare et al.
(2011)24
Postoperative 2 weeks
Akoz et al.
(2002)28
Triamcinolone 20 – 40 mg/mL Postoperative 2 weeks
Shons et al.
(1983)26
0.1 – 0.2 cc of triamcinolone 40 mg/mL Initial injection 3 months after surgery Postoperative 3 injections, 4 weeks apart Postoperative only,
(15.2 %)
Sanders et al.
(2005)32
Triamcinolone 40 mg/mL
Postoperative 6 injections monthly Carvalhaes et al.
(2015)27
Triamcinolone 20 mg/mL or 40 mg/mL Preoperative 3 injections monthly
Intraoperative (immediate postoperative) Postoperative 2 injections monthly Preoperative +
Intraoperative + Postoperative, (5.3 %)
Hamrick et al.
(2009)30
Preoperative injection before 1 month of surgery Intraoperative (just before surgery)
Postoperative 1 month
Preoperative + Postoperative, (16.7 %)
Jung et al.
(2009)31
0.1 to 1.0 cc of triamcinolone 20 ‐ 40 mg/mL Preoperative twice at a 1‐month interval Initial injection after 2 weeks of surgery Postoperative 2 – 13 injections monthly
Supplementary data 2. Treatment regimen of radiation in each study.
Total dose of radiation, (Recurrence rate)
Reference Regimen
5 Gy, (8 %)
Arneja et al.
(2008)20
3 fractions of 500 cGy
Immediately postoperatively, on days 1 and 2 postoperatively Ogawa et al.
(2013)10
2 fractions over 2 days
Initial radiation therapy 1 day postoperative Sclafani et al.
(1996)15
Single fraction
Initial radiation therapy within 3 hours of surgery 10 Gy,
(5.4 %)
Ragoowansi et al.
(2003)19
Single fraction
Initial radiation therapy within 24 hours of surgery 10‐12.5 Gy,
(26.1 %)
Stahl et al.
(2010)17
2 fractions
A day before and a day after surgery 12 Gy,
(25 %)
Kovalic et al.
(1989)22
3 fractions of 400 cGy
Initial radiation therapy within 24 hours of surgery
13.8 Gy, (7.1 %)
Lee et al. (2015)13 3 or 4 fractions
Capel et al.
(2015)9
5 fractions of 300 cGY over the subsequent postoperative week Initial radiation therapy within 4 hours of surgery
Ogawa et al.
(2013)10
3 fractions over 3 days
Initial radiation therapy 1 day postoperative 15 Gy,
(7.8 %)
Ollstein et al.
(1981)23
3 fractions over 3 days
Bischof et al.
(2007)12
4 fractions over 4 days
Initial radiation therapy within 24 hours of surgery 16 Gy
(10.3 %)
Malaker et al.
(2004)18
4 fractions over 4 days
Initial radiation therapy within 24 hours of surgery 18 Gy,
(2.8 %)
Chaundhry et al.
(1994)21
3 fractions over 5‐7 days
Initial radiation therapy within 24 hours of surgery 20 Gy,
(33.3%)
Fraunholz et al.
(2005)16
4 fractions over 5 days
27.2 Gy, (13.2 %)
Recalcati et al.
(2011)14
Weekly doses of 5 Gy
Initial radiation therapy 3 days postoperative 28 Gy,
(21.1 %)
Klumpar et al.
(1994)11
*
Gy : Gray, * Data unextractable, unclear, or not available.