Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id
Sustainable Livelihood Asset-Based Strategy for Rosella Farmers in Pagung Village, Semen District, Kediri Regency
Demmy Filsafa Ratna Putra1*, Budi Setiawan2, Dwi Retno Andriani2
1Postgraduate of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Veteran Street, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
2Department Socio-Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Veteran Street, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
Received: 19 May 2022; Revised: 17 June 2022; Accepted: 20 July 2022 ABSTRACT
Rosella commodity prices, in the range of 15,000 to 30,000, are still relatively low and unstable.
Therefore, it is a factor of low motivation in rosella farming. On the other hand, rosella as an annual crop with one big harvest certainly has an impact on farmers' income. The research approach used is a quantitative approach. In this study, livelihood strategies are based on asset characteristics that can be accessed by farmers using 43 respondents and livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) analysis and descriptive analysis. Based on the findings, it showed that the characteristics of the asset that is the lowest accessed and the highest level of vulnerability by rosella farmers is social Asset due to the dependence on meeting their daily needs from government assistance. The results of the study showed that the consolidation strategy was the most appropriate strategy in the context of sustainable livelihoods for rosella farmers through the use of yards to raise cattle or goats. The choice of strategy is based on the lack of access to social Asset for farmers' livelihoods. Where, by raising livestock, farmers can earn additional income outside of rosella farming.
Keywords: sustainable livelihoods; rosella; livelihood assets; livelihood strategy How to cite :
Filsafa, D., Putra, R., Setiawan, B., & Andriani, D. R. (2022). Sustainable Livelihood Asset-Based Strategy for Rosella Farmers in Pagung Village , Semen District , Kediri Regency. HABITAT, 33(2), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.habitat.2022.033.2.17
1. Introduction
According to data (BPS, 2018), rosella commodity in Pagung Village, Semen District, Kediri Regency with production in the range of 1900 kg to 2200 kg from 2016-2021. The prospect of farming development has market opportunities both at home and abroad (Yunitasari & Sumarji, 2021). Through the development of rosella farming, it can be allocated to various levels of society. Rosella is a commodity that plays a role in providing jobs.
Farmers' willingness and ability to deal with the disruptions of irregular price changes still drives farming. Farmers' actions have a significant impact on farming's long-term viability.
Based on field conditions, the condition of the price of rosella per unit kilogram in the last 1 season in the range of 15,000 to 30,000 made
farmers inert to cultivate and carry out post- harvest activities. On the other hand, rosella is an annual plant that harvesting only once a year certainly has an impact on farmers' income.
Moreover, farmers are starting to leave rosella commodities by switching to certain commodities such as organic rice, corn, and conventional rice due to price stability.
Based on research (Lukman, 2015) this condition is in line with the finding that farmers will be more interested and motivated to cultivate certain commodities when the price rises, and choose to switch to other commodities that are more economically promising than getting lower prices from the previous commodity. According to the results of research on (Lukman, 2015), the existence of physical needs affect the motivation of farmers in meeting primary needs such as food.
Price fluctuations in rosella commodities have an impact on farmers households needs.
Households ability to meet basic needs cannot be separated from long-term livelihood strategy.
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*Correspondence Author.
E-mail : [email protected] Phone : +62-8127-0746-782
Previous research that is different from (Rayhan
& Sumarti, 2021), the problem in the object of research is influenced by two factors, climate change and price fluctuations that affect the level of income. The urgency of this research is influenced by fluctuations in rosella commodity prices, therefore it is necessary to increase income through sustainable livelihood strategies.
The sustainable livelihood approach has a perspective to see to what extent the assets that can be accessed by farmers can support rosella farming. The vulnerability context focuses on identifying what vulnerabilities that will have an impact on the sustainability of their livelihoods.
Field conditions indicate a vulnerability context due to price fluctuations in rosella commodity causing farmers to encountering unstable economic shocks. This is to the explanation of DFiD (2011a) that the inability to encounter risks makes farmers very vulnerable to unexpected things, especially economic shocks that have an impact on their survival.
Sustainable livelihood strategies play a role in facilitating farmer households in accessing other resources. Based on previous research with differences and similarities, the objectives can be formulated, determine the characteristics of the assets owned and formulating a sustainable livelihood strategy for rosella farmers in Pagung Village, Semen District, Kediri Regency.
2. Theoretical Underpinning
The prospect of developing rosella commodities in Indonesia can be said to be still very open for domestic and foreign market. The development of rosella farming is still limited to the economic aspect for daily needs. Price fluctuations that occur in rosella commodities affect daily livelihoods. Until now, research on rosella commodities is very rare in terms of sustainable livelihoods. This research is important to formulate sustainable livelihood strategies for rosella farmers in the face of price fluctuations. This is in accordance with research (Hermanto, 2012), the price of rosella commodity fluctuates, has an impact on the rosella farmers low income. Rosella commodity fluctuations are influenced by the low bargaining position of farmers and the absence of market price guarantees from the government.
In contrast to the research conducted by (Widiyanto, Dharmawan, & Prasodjo, 2010), explained that price fluctuations cause the vulnerability of tobacco farmers due to price
games by middlemen or skippers to climate change. The results of this study indicate that when the price of tobacco commodities is low, farmers will choose a production strategy by switching to rice plants because they have a fairly stable price. Other research was also conducted by (Sumartono & Yani, 2018) explaining that fluctuations in oil palm commodity prices are influenced by land area and the age of the plant which determines the level of farmers' income.
Based on the explanation above, it is necessary to conduct research to determine the characteristics of the assets owned and the sustainable livelihood strategies of rosella farmers in developing their farming. Through asset characteristics measuring and sustainable livelihood strategies, it is hoped that farmers will be able to survive and increase their standard of living (Tulak, Dharmawan, &
Juanda, 2009).
The similarity of the previous research with the research to be carried out is to determine the farmers' livelihood strategies in a sustainable manner. This research tries to choose the best livelihood strategy that can be done by rosella farmers. So, rosella farmers can continue to develop their farming effectively and efficiently to support their daily needs.
3. Research Methods
This study uses a quantitative approach, the research approach used in order to examine a particular sample or population through data collection using research instruments, quantitative data analysis with the aim of a predetermined hypothesis (Dwiastuti, 2017). The setting of the research location in Pagung Village, Semen District, Kediri Regency was carried out intentionally because it is a rosella production center in Kediri Regency (BPS Kabupaten Kediri, 2021). The study was conducted in April 2022.
This research uses a simple random sampling method, namely the sampling methodology, where all individuals in the rosella farmer population have the same opportunity to be selected. The total population of rosella farmers in the research area is 1,280 farmer and the number of research samples is 43 farmer. The research sample uses the Taro Yamane formula (Sugiyono, 2013) and a significance level of 15%
is as follows:
𝑛 = 𝑁
(1+𝑁𝑒2)(1) Information :
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id Social
Capital
Natural Capital
Financial Capital
Human Capital Physical Capital
n = number of samples N = population
e2 = fault tolerance level
𝑛 = 1.280
(1+(1.280×0,152)
= 1.118
29,8 = 42,9 people
Primary data collection was carried out with interview techniques, field observations before and during data collection, and using a questionnaire to ask rosella farmers. Reference books, journals, previous research, information from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Kediri Regency, data from the Department of Agriculture and Plantation of Kediri Regency to potential data in Pagung Village, Semen District, Kediri Regency are secondary research data. As for some of the analytical tools used in the study are as follows:
3.1. Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) Livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) analysis is an analytical tool to assess the level of vulnerability of farmer households due to climate change and climate variations (Adu, Kuwornu, Anim-Somuah, & Sasaki, 2018). The vulnerability core is used in various ways to analyze poverty levels and food security (Bryan, Deressa, Gbetibouo, & Ringler, 2009). In calculating the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) it will be used to determine the level of vulnerability based on the condition of assets owned by rosella farmers in Pagung Village, Semen District, Kediri Regency. The formula that can be used to see the level of vulnerability at the research site is as follows:
𝐿𝑉𝐼 = Σ 𝑊𝑚𝑖.𝑀𝑑𝑖
Σ 𝑊𝑚𝑖 (2) Information :
Lvid : Livelihood vulnerability index value Wmi : Number of sub indicators for each
indicator
Mdi : Each indicator value 3.2. Descriptive Analysis
Descriptive analysis is used to provide an overview of the data that has been collected from the research variables. Strategy formulation is based on information through descriptions, descriptions and interpretations of respondents' answers in an objective and accurate manner.
Data from descriptive analysis through rosella farmer respondents must be processed in order to have meaning and significance in the context of sustainable livelihood strategies. The descriptive analysis in this study is to formulate a sustainable livelihood strategy for rosella farmers in Pagung Village, Semen District, Kediri Regency.
3.3. Pentagonal Asset
The asset pentagon is a tool for visualizing and showing asset changes dynamically over time through the constantly shifting shape of an asset from the pentagon (Kollmair & St. Gamper, 2002). The Pentagon has a form that schematically shows variations in public access to assets. Ownership and use of livelihood assets will certainly combine various activities aimed at earning income and being able to sustain life, this is called a livelihood strategy (Saragih, 2007).
The forms of pentagonal assets are as follows:
Figure 1. Pentagonal Asset
Table 1. Sustainable Livelihoods for Rosella Farmers Measurement Indicator
Variable Indicator
Social Asset X1.1 Daily life support
X1.2 Government assistance X1.3 Help from brother X1.4 Organizational
participation
X1.5 Organizational conflict
X1.6 Job information
Human Asset X2.1 Level of education X2.2 Skill level
X2.3 Health insurance X2.4 Rosella farmer
member
X2.5 Health status
Natural Asset X3.1 Pest and disease attack X3.2 Land area
X3.3 Farm yield index
Physical Asset X4.1 Market access X4.2 Type of residence
X4.3 Fram animal
ownership
X4.4 Kitchen fuel
Financial Asset X5.1 Income level
X5.2 Loan access
Survival
Strategy Y1.1 Changes in diet
Y1.2 Changes in the number of servings
Y1.3 Changes in the type of
food Consolidation
Strategy Y2.1 Use of the yard Y2.2 Family resource
allocation
Y2.3 Life support
Accumulation
Strategy Y3.1 Other non-agricultural professions
Y3.2 Business expansion
Source: (Abita, 2016; Agustin, 2017; DfID, 2011;
Ellis, 2014; Hahn, Riederer, & Foster, 2009;
Martopo, Hardiman, & Subaryanto, 2012;
Rayhan & Sumarti, 2021; Saraswati &
Dharmawan, 2014; The World Bank, 1997;
UNDP, 2017; Wijayanti, Baiquni, & Harini, 2016).
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Characteristics of Sustainable Livelihood Assets for Rosella Farmers in Pagung Village, Semen District, Kediri Regency
Livelihood assets are a collection of several assets used by farmers in order to make a living. Asset in livelihoods includes social Asset, human asset, natural asset, physical asset and financial asset (Hahn et al., 2009). On the other hand, the sustainable livelihoods approach seeks to see and describe the extent to which assets can be accessed by farmers based on some of the asset above. The results of asset characteristics that can be accessed by farmers based on their level of vulnerability are as follows:
Table 2. Characteristics of Rosella Farmer Assets Livelihood
Asset
LVI value
Value Interpretation Social Asset 0.33 Vulnerable Human Asset 0.51 Quite Vulnerable Physical Asset 0.44 Quite Vulnerable Natural Asset 0.34 Quite Vulnerable Financial Asset 0.42 Quite Vulnerable Source: Primary Data Processed (2022) and Adopted (Agustin, 2017; DFID, 2000; Rayhan &
Sumarti, 2021; Saraswati & Dharmawan, 2014;
Scoones, 1998) a. Social Asset
Social asset is the emergence of community organizations such as trust, norms, and networks that can advance society by facilitating coordination and cooperation for various benefits (Gai, Poerwati, Maghfirah, &
Sir, 2020). Social Asset is closely related to the structure and process of transformation. Social Asset is helpful in understanding the products of these structures and processes, although it may simplify the relationship between the two. The results of the calculation of social Asset can be seen as follows:
Social capital vulnerabilities need to be considered in the sub-indicator of assistance from the government. Rosella farmers in the majority receive assistance from the government.
Assistance from the government in the form of cash and basic necessities in carrying out daily activities, so that Rosella's income can be allocated to other things in developing the farm.
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id Table 3. Social Asset Index
No Indicator Value
1 Daily life support 0.26
2 Government assistance 0.13
3 Help from brother 0.72
4 Organizational participation 0.30
5 Job information 0.50
6 Organizational conflict 0.42 Source: Primary Data Processed (2022) and Adopted from (Abita, 2016; Hahn et al., 2009;
Liu, Chen, & Xie, 2018; UNDP, 2017).
Receipt of assistance from the government was triggered by fluctuations in the price of rosella commodities so that it had an impact on the income level of rosella farmers. This is in line with the research of Darwis et al.(2020), the COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on monthly fluctuations in agricultural commodity prices.
Social capital in the form of assistance from the government is generally given during the COVID-19 pandemic where there are restrictions on community mobility, especially hampering the distribution process of agricultural commodities.
One of the commodities affected by the restriction on the mobility of residents is rosella.
The dependence on the commodity distribution process is caused by the delay in the transaction process from middlemen to final consumers.
Therefore, the existence of Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) has an impact on limiting the distribution flow of agricultural commodities, especially in supply chain disruptions, thereby weakening people's purchasing power and consumption. This causes some rosella commodities not to be absorbed by the market through wholesaler.
b. Human Asset
Human asset exists as a form of sustainable livelihoods that can affect livelihoods. Where, human Asset consists of abilities, skills, work experience and a good level of health and allows the community to design sustainable livelihood strategies in order to achieve their goals. At the household level, human Asset is an important factor that determines the quantity and quality of labor (UNDP, 2017).
Members of rosella farmers' sub-capital, rosella farmers' sub-capital, has lower-skilled qualities. The low skill level of rosella farmers is due to a lack of skill, which results in suboptimal
farming results. Several factors contribute to this, including the farmer's age, the amount of time he has been farming, and his degree of education.
Furthermore, the agriculture department continues to provide insufficient guidance and counseling.
Table 4. Human Asset Index
No Indicator Value
1 Level of education 0.55
2 Skill level 0.28
3 Health insurance 0.58
4 Rosella farmer member 0.69
5 Health status 0.44
Source: Primary Data Processed (2022) and Adopted from (DfID, 2011; The World Bank, 1997; UNDP, 2017).
This is in line with Mirnatul's research (2017), that communication between farmers and extension workers is expected to be able to attract interest and the application of the material can run well.
In prior eras, there has been a lack of direction from agricultural service extension employees. Furthermore, the community's participation in these activities is reduced.
Despite the fact that these events are typically held at people' homes, village halls and farmers are welcomed to the agriculture office directly.
The pattern of delivering material from extension workers who are still minimal about rosella from harvest to post-harvest has an impact on the limited knowledge of farmers in farming. The field situation above is in accordance with the Bahua reference (2014), the extension carried out is expected to increase interaction, add information and form a network of farmers so as to increase their income. Awareness between the knowledge interests of farmers and extension workers must be used as a source of strength and it is hoped that farmers can overcome all their problems and be able to manage their livelihoods in a sustainable manner.
c. Physical Asset
Physical asset consists of basic infrastructure and production goods needed to support livelihoods. Infrastructure sees environmental changes that affect communication and access to basic services (DfID, 2011). Infrastructure consists of changes in the physical environment that help people meet their primary needs and become more productive.
Table 5. Physical Asset Index
No Indicator Value
1 Market access 0.41
2 Type of residence 0.20
3 Farm animal ownership 0.62
4 Kitchen fuel 0.54
Source: Primary Data Processed (2022) and Adopted from (Martopo et al., 2012; UNDP, 2017).
Rosella farmers, on average, also works as cattle and goat breeders. Farmers in rosella have at least one cow or goat. The lack of animal ownership will undoubtedly have an influence on rosella farmers' ability to meet their daily demands. When compared to the increasing demands of life and family duties, animal ownership will inevitably dwindle. Rosella farmers' livestock is typically inherited from their forefathers and is bred and sold as needed. In addition, when the price of rosella reached its highest price of around 100,000 rupiahs in 2010- 2012, some of them even served as wholesaler by buying dried rosella from neighbors to resell by selling their livestock. However, some orders of dried rosella were not paid so that they suffered losses. The existence of livestock ownership is expected to be able to support farmers' livelihoods and become a better financial cushion from time to time (UNDP, 2017).
d. Natural Asset
Natural asset describes the ownership or common control over natural resources such as climate, soil fertility, and water resources as production Asset. This varies from one region to another, both in terms of availability and characteristics, to form community livelihood patterns (Wijayanti et al., 2016).
Table 6. Natural Asset Index
No Indicator Value
1 Pest and disease attack 0.12
2 Land area 0.52
3 Farm yield index 0.40
Source: Primary Data Processed (2022) and Adopted from (Alinovi, D’Errico, Mane, &
Romano, 2010; UNDP, 2017).
Pest and disease attacks that occur in rosella plants actually have a significant impact.
This is caused by mealybugs that attack rosella during the vegetative period so that it inhibits growth and kills rosella plants. Damage to rosella
plants due to mealybugs is generally on the stems, leaves and fruit of rosella. The higher the number of mealybugs, the lower the quality of the rosella plant (Sari, Senoaji, & Hery, 2007).
Damage to rosella occurs on land that is monoculture, this is due to the absence of barriers or other types of food other than rosella. The attack process on mealybugs occurs when the rainy season arrives, which will attack and directly suck the liquid from the leaves of the chili plant so that it damages the cells and leaf tissue.
The impact of pest and disease attacks can change the order of society that originally relied on full rosella cultivation, into lazy behavior.
Price fluctuations are a contributing factor, for example, fields planted with rosella to have an attack of mealybug pests or fusarium leaf wilt they will allow the plant to die slowly or not to harvest agricultural products. Economically, this is obviously very detrimental to rosella farmers because their income will actually be reduced from the results obtained. Overall sustainability livelihoods can be disrupted if farmers continually ignore the quantity of crops from other rosella crops. Rosella farmers need to think about sustainable, efficient and targeted livelihood strategies in maintaining these commodities as centers.
e. Financial Asset
Financial asset is all financial resources that can be utilized and used by the community in achieving a livelihood. Financial Asset consists of publicly held private reserves or stocks as well as financial institutions and regular flows of funds (DfID, 2011).
Table 7. Financial Asset Index
No Indicator Value
1 Income level 0.56
2 Loan access 0.27
Source: Primary Data Processed (2022) and Adopted from (DfID, 2011; UNDP, 2017).
Rosella commodity is not the main commodity to support farmers' livelihoods.
However, there are commodities of rice, corn, organic rice and others that are cultivated. The findings of this study are in line with research (Warman & Kristiana, 2009), that the systematics of intercropping cultivation is expected to be able to maximize land area and increase income and increase agricultural land productivity.
Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id The income level of respondents from
rosella farming is quite vulnerable and is classified as below the Regional Minimum Wage (UMR) in the region which is above 2,000,000.
With a low level of farm income, farmer households will maximize their income by combining their activities (Karolina, Bakce, &
Yusri, 2016). In fact, the income that respondents have is not only from rosella plants as a leading commodity in Semen District, Kediri Regency.
However, there are several extra vocations that can supplement their income, such as porang farmers, turmeric growers, builders, and carpenters. Earning additional household money is a typical occurrence. This demonstrates the range of household income sources. Farmer household income is derived from a variety of sources that fluctuate with the seasons, labor markets, and family members' daily free time.
4.2. Pentagonal Asset Visualization
Pentagon assets is a tool to visualize and show asset changes dynamically over time through the constantly shifting shape of an asset from a pentagon (Kollmair & St. Gamper, 2002).
Ownership and use of livelihood assets will certainly combine various activities aimed at earning income and being able to sustain life, this is called a livelihood strategy (Saragih, 2007).
The visualization of asset characteristics that can be accessed by farmers based on their level of vulnerability is as follows:
Figure 2. Output Livelihood Vulnerability Index The picture above is an asset pentagon for the vulnerability level of rosella farmers in Semen District, Kediri Regency. The five capitals in the asset pentagon have a central point in the middle that connects access to capital (DfID, 2011). In the results of the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) analysis with image visualization through the asset pentagon, it is explained that the point closest to the value of 0 indicates the most vulnerable and low level of
assets in accessing livelihood assets. From the picture above, social Asset is an asset that is close to zero, showing the Asset with the highest level of vulnerability and human Asset is the asset that is the most away from zero, so that it is the least vulnerable and has access to good livelihood assets. This is in accordance with research conducted by (Thennakoon, 2012), the asset pentagonal shows the livelihood assets in what condition. The results of this study are different from this study, that social Asset has good asset conditions, while in this study access to social Asset is the most vulnerable, so it is necessary to formulate sustainable livelihood strategies.
4.3. Rosella Farmers' Sustainable Livelihoods Strategy Analysis
Sustainable livelihood strategies are all activities to manage and plan for changes that occur in life in order to achieve goals(DfID, 2011; Scoones, 2009). This research adopts the strategy of (White, 1991), where the livelihood strategies of this study include 3 strategies, survival strategies, consolidation strategies, and accumulation strategies. The results of the analysis are as follows:
Table 8. Sustainable Livelihoods Strategy Value Index
No Livelihood Strategy Value
1 Survival strategy 54%
2 Consolidation strategy 69%
3 Accumulation strategy 66%
Source of data: Processed Primary Data (2022) and Adopted from (DfID, 2011; Ellis, 2014;
UNDP, 2017; Wijayanti et al., 2016).
Based on the field conditions, it showed that rosella farmers are facing many challenges, especially commodity fluctuations. The need for a strategy in navigating life as a rosella farmer.
Rosella farmers as the foundation of the family economy need support from all family members.
This is in line with research from (Ellis, 2014), rural households in developing countries generally follow diverse livelihood strategies to maintain survival and reduce the risk of relying on one main source of income. The fluctuating economy is affected by price changes in rosella commodities Farmers are compelled to adapt the type of food they produce, particularly side dishes, as a survival strategy. Due to the effect of variations in income from rosella commodity prices, varieties of side dishes such as chicken
0 0,2 0,4 Modal Sosial0,6
Modal Manusia
Modal Fisik Modal Alam
Modal Finansial
Pentagonal Asset
and beef are being replaced by tofu, tempeh, and other sorts of cassava-based side dishes. The allocation of income earned has a big influence on the sort of food chosen; if farmers have excess income, they would choose varieties of side dishes such as meat (Prasetyoningrum, 2016).
Through a survival strategy, farmers try to fulfill their needs by farming rosella. Changes in food types occur when rosella farmers get fluctuating commodity prices. It can be concluded that the strategy used is to change the type of food. The impact of changing the type of food ingredients is that the level of income received by rosella farmers can be allocated to other sectors of livelihood needs. Survival strategies are useful in the context of poverty alleviation and the sustainability of farmers' livelihoods (Fang, Fan, Shen, & Song, 2014).
The consolidation strategy is a strategy for middle-income groups that focuses on the level of security and income stability (White, 1991).
On the other hand, field practice found that the choice of a consolidation strategy for sustainable livelihoods was in the form of additional side jobs carried out by farming households in order to increase income when the rosella commodity price occurred. Rosella farmers generally have livestock such as cows and goats in the amount of 1 head each by utilizing their home yards to be used as livestock grazing areas as an additional alternative to rosella farmers' income when prices are low. Dita et al., (2019), that the more ownership of livestock, of course, the level of income obtained by farmers will also increase.
Ownership of livestock has been going on for generations in order to increase household income. Households that carry out the accumulation strategy have the ability to accumulate capital and utilize all the resources they have (Wahyuningtyas, Purnomo, &
Ratnawati, 2017). The additional income will increase if there is more livestock ownership by rosella farmers, which is a positive impact of implementing the consolidation strategy.
An accumulation-based livelihood strategy is a strategy by utilizing household businesses in order to meet needs. The findings from the field of rosella farmers experience many shocks in facing their livelihoods. Therefore, rosella farmers choose to make non-agricultural investments and increase their savings, such as opening a grocery store, catering services and laundry services. They did this because investment in the agricultural sector, especially
rosella commodities, had a risk of price uncertainty. The agricultural sector is considered a sector that is vulnerable to economic shocks.
Farm households through an accumulation strategy when there is a shock in the economic sector will of course accumulate their wealth in the form of savings, wealth and investment to deal with uncertainty. On average, rosella farmers will open a business in the non- agricultural and non-rosella sectors because the agricultural sector is very risks as a result of the uncertainty of commodity prices. Pramono (2009), the seasonal nature of the agricultural sector and fluctuating commodity prices have an impact on farm income so that farmers will do additional non-farming work in their spare time.
The low level of income causes limited access to capital. Limited access to technology can be a factor in low income. The cause of low incomes can be due to lack of access to formal education so that competitiveness in some employment sectors is minimal.
5. Conclusion
The findings in research related to the condition of livelihood assets of rosella farmers in Pagung Village, Semen District, Kediri Regency, it was found that social capital was the capital with the highest level of vulnerability.
Through this analysis, rosella farmers often still receive assistance from other parties such as the government to meet their daily needs. This was triggered by the uncertain level of income due to fluctuations in rosella commodity prices.
Based on the results of investigations related to sustainable livelihood strategies for rosella farmers, it can be concluded that the most applicable strategy is a consolidation strategy.
This strategy can be applied by farmers because the side work carried out is in the form of raising cattle and goats. On the other hand, the implementation of the consolidation strategy is caused by the lack of access to livelihood capital for rosella farmers in a sustainable manner.
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