Rex Holmlin Mason School of Business, College of William and Mary, 101 Ukrop Way, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA. Vaidyanathan Jayaraman Department of Management, School of Business Administration, University of Miami, 33124 Coral Gables, FL, USA.
Editorial: Sustainable Supply Chains
Overview
Sustainable development is a global challenge that requires a coordinated response from all the world's communities. The megacities of the future are the only way in which the productivity of mass populations can be fully realized.
A Brief Evolution of Sustainability
It was established by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to “provide the world with a clear scientific picture of current knowledge about climate change and its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts.”8 The IPCC has published four assessments on climate so far - the fifth is on its way and will be published in 2014. While the current trajectory of government policy and organizational response to sustainable development is encouraging, it falls far short of the reductions recommended to maintain CO2 concentrations in the range of 445-490 ppm making much of humanity vulnerable to the risks of climate change.
How This Book is Organized
Efficiency measures include using less energy and water in the supply chain and reducing waste streams generated by procurement, production and distribution. Several models have emerged to address corporate sustainability – for example, William McDonough and Michael Braungart's "Cradle to Cradle" philosophy14 or a myriad of carbon reduction schemes – all of which provide guidelines for "closing the loop" in the supply chain.
By the Numbers: A Visual Chronicle of Carbon Dioxide Emissions
- Introduction
- Country Emissions
- City Emissions
- Sector Emissions
- Firm Snapshot: Apple Inc. 16
- Product Emissions
- Conclusions
- Appendix: Data Sources for the Visuals
- Figure 2.1
- Figure 2.2
- Figure 2.3
- Figure 2.4
- Figure 2.5
- Figure 2.6
- Figure 2.7
Much of the data is readily available from Apple's website: http://www.apple.com/environment. 60 W incandescent bulb (1 week) apple.com/environment 13 W CFL bulb (1 week) apple.com/environment Food Indian Thali Dinner http://www.eatlowcarbon.org/#.
Sustainable Supply Chains for Bio-Based Fuels and Chemicals
- Overview
- Biodomain Supply Chain and Stakeholders
- Economics of Sustainability and the Environment
- Social Dimension of Sustainability
- Broader Context of Supply Chains and Sustainability
- Summary
As an example of sustainable palm oil for biodiesel, Boons and Mendoza describe Holland's connection with Columbia as a consumer market and supplier in the palm oil supply chain for renewable energy (Boons and Mendoza2010). Validation or certification of the carbon intensity of the biofuel product is an important measure for this supply chain.
A method to recognize and reward the most carbon-efficient roads will be necessary to achieve the goals of the initiative. Transparency in assessment of footprint, and transfer of that information to all stakeholders involved in decision-making and optimization, plays a central role in developing efficient pathways to a truly renewable energy future.
Organizing for Sustainability: Exploratory Analysis of the Healthcare Industry
- Introduction
- Sustainability in Healthcare
- Key Components of Organizational Structure
- Method
- Findings
- Leadership
- Coordinating Mechanisms
- Standardization of Organizational Norms Through a Sustainability Vision
- Direct Supervision
- Mutual Adjustment
- Performance Measurement
- Conclusion
Ray Anderson, a pioneer in business sustainability, characterizes sustainability as a journey, "a long commitment that fundamentally changes an organization." The eight healthcare organizations examined in this study are at different places in their sustainability journeys. The key informants are leaders in the sustainability efforts at their organizations—the sustainability director or coordinator.
Supply Chain Network Design of a Sustainable Blood Banking System
Introduction
In this paper, we develop a multi-criteria system optimization framework for supply chain network design of a sustainable blood banking system. In particular, the sustainable supply chain network design model for blood banks developed here is novel for several reasons: (1).
The Sustainable Blood Banking System Supply Chain Network Design Model
Therefore, in our framework, λ+k includes, in the case of blood (as for other perishable products), the costs of short-term storage (cold storage) and the disposal costs of the obsolete product. The corresponding disposal costs, yes, are a function of the waste, wa, which is charged to the organization:.
The Algorithm and the Numerical Examples
- Explicit Formulas for the Euler Method Applied to the Sustainable Blood Supply Chain Network Design
As a result, the values of the total investment cost and the cost objective criterion were respectively 75,814.03, which were significantly higher than Example 1. Example 3 In this example, we assumed positive capacities for all the activities in the supply chain network. Furthermore, the respective values of the capacity investment cost and the cost criterion were 856.36 and 85,738.13.
Summary and Conclusions
We illustrated the model through several numerical examples, which vividly demonstrate the flexibility and generality of our sustainable supply chain network design model for blood banking systems. Nagurney A (2010b) Optimal supply chain network design and redesign with minimum total cost and demand satisfaction. Nagurney A, Masoumi AH, Yu M (2012) Supply chain network operations management of a blood banking system with cost and risk minimization.
From a Caged Tiger to a Sauntering Elephant
Sustainability as a Driver for Profit and Innovation in Indian IT Companies
Introduction
In an emerging economy like India, the IT industry which is often at the forefront of management practice has now become an active player in supporting sustainable economic development. 2010) suggest that "Information systems have been the greatest force for productivity improvement in the past half century." Clean technology includes technologies for pollution and waste minimization, as well as energy and natural resource efficiency that apply to various stages in the production, use and reuse of products and to the provision of service. IT companies saw the function of clean technology as eliminating the creation of pollution from the production process.
Laying the Foundation for Sustainability in IT Companies—the Emergence of Green IT
- Saving Money with Green IT
- Using Green IT for Competitive Advantage
- What is a Green Data Center?
- How to Make the DC Greener?
The first decade of the twentieth century saw rapid growth and change for data centers globally. A data center manager should have a clear idea of how the legacy environment is built for DC. Therefore, it is essential to quantify some of the KPIs for green DC that include overall IT performance and DC energy performance.
Sustainability Through LEED
The IT services industry thrives on data centers, and there is increasing pressure on the data center industry to deliver LEED-compliant data centers. IT infrastructure provider Netmagic's facility in Chennai is India's first Gold-rated LEED data center. It became the first company to be awarded this rating for the internal construction of the data center.13 With the increased awareness of this rating, comes a number of associated companies involved in consulting and certification.
E-waste Management
- Electronic Waste
- E-waste Management
- Impact of E-waste
- Impacts of Informal Recycling in India
- Status of E-waste Management in India
- Waste Management Strategies
- E-waste Policy and Regulation
- Extended Producer Responsibility
- E-waste Recycling
- Capacity Building, Training and Awareness Programs
- Summary
In this section of the chapter, we highlight the associated issues and strategies to address this emerging problem, in the light of initiatives in India. The lack of a safe e-waste recycling infrastructure in the formal sector and therefore reliance on the capabilities of the informal sector poses serious risks to the environment and human health. In principle, all the actors along the product chain share responsibility for the life cycle environmental impacts of the entire product system.
Building the Business Case for Profit and Innovation in Indian IT Companies
- Engaging the Smart “Green” Grid
- Cloud Computing
One of the most important upcoming trends in information technology is the concept of cloud computing. At the data center level, cloud computing's trend toward consolidation is paving the way for new energy efficiency standards, as discussed in the previous section. Increasing the density of hardware used and the introduction of cloud computing into the data management space are recognized as future trends in data center greening.
Going Forward
Acad of Manage Exec Mines C (2008) The dawn of Green IT services: A market overview of sustainability consulting for. Molla A Cooper VA, Pittayachawan S (2009) IT and eco-sustainability: Development and validation of a Green IT readiness model. Computerworld 9 October Watson RT, Boudreau M, Chen AJ (2010) Information systems and environmentally sustainable development: Energy informatics and new directions for the IS community.
Development of a LEED Certified Building—A Case Study
- Project Background and Overview
- Green Building History
- Miller Hall Sustainability and LEED Certification
- Lessons Learned
- Conclusion
Two-thirds of the project budget ($50 million) was provided by the private part of the partnership, and one-third ($25 million) was provided by the public entity of the partnership. As planning progressed, the project team also used the Construction Industry Institute (CII) Project Definition Rating Index (PDRI) to help evaluate the completeness of the project scope definition (Construction Industry Institute 1999). The strong support the project team received from the building committee was key to achieving LEED certification.
A Primer on E-Waste
What is E-Waste?
Figure 8.2 shows the sales of popular electronic products in the United States from 1990 to 20053 along with the "end of life" management for the year 2005 for these products. These units that are stored or recycled are not technically "retired" but will find their way into the waste stream in the future either from storage or after it is recycled. While e-waste only makes up 2-5% of municipal waste, it is the fastest growing form of waste not only in the US but also globally.
Why is E-Waste Such a Big Issue?
- Material Depletion
- Energy Required for Production
- Toxicity/Health Issues
- Global Trade
Figure 8.5a gives the CO2 emissions for both primary production and recycling operations for some of the common metals in EEE devices10. Life cycle analysis of EEE devices indicates that production is a significant part of the carbon footprint. Table 8.1 highlights some of the commonly occurring toxic substances in e-waste, their applications and their potential to cause human harm.
How Can E-Waste be Addressed? What are Countries Doing?
- Basel Convention
- Spot Light on EU’s WEEE/RoHS/REACH Legislation
The United Nations Environment Program works closely with businesses to identify and disseminate "best practices" as part of its efforts to advance this objective of the Basel Convention. Finally, perhaps the most important aspect of the Basel Convention is the control of hazardous waste across international borders. The new proposal sets mandatory collection targets equal to 65% of the average weight of EEE introduced to the market in each Member State over the two previous years.
What are Firms and Their Supply Chains Doing to Reduce E-Waste?
- Raw Material Use
- Elimination of Substances of Concern
- Manufacture and Use
- Take-Back
- Customer Education
- Retail and Manufacturer Programs
- National and International Initiatives
- Responsible Recycling
Take-back of a product - its recovery at the end of life - is an essential element in. Many retailers – in partnership with government agencies, NGOs and manufacturers – offer take-back programs for most EEE devices. 28http://www.nokia.com/corporate-responsibility/cr-report-2007/environment/products-and-services/take-back-and-recycling.
Conclusions
Product Take-Back Legislation and Its Impact on Recycling and Remanufacturing Industries
- Overview of Product Take-Back Legislation
- Literature on Product Take-Back in the Absence of Legislation
- Literature on Product Take-Back under Legislation .1 Product Take-Back under IPR-Type Legislation
- In-house Recycling
- In-House Remanufacturing
- Independent Remanufacturing
- Independent Recycling
- Product Take-Back under CPR-Type Legislation
- Environmental Legislation that Taxes Consumers
- Conclusions and Future Research Directions
However, this is not the end of the matter in the context of product take-back. 2009) is one of the first papers to examine the implications of take-back legislation through a stylized model motivated by the WEEE Directive. They are considering a scenario where the OEM has a product take-back program but is not involved in remanufacturing.
Product Disposition Decisions on Closed-Loop Supply Chains
- Introduction
- Base Linear Programming Model: Stable Demand, Return Quantity, and Quality
- Stochastic Programming Approach: Uncertain Returns Quality
- Uncertain Demands and Return Quantity
- Relationship with Product Acquisition
- Conclusions
At the beginning of the period, the firm receives returns, where B is a random variable with a continuous probability density function (pdf) denoted by fB(·), and a continuous cumulative distribution function (cdf) denoted by FB( ·). The firm then decides on the number of units to be reproduced zr, at a unit costcr, and the number of units to be dismantled zd, at a unit cost cd. The demand for reproduced products, sold at a unit pricePr, is a random variableDr with cdf denoted by Fr. They assume the interesting case kusr ≤ cr There are examples of labeling standards that lead to production cost savings because the label increases transparency between elements of the supply chain (Following the footprints2011). Regardless of the type (or mix) of benefit the consumer enjoys when purchasing a labeled product, the literature has shown that there are several key factors associated with consumer willingness to pay. Whether a performance-based label is superior to a traditional binary label really depends on the consumer's knowledge of the reliability attribute communicated by the label and the ease of measuring the performance attributes. However, the majority of product or service GHG emissions are often in the supply chain (sphere 3) – several orders of magnitude higher than firm-level emissions. Often firms in the supply chain use estimates - industry averages - to calculate this stage of the life cycle. Depending on the firm's overall goals - risk mitigation, cost savings, brand image, etc. - changes can be made to the supply chain that reduces the footprint. Introduction
Product Labeling, Consumer Willingness to Pay, and the Supply Chain
Carbon Foot Print of Products—Supply Chain Approach
Making the Business Case for Sustainability Related Investments Through a Single Financial
