Print ISSN 2777-0168| Online ISSN 2777-0141| DOI prefix: 10.53893 https://journal.gpp.or.id/index.php/ijrvocas/index
78
Synchronization of Poverty Reduction Program by TKPKD in Murung Raya District
Muliana
*, Muhammad Riduan Syafari & Muslih Amberi
Public Administration Study Program, University of Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
Email address:
[email protected] (Muliana),
*Corresponding author
To cite this article:
Muliana, Syafari, M. R. ., & Amberi, M. (2022). Synchronization of Poverty Reduction Program by TKPKD in Murung Raya District.
International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS), 2(2), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v2i2.181 Received: 06 25, 2022; Accepted: 07 22, 2022; Published: 08 17, 2022
Abstract:
In line with this, the phenomenon that occurred in Central Kalimantan Province with macro achievement indicators below the national rate, namely the poverty rate of 5.17%, the Gini index of 0.342 and the Open Unemployment Rate of 4%below the national rate of 5.13%. Open unemployment in Central Kalimantan is still dominated by residents aged 15-19 years (high school age) at 31.52%. Meanwhile, Central Kalimantan's economic growth of 6.74% is still above the national economic growth of 5.27% where the welfare of the poor tends to be stagnant when compared to the upper middle class. Murung Raya Regency is one of the Regencies in Central Kalimantan Province, the Regency Capital is located in Puruk Cahu, This Regency is a division of North Barito Regency in 2002 with an area of 23,799 km2 and a population of 111,500 people. In this case it can also be described the data on the Poverty Line, Number, and Percentage of Poor Population in Murung Raya Regency, 2017- 2021.
Keywords:
Murung Raya, Poverty, Reduction, TKPKD1. Introduction
It is hoped that Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government will provide greater possibilities for the public to have direct access to government and vice versa.
This is necessary in order to stimulate broad participation in planning and implementing development. It is hoped that this law will allow the regions to be more creative and innovative in developing their regions as well as developing an attitude of hard work and independence. For this reason, the implementation of regional government aims to accelerate the achievement of community welfare through improving services, empowerment and community participation, as well as increasing regional competitiveness by considering the principles of democracy, equity, justice and sincerity of a region within the system of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The efficiency and effectiveness of regional government administration needs to be increased by paying more attention to aspects of the relationship between the Central Government and the regions and between regions,
the potential and diversity of regions, as well as the opportunities and challenges of global competition within the unitary system of administering state government.
The law is also a challenge, in which regions are more required to develop local creativity to realize the welfare of their people. To achieve this, the region needs to gather various expectations and interests by involving all stakeholders. As a first step, the embodiment of these hopes for the future needs to be outlined in the form of a development plan. The implementation of regional government aims to accelerate the realization of community welfare through improving services, community empowerment and participation, as well as increasing regional competitiveness by considering the principles of democracy, equity, justice and the uniqueness of a region within the system of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Among the national development goals is to reduce poverty.
Poverty is a problem that is always faced by all countries in
the world. Overcoming the problem of poverty cannot be done separately from the problem of unemployment, education, health and other issues that are closely related to the problem of poverty. The high number of poor people demands concrete and fundamental steps to reduce this number. In other words, specific policies are needed to improve people's welfare through pro-poor programs or policies. Policies and programs for reducing poverty at a macro level are still not properly targeted and numbered, still oriented towards macroeconomic growth and positioning the community as an object so that the community is not involved in the entire process of reducing poverty.
The problem of poverty is a problem experienced by almost all regions, especially areas that are densely populated and areas that have limited natural resources. The Murung Raya Regency Government views poverty as a multidimensional and multi-sectoral problem that must be addressed immediately because it involves human dignity and worth, so the government is trying to solve the poverty problem with various poverty reduction programs carried out by the poverty reduction coordinating team in Murung Raya Regency.
Aspects and circumstances of poverty is a condition that indicates the inability of the community to meet basic needs, such as food, clothing, shelter, education and health. Poverty is also a deprived living condition experienced by a person or household, so that he is unable to meet the minimum or proper needs for his life. Further poverty is a nation's problem caused by various interrelated factors, including people's income levels, unemployment, health, education, access to goods and services, geography, gender and environment. Poverty can be understood as a failure to fulfill basic rights. Basic rights in general include meeting the needs for food, health, education, employment, housing, clean water, land, natural resources, the environment, a sense of security from treatment or threats of violence and the right to participate in social and political life.
Poverty in Indonesia is increasingly important to be addressed, through Presidential Decree Number 124 of 2001 junto Number 34 and Number 8 of 2002 a Poverty Reduction Committee (KPK) was formed which functions as a cross- actor forum in coordinating planning, coaching, monitoring and reporting of all prevention efforts poverty. To further sharpen the existence of the Poverty Reduction Committee, on 10 September 2005, 7 Presidential Regulations No. 54 of 2005 concerning the Coordinating Team for Poverty Reduction (TKPK) were issued.
The government's move to accelerate poverty reduction is the establishment of an institution, namely the National Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (TNP2K). TNP2K is an institution formed as a forum for cross-sector and cross- stakeholder coordination at the central level to accelerate poverty reduction. TNP2K was formed based on Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia number 15 of 2010 concerning accelerating poverty reduction. Then Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2010 also mandated the formation of a Regional Poverty Reduction Coordinating Team (TKPKD) at the Provincial and District/City levels. This team is a cross- sectoral and cross-stakeholder team at the Provincial,
District/City levels to accelerate poverty reduction at each regional level concerned. TKPK has the duty and responsibility to coordinate poverty alleviation in the regions and to control the implementation of poverty alleviation in the regions according to the decision of the National Team. The purpose of establishing the TKPK is to synergize the National program with programs made by the regions so that they can develop a Regional Poverty Reduction Strategy (SPKD).
The problem of the high number of poor people demands concrete and fundamental steps to reduce this number. In other words, it is necessary to synchronize specific poverty alleviation programs through the synchronization of poverty alleviation programs by TKPKD, in improving people's welfare through existing programs or policies in each regional apparatus. Policies and programs for reducing poverty at a macro level are still not properly targeted and numbered, still oriented towards macroeconomic growth and positioning the community as an object so that the community is not involved in the entire process of reducing poverty.
So far, many development programs from the government have aimed to reduce cases of poverty. These programs, such as the provision of Direct Cash Assistance (BLT), Raskin, BPNT, and others, poverty alleviation that has occurred so far have shown several paradigmatic mistakes.
First, it is still oriented towards the economic aspect rather than the dimensional aspect. Poverty alleviation by focusing attention on the economic aspect has proven to be a failure, because poverty alleviation which is reduced in terms of the economy will not represent the real problem of poverty. In the cultural context, the poor are indicated by institutionalized values such as apathy, apolitical, fatalistic (desperate), powerlessness, and so on. Meanwhile, in the context of structural or political dimensions, people who experience economic poverty are essentially experiencing structural and political poverty.
Second, it is more charitable (generosity) than productivity.
Poverty reduction that is only based on charity will not encourage the poor themselves to try to overcome their poverty. The poor will always depend on assistance provided by other parties. Whereas poverty alleviation programs should be directed so that they become productive. Third, positioning the poor as objects rather than subjects. Society should be used as a subject, namely as agents of change who are actively involved in poverty alleviation program activities. Fourth, the government as ruler rather than facilitator. The government should act as a facilitator, whose job is to develop the potentials of the community.
In line with this, the phenomenon that occurred in Central Kalimantan Province with macro achievement indicators below the national rate, namely the poverty rate of 5.17%, the Gini index of 0.342 and the Open Unemployment Rate of 4%
below the national rate of 5.13%. Open unemployment in Central Kalimantan is still dominated by residents aged 15-19 years (high school age) at 31.52%. Meanwhile, Central Kalimantan's economic growth of 6.74% is still above the national economic growth of 5.27% where the welfare of the poor tends to stagnate when compared to the upper middle
class.
2. Literature Review
Growing concern for poverty in the face of declining agricultural research budgets has increasingly required formal priority setting of public agricultural research in developing countries to ensure that scarce research resources are allocated in ways that will have the greatest impact on the poor[1].
Further household access to efficient and clean energy carriers is vital to alleviate poverty, because these energy carriers provide services that, inter alia, satisfy basic human needs (e.g. cooking and heating), improve productivity (e.g.
through mechanical power for pumping, transport or communication) and facilitate schooling (e.g. through illumination for reading at night or reduction of time spent on collecting fuelwood)[2].
A particularly important result is that poverty among minority households in treatment communes declined significantly more than it declined in control communes[3].
Households that could afford it often paid others to perform tedious and time-consuming work, such as fetching water and firewood, which released their own labour time for other activities[4].
However, reduction in the deprivation score is not so obvious yet, and the increase of household net income remains small[5]. Ending poverty is a top priority of the international development agenda, and governments worldwide have attached great importance to poverty alleviation measures[6].
Commercial Agriculture Development is widely seen as a pathway to agriculture commercialization, poverty reduction and pro-poor growth in developing economies[7].
Furthermore, poverty affects child health and well-being in short- and long- term ways, directly and indirectly influencing a range of health outcomes through linked social and environmental challenges[8]. The Committee found that packages of work-oriented and income support pro- gram are able to simultaneously reduce child poverty and increase the number of adult workers in low-income families. Costs of these policies are also considered[9]. Poverty alleviation programs, such as cash transfers and monetary grants, may not only lift people out of poverty but, some argue, may improve mental health as well[10].
Overall, the most prominent narrative was that poverty is the main determinant of physical IPV and that by reducing poverty, LEAP 1000 reduced conflict and violence in households and communities and improved emotional wellbeing. Participant narratives also supported pathways of reduced intra-household conflict and increased empowerment, as well as interplay between these three pathways.
However, partici- pants also reflected that cash transfers did not fundamentally change gender norms or reduce gender-role strain in a context of ongoing economic insecurity, which could limit the gender transformative potential and sus- tainability of IPV reductions[11].
3. Research Aims & Significance
3.1 Statement of the problem
Based on the above description of the context, the following topics will be addressed in this study:
1. How does the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordinating Team (TKPKD) synchronize the Poverty Reduction Program in the Murung Raya District?
2. What issues prevent the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordinating Team in the Murung Raya District from coordinating the Poverty Reduction Program?
3.2 Research objectives
The following are the aims of this investigation:
1. To examine the Poverty Reduction Program Synchronization by the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordinating Team (TKPKD) in the Murung Raya District.
2. Analyze the impediments to synchronization of the Poverty Reduction Program by the regional poverty reduction coordinating team in the Murung Raya District.
3.3 The advantages of research
The following are the benefits to be gained from this research:
1. Academically, it is anticipated that the results will be used as material for literature and literature and can contribute to writers' understanding.
2. Pragmatically, it is anticipated that the results of this study will be a contribution of thought to public service practitioners in developing policies and providing important information regarding the alleviation of poverty in the Murung Raya District.
3.4 For additional research
In order to serve as a comparison or as a foundation for future research on the issue of poverty alleviation, subsequent research is required.
4. Result and Discussion
3.1. Result
Poverty reduction is a policy and program of the central government and local governments, in the context of accelerating poverty alleviation according to Presidential Regulation number 15 of 2010, and according to Minister of Home Affairs Regulation number 42 of 2010, in the context of poverty reduction in the regions it is necessary to carry out cross-sectoral and cross-stakeholder coordination. interests in an integrated and sustainable manner, regulate work
procedures and work alignment, as well as develop institutional and human resources for provincial and district/city TKPKD.
Improvement and support in the implementation of the tasks and functions of the poverty alleviation coordinating team must ultimately be seen from the results in the form of increased synchronization of poverty alleviation programs, integration and complementarity of poverty alleviation programs between regional work units which determine whether poverty alleviation in the regions is effective or not, all regional poverty alleviation strategic design, therefore increasing bureaucratic support in TKPKD performance and poverty alleviation program performance is determined by how far the regional poverty alleviation strategy becomes a reference for planning programs by TKPKD.
The Government's Poverty Reduction Program implemented in Murung Raya Regency through three program groups, namely:
1. A group of social assistance and protection-based poverty alleviation programs, consisting of programs aimed at fulfilling basic rights, reducing the burden of living, and improving the quality of life of the poor.
2. Community empowerment-based poverty alleviation program groups to empower micro and small economic enterprises, consisting of programs aimed at developing the potential and strengthening the capacity of poor community groups to be involved in development based on the principles of community empowerment.
3. The poverty alleviation program group based on micro and small business empowerment consists of programs aimed at providing access to and strengthening the economy for micro and small- scale business actors. This program is implemented through People's Business Credit (KUR). MSMEs get business credit from state- owned banks, for example Bank BRI.
3.2. Discussion
Synchronizing the Poverty Reduction Program by the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordinating Team in Murung Raya Regency is carried out by combining and collaborating with the technical regional apparatus for the poverty reduction program which has been budgeted for in each regional apparatus so that in its implementation a process of cooperation is established between several people or organizations implementing the policy. to achieve policy goals such as reducing the number of poor people, increasing community empowerment and welfare.
Synchronization begins with a network of poverty alleviation actors (policy network), especially in the process of formulating policies and exchanging information related to poverty alleviation. In this network mechanism, there is a process of exchanging information and preferences, methods and strategies between poverty alleviation actors. Real synchronization in collaboration patterns, synchronization can
take the form of individual and organizational processes that combine and share resources (information, materials, human resources, expertise and so on), requires more experienced organizational commitment and involvement in building structures and sharing responsibility, for common goals or larger interests. In the synchronization carried out by TKPKD, it is the responsibility of each team according to their duties and functions and in the end, they can share together and share risks to achieve better joint results.
The synchronization of the poverty alleviation program by TKPKD in Murung Raya district is a combination of two or several poverty reduction policies (programs) so that a process of cooperation is established between several people or organizations implementing the policies accompanied by a combination of perspectives, resources and expertise from each of the stakeholders. policy actors, to carry out poverty alleviation programs by TKPKD and policy objectives such as reducing the number of poor people, increasing community empowerment and welfare.
In the framework of implementing the synchronization of poverty alleviation programs by TKPKD in Murung Raya Regency, there is already support in the form of:
1. Poverty reduction programs consisting of social assistance clusters, community empowerment clusters, and MSME empowerment clusters.
2. Policies related to poverty alleviation institutions and strategies that prioritize collaboration models, in Murung Raya District a Regional Poverty Reduction Coordinating Team for Murung Raya District has been formed.
3. Musrenbangdes Development Planning Deliberation Mechanism District Musrenbang which can be used as a forum for synchronization and synergy of poverty alleviation policies. At a practical level, program synergy can be developed, inter-program activity synergy, and actor (program implementer) synergy followed by sharing and a combination of owned resources.
5. Methodology
5.1. Research Approach
The research method employed in this research is descriptive qualitative research approach. As stated by Nawawi (1995: 64), the descriptive technique focuses on the problems or phenomena that existed at the time the research was conducted/actual difficulties, followed by a description of the facts pertaining to the issue under investigation and a rational interpretation. Thus, this study provides the facts and explains the situation of the object of research based on the facts as they are and tries to analyze to give the truth based on the data gathered.
5.2. Research sites
This research was conducted in the working environment of the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team, which is
the Murung Raya Regency in Central Kalimantan Province (TKPKD).
5.3. Sources of Information
The purpose of qualitative research is not to generalize.
Research subjects become informants who will supply varied information needed during the research process. Based on the preceding description, the researcher determines the informants using a technique called purposive sampling, which is taking informants on purpose, and the informants chosen are individuals who have a deep understanding of the problems to be examined. This study's informants included the Head and Secretary of the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD) of Murung Raya Regency, as well as six other TKPKD members from the same region. The informant matrix in this study, namely:
Tabel 5.1 Research Informant Matrix
No Name Information
1 Drs. Rejikinoor, S.Sos Position as Deputy Regent of Murung Raya as well as Chairman of the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD) of Murung Raya Regency
2 Ir. Pahala Budiawan, MM Position as Head of Bappeda Research and Development and Secretary of the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD) of Murung Raya Regency
3 Rusine,S.Pd, M.Pd Position of Head of Social Service and Member of the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD) of Murung Raya Regency
4 Asnawiyah, SE Head of the PMD Service and Member of the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD) of Murung Raya Regency
5 Ferdinan Wijaya, S.pt, M.Si Head of the Education Office and Member of the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD) of Murung Raya Regency
6 Paulus Manginte, ST,MT Head of PUPR Service and Member of the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD) of Murung Raya Regency
7 Ir. Pujo Sarwono Head of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Service and Member of the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD) of Murung Raya Regency
8 Dr. Suria Siri Head of the Health Office Member of the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD) of Murung Raya Regency
Sumber data: diolah
5.4. Sources and Data Collection Techniques
Sources and data collection techniques to be used in this study are:
5.4.1. Research Data Sources
The data sources in this study consist of primary data sources and secondary data sources, as for the description of the data sources, namely:
1. Primary data is research data obtained directly from original sources specifically collected by researchers to answer questions posed through a list of questions.
2. Secondary data is research data obtained indirectly through intermediary media such as information and publications or historical reports that have been compiled in documents/archives.
5.4.2. Research Data Collection Techniques
The primary data collection technique is data collection that is carried out directly at the research location. Primary data collection can be done in various ways, namely:
1. Interviews, namely data collection techniques that are carried out by asking questions directly to related parties with the aim of obtaining the required information. This interview method is intended for predetermined research informants. Informants who were interviewed in the context of collecting primary data for this study included:
a) Drs.Rejikinoor, S.Sos, as Head of the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD) of Murung Raya Regency.
b) Ir. Pahala Budiawan, MM, as Secretary of the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD) of Murung Raya Regency.
c) Rusine, S.Pd, M.Pd as the Head of the Murung Raya District Social Service and a member of the Murung Raya District Coordinating Team for Regional Poverty Reduction (TKPKD).
d) Asnawiyah, SE as Head of the Murung Raya Regency Village Community Empowerment Service and member of the Murung Raya Regency Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD).
e) Ferdinan Wijaya, S.Pt, M.Sc as Head of the Murung Raya Regency Education and Culture Office and member of the Murung Raya Regency Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD).
f) Paulus Manginte, ST, MT as the Head of the Murung Raya Regency Public Works and Spatial Planning Office and a member of the Murung Raya Regency Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD).
g) Ir. Pujo Sarwono as Head of the Agriculture, Fishery and Livestock Service Office of Murung Raya Regency and a member of the
Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team (TKPKD) of Murung Raya Regency.
h) Dr. Suria Siri as Head of the Murung Raya District Health Office and member of the Murung Raya District Coordinating Team for Regional Poverty Reduction (TKPKD).
In the interview, they were asked about the synchronization of the Poverty Reduction Program by the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordinating Team (TKPKD) in Murung Raya District, programs and activities that support poverty alleviation as well as factors that hinder the synchronization of poverty reduction programs by the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordination Team in the district. Great Mood.
2. The interview technique used is in-depth interviews.
In general, in-depth interviews are the process of obtaining information for research purposes by way of question and answer and face to face between the interviewer and the informant or the person being interviewed. This method is used with the aim that researchers obtain primary research data.
3. Observation, namely by making direct observations of the object of research and the synergy of regional poverty alleviation, then recording the symptoms found in the field related to the implementation of the poverty alleviation program by TKPKD.
Observations in this study used passive participatory observation, in which the author observed but was not involved in the activity. Observations or observations made by the author of TKPKD.
4. Documentation, namely data collection techniques using notes, photos, recordings or documents available at the research location as well as other sources relevant to the object of research while the documents needed are information data on poverty issues, information on community poverty alleviation programs implemented and information on synchronizing poverty alleviation programs.
5. Literature study, namely the collection of data obtained from books, scientific papers, as well as the opinions of experts who are competent and have relevance to the problem to be studied.
5.5. Data Analysis Techniques
According to Moleong (2006: 274) after primary data and secondary data are obtained, data analysis is carried out by examining all collected data, studying the data, compiling it in units which are then categorized at the next stage and checking the validity and interpreting it with analysis according to ability reasoning power of researchers to make research conclusions. According to Miles and Huberman (in Sugiyono, 2007: 243), there are several steps that must be followed in conducting data analysis, namely as follows:
1. Reducing data means summarizing, choosing the main things, focusing on the important things.
Thus, the reduced data will provide a clearer picture and make it easier for researchers to collect data. The process of summarizing, choosing, focusing on important things that happened in the field. Data reduction takes place continuously in line with the implementation of the research. Data reduction in the research process, produces a summary of notes from the field. Reduction is done through observation, documentation and interviews. At this stage the researcher sorts out which data are related and needed in the research and which are not. Next, the researcher separates unnecessary data and focuses on data that is really related to the research problem.
2. Data Presentation. In qualitative research, data presentation can be done in the form of brief descriptions, charts and relationships between categories. Presentation of data is a set of structured information that is useful to make it easier for researchers to understand the overall picture or a part of the research. By presenting data it will make it easier to understand what happened and plan further work based on what has been understood. Presentation of data is done by describing or explaining the results of interviews which are outlined in the form of descriptions with narrative text, and supported by documents, and photos or similar images.
3. Drawing conclusions and verification. The last stage in the data collection process is verification and drawing conclusions, which is interpreted as drawing the meaning of the data that has been displayed. The conclusion does not only occur during the data collection process but needs to be verified so that it can be truly accounted for. Draw conclusions and verify by looking for the meaning of each data obtained from the field. Drawing conclusions in this study was carried out by taking the essence of a series of research results based on observations, interviews and documentation of research results.
6. Conclusion
Based on the research results, related to the synchronization of poverty alleviation programs by the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordinating Team in Murung Raya Regency, it is concluded that:
1. Synchronization of poverty alleviation programs by the Regional Poverty Reduction Coordinating Team in Murung Raya Regency, is carried out through synchronization of coordination and communication related to existing poverty reduction programs and activities in each regional apparatus starting from the planning stage in implementing program activities carried out in each apparatus regions, so that the program of activities for poverty alleviation is right
on target in its implementation.
2. In carrying out the synchronization of the poverty alleviation program by TKPKD in Murung Raya district, there were still several factors that hindered the implementation of the synchronization of poverty alleviation programs, including the mindset of the people who still expected assistance so that they
seemed less independent, the
involvement/contribution of the role of the business community through the program was not yet optimal.
3. CSR towards problems or development needs in Murung Raya Regency.
Exertions to increase the synchronization of poverty alleviation programs by the Regional Coordinating Team for Poverty Management in Murung Raya Regency, include:
1. Synchronization of poverty alleviation programs by TKPKD in Murung Raya Regency, it is recommended to carry out technical guidance or training to regional apparatuses, especially those in charge of program development in terms of poverty data analysis so that they can be used as guidelines for poverty alleviation, so that in preparing poverty reduction programs/activities can be more can run optimally and can be felt by the community.
2. The role of the Regional Development Planning Agency (Bappeda) is recommended to be further enhanced, especially in providing suggestions and input related to the accuracy of activities and the suitability of the amount of the budget against existing policies so that the direction of development in an area is in line with the development goals of Murung Raya Regency.
3. The TKPKD chairman, in this case, is expected to have a strong commitment to creating a common perception among regional work units, so that the vision and mission for the development of Murung Raya Regency can be realized properly.
4. The Murung Raya Regency Poverty Reduction Coordinating Team is recommended to have data certainty regarding companies that carry out CSR programs and then carry out routine monitoring and evaluation of these companies.
5. Policies, institutions and strategies to support the synergy of poverty alleviation programs in the form of implementation of operational activities between and across SKPDs on targets are carried out by efforts to integrate across SKPDs through collaboration, coordination and communication.
6. Mechanism of Development Planning Consultation (Musrenbang) which can be utilized as a forum for synchronization and synergy of poverty alleviation policies.
Acknowledgements
The author appreciates the referees' thoughtful and
constructive criticism.
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