Table S2. Meta-regression analysis results

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Variate Dummy variables Coefficient 95% CI P-value

Year 0.0154 (-0.0093; 0.0401) 0.2212

Country Asia

North America -0.1435 (-0.4464; 0.1594) 0.3530 Europe 0.3258 (-0.0252; 0.6769) 0.0689 Africa -1.4465 (-1.9975; -0.8955) < 0.0001^*

Study design -0.0083 (-0.3950; 0.3785) 0.9666

Subgroup analysis Ⅰ

Ⅱ -1.4921 (-1.8633; -1.1209) < 0.0001^*

Ⅲ -0.9184 (-1.3221; -0.5147) < 0.0001^*

Disease Others

PC/CP+AP 0.0559 (-0.2970; 0.4088) 0.7563 PDAC/CP+AP 0.1963 (-0.2133; 0.6059) 0.3476 IPMN 0.2718 (-0.2844; 0.8280) 0.3382 Diabetes -0.2704 (-1.1303; 0.5895) 0.5377 PC/AIP -0.1710 (-0.8646; 0.5226) 0.6290

Number of participants 0.0002 (-0.0001; 0.0005) 0.1251

Males/Females 0.0878 (-0.0716; 0.2472) 0.2802

Age -0.0002 (-0.0052; 0.0049) 0.9443

Thresholds 0.0053 (0.0008; 0.0099) 0.0217^*

Notes:

① R²(amount of heterogeneity accounted for) = 48.39%

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② *: the source of heterogeneity (P < 0.05);

③ Study design: including prospective and retrospective studies

④ Subgroup analysis: Ⅰ: studies with healthy controls; Ⅱ: studies with benign (non-cancer) pancreatic disease controls; Ⅲ: studies with mixed (non-cancer patients and healthy individuals) controls