A TALE OF TWO CITIES BY CHARLES DICKENS: A CULTURAL HEGEMONY ANALYSIS
Dirgantari Rafi1 Mela Anggraini2 Dion Tira Erlangga3
English Literature English Education [email protected] [email protected] Abstract
Cultural hegemony is the mastery of the middle class and governing groups among the lower divisions. In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens expresses the effects England and France, and manifests the tyrannical events of French Revolution. The beginning of A Tale of Two Cities asserts extreme tyranny and a violation of aristocrats as well as its ending through which the rebels punish sovereigns and the king after the French Revolution. . there are many signs of rule in the novel, although the lawful instruments such as military, institutions, the army and as easily as the spies search for anyone and anything, are not capable to perform their work successfully, since such lawful organizations are in the favor of the bourgeoisie. the main purpose of the researcher is to describe the characteristics of the main character with social Phenomenon and Hegemony theory.
Key words: Cultural Hegemony, Antonio Gramsci, A tale of two cities novel
INTRODUCTION
Literature especially fiction is the world that made by probability [1], [2], also said to be the world in the word [3], [4]. Nevertheless, the possibilities contained in the literature is not just an non sense imagination and made up of the author [5], [6], [7]. The relationship between literature (as an imaginary pproduct), society (as a place of literary develop), and author as literary producer is a very meaningful relationship [8], [9]. Meaningfulness of those is seen from the mutual influence between those three aspects [10], [11]. In other words, literature does not just fall from the sky or just disorganized work by the author itsels [12], [13], [14]. The relationship between writers, literature and society is not something sought after [15], [16]. In this case, [17] states that literature is a form of creative and productive activities in producing a work that has a sense value aesthetic and reflects the social reality of society [18], [19]. The existence of relationship between literature, society and literature that appears in a text depends on how a writer implements the experience of life into his literary work [20], [21]. As stated by [22] literature is the reflection of society. In this connection, it is quite possible that the literary life experience and all the cultural contexts surrounding it will inspire the whole fabric of events in his
work [23], [24]. Or it could be life experience is just as a step to 'jump' higher in the wandering of his imagination [25], [26]. Thus, as a logical effect of that relationship will bring up the different levels and types of truths that are presented in literature and truth in the real world [27]. Furthermore, a literary work is often found created based on social condition that the author live on [28], [29]. It can disscuss about power, culture, norms, values etc. They are put as ingredients of literary production [30].
Charles Dickens (1812-1870), a journalist, philanthropist and writer, was an advocate of social change in Victorian England. Although the Victorian Era can be seen as a great social reforming age, according to [31], [32], the pace of reform was very slow [33], [34].
He wanted to improve workers‟ circumstances because he had experienced a poor financial position himself [35], [36]. As a boy, he had worked in a shoe polish store and experienced the squalor of that working-class life [37], [38]. Dickens was part of a middle class family but his father had lost the family‟s property forcing their family to live the working class life [39], [40]. The experiences of dispossession provided Dickens with the energy he needed to advocate social changes in Victorian England [41], [42], [43]. Charles Dickens wrote A Tale of Two Cities in 1859 and this work can be read as an appeal for social renewal in English society. The book remains very popular and is the most reprinted book of Charles Dickens‟ oeuvre (Águstsdóttir 63) [44]. The story is set in both Paris and London between 1775 and 1794 but contains flashbacks that go further back into the past.
In Paris, the oppression of the poor people ultimately leads to the French revolution as the reader becomes a witness to all the chaotic violence that is done out of vengeance toward the French aristocracy [45], [46]. Cultural hegemony is most strongly manifested when those ruled by the dominant group come to believe that the economic and social conditions of their society are natural and inevitable, rather than created by people with a vested interest in particular social, economic, and political orders [47].
Nowadays, literary work has extended into media which retell about life experience in the real life, even further it could be mirror for social condition [48]. Novel is one form literary works that give rise to values positive for the reader so they are sensitive to problems which is related to social life and encourage to behave that good [49], [50]. Novel is considered as a reflection an age that can reveal aspects social, cultural, political, and economic [51]. The novel is also an expression social phenomena in these aspects life that can be used as means of human knowing and his time [52], [53]. Real life of the author is
influencing the world in author‟s novel, so we can see and learn about life from a novel.
Through novel, readers can get informations or issues within society such as hegemony [54]. Generally, hegemony is a big word for a fairly simple idea. In simpler words, when social powerful people use their influence to convince less powerful people. Therefore, it makes people who less powerful do what is actually hegemony people interest or command [55], [56]. Hegemony concept attempt to explain how groups with power(hegemons) can maintain their pole position (control). Power is ability to influence or control the behavior of people [57]. Somehow power is used by group who dominant or have a position that makes them trustworthy [58], [59], [60]. For example in our world, we have the structure of institution or organization that inside there is people who have power to control the society (hegemons). That is government. Government have function as an institution that manages the state or nation under their governance by making rules that are supported by ideology of government should run rules that purpose to bring the nations to welfare according to the system that they use [61], [62].
Based on the discussion above, one of the novels that portrays about hegemony is Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities based on Antonio Gramsci theories, including the presentation of cultural hegemony, domination, consent, and the mapping of language and intellectuality in Hegemony [63], [64], [65]. Gramsci's ideologies about cultural hegemony manifest the supremacy of one division over another class of society in which the bourgeoisie imposes their power over lower class and diffuse their ideologies, opinions, and values [66]. Events, such as consent, political domination, and intellectual are broad elements that can be seen in Charles Dickens‟s A Tale of Two Cities (1859) [67], [68].
Therefore, this paper in intended to give detail explanation and description related with Hegemony in Charles Dickens‟s A Tale of Two cities Novels. In sum, cultural hegemony, or our tacit agreement with the way that things are, is a result of socialization, our experiences with social institutions, and our exposure to cultural narratives and imagery, all of which reflect the beliefs and values of the ruling class [69], [70].
This paper uses hegemony theory. it is the main consent to the rule of dominant group that exists in an area or a country that is carried out through the spreading of dominant ideologies through social structure in our society such as education, media, family, religion, politics, and law, among others by pursuing people into the norms, values, and beliefs of the dominant social group that group rules all others.
METHOD
The method used in this study, using a qualitative method commonly used in literary studies and also become an important part in the research of the social sciences. According to Patton (2002: 131) quoted in the book "Popular Fiction: The Theory and Method of Study, Ida Rochani Adi" No consensus exists about how to classify the wariest of qualitative research (no agreement on how to classify the various types of qualitative research) it can be interpreted that this qualitative research can use any approach as long as the approach is justified in the research. In connection with this research in the form of literature that is reviewed based on sociological aspects, the main purpose of the researcher is to describe the characteristics of the main character with social Phenomenon and Hegemony theory. there are many signs of rule in the novel, although the lawful instruments such as military, institutions, the army and as easily as the spies search for anyone and anything, are not capable to perform their work successfully, since such lawful organizations are in the favor of the bourgeoisie. The principles and principles are not frail or fragile and compel people to interpret the rules, not through compulsion, merely by imposing their political orientation, culture, and value. Although the Charles‟s trial in England was mistaken, the French Tribunal is stated as even more horrible, a general background of justice.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Nowadays, humans are living in society where there are some form of power structures control them or defined as government or kingdom in some rural areas. We are as the society in a country that is governed by the government or some shape of hierarchy.
Whether it is corporations, companies or the wealthy are generally those who hold greater power than less power people. Hegemony is another form of Antonio Gramsci described as cultural figure of power or leadership. As social issue inside society, hegemony is a theory that Antonio Gramsci developed based on Karl Marx‟s earlier concept that the dominant ideology of society reflected the beliefs and interest of the ruling class. “Hegemony is a theory that describes a global system of dominance and control. Its presence results in the initiation of a system that parallels the interest of the hegemonic actor”.
At the beginning of novel, Dickens primarily describes the dark and light situation of London and Paris. More to the point, he clarifies that Dr. Alexandre Manette‟s
imprisonment not only had been falsely incarcerated in the Bastille but also he had been left in that location to die. In 1775, Mr. Jarvis Lorry, an official of Tellson's Bank in London infers that her father, Dr. Alexandre Manette, who was lost eighteen years ago, is still alive. On arriving in Paris, they found him in the house of Defarge. The magnet has aged prematurely, and has lost both his memory and his interest. Mr. Lorry and Lucie take her father back to London. With love and passion, Lucie organizes to be attentive of her father back to wellness and awareness. Five years later, in 1780, a young Frenchman, named Charles Darnay, is sentenced for being a traitor and a spy. All the same, it is Sydney Carton in the courtroom, who shows the similarity between the prisoner and himself to the defense lawyer Mr. Stryver. The jury thus realizes that it could be a pattern of incorrect identity, and Darnay is acquitted. After a few years, and both Darnay and Carton fall in love with Lucie Manette. Lucie gets married with Darnay, who is a French bourgeoisie and repudiated his inheritance and now survives in London under an organized name and works as a teacher. His uncle, the Marquis St. Evremonde, is an infamous man for his over coercion and inflection. The French Revolution breaks out in all its rage with the storming of the Bastille. Darnay secretary returns to Paris to save his faithful servant, Gabelle.
Darnay is seized and jailed.
From explanation above, it means that hegemony is the main consent to the rule of dominant group that exists in an area or a country that is carried out through the spreading of dominant ideologies through social structure in our society such as education, media, family, religion, politics, and law, among others by pursuing people into the norms, values, and beliefs of the dominant social group that group rules all others in. Furthermore, hegemony is an idea that attaches people life in society, this idea runs when socially powerful people use their influence to convince less powerful people, it is powerful people goal to make sure that those who less powerful do what is actually their best interest through political power, as Middleton (2010) states that hegemony is political power that flows from intellectual and moral leadership, authority or consensus as distinguished from armed force, it means that hegemony is more intellectual method to pursue control over any particular class or structure within society. In order to understand Gramsci and the concept of hegemony, one has to look briefly at the work of Karl Marx. Marxism viewed everything in life as determined by capital. (Williams, R. 1977) The flow of money affects our relations with other people and the world surrounding us. Marx stated that everything
around us, our activities and way of life is determined by economic content. According to Marxism, men find themselves born in a process independent of their will, they cannot control it, they can seek only to understand it and guide their actions accordingly.
According to Gramsci, hegemony never disappears but is constantly changed. He describes two forms of social control. The first type is coercive control which is achieved through the use of direct force or threat of force. (Simon, R. 1992) The second type is consensual control which arises when individuals voluntarily adopt the worldview of the dominant group. (Simon, R. 1992)Gramsci says that within civil society, the dominant group exercises hegemony which is intellectual domination over the subordinate group or consensual control, whereas in political society, domination is exercised through state or juridical government or coercive control. (Gramsci, A. 1971) These functions are very much interlinked in the sense that intellectual domination is usually preceded by political domination. Social hegemony and political government are enforced historically in which the dominant group enjoys its position because of its function in the world of production and legally by state coercive power which enforces discipline on groups that do not consent. (Gramsci, A. 1971) This gives rise to a division of labor or specialization and to a whole hierarchy of qualifications.
Cultural Hegemony of A Tale of Two Cities‟ Characters
At all events, the fact that the state/government, conceived as an autonomous force, should reflect back its prestige upon the class upon which it is based, is of the greatest practical and theoretical importance, and deserves to be analyzed fully if one wants a more realistic concept of the state itself (1971:545). This predomination must have coherent economic backgrounds, meaning that if hegemony is artistic, religious, and educational it should have economic bases. Ruling class, including Manette who is really weakened by the murderous action of Marquis and French aristocrats, has insulted some characters in A Tale of Two Cities. Bloom describes Manette as: When we consider Dr. Manette‟s conduct, however, we find that, whether Dickens consciously intended it to be or not, the doctor of Beauvais is a good psychiatrist, at least in the handling of his own illness. His shoemaking is superficially pictured as a symptom of mental regression and decay, but in its inception, it must have been a sign of rebellion against madness rather than a symptom thereof. Shoemaking, truly an example of vocational therapy, was the only contact with
reality that his distracted mind, otherwise cut from reality, possessed.Charles Dickens describes the trial of Darnay as a very sensitive moment for him and viewers in the court:
Silence in the court! Charles Darnay had yesterday pleaded Not Guilty to an indictment denouncing him (with infinite jingle and jangle) for that he was a false traitor to our serene, illustrious, excellent, and so forth, prince, our Lord the King, by reason of his having, on divers occasions, and by divers means and ways, assisted Lewis, the French King, in his wars against our said serene, illustrious, excellent, and so forth (Jones 80). Gramsci expresses that the governing class was able to spread its beliefs in institutions, schools, and popular culture, which implied that the coercion was only one dimension of domination, the other being consensus, or leadership, which invariably goes to some phase of spontaneous interests. While Gramsci still searched the invention of a proletarian hegemony, he advertised a new sense for understanding existing hegemony.
Gramsci‟s work can substitute the hegemony of a year with the hegemony of a dominant group, and, by discussing that the current hegemony is more cultivated, decentralized, and stronger than domination by a ruling group. This text file is issued because it keeps people cautious against the hegemonic systems in the present lawful system that prevent alternative classifications that might put up an intimate appropriate with collective obligations to liberalism, justice, health.
In A Tale of Two Cities Sydney Carton is under the domination of Stryver who is constantly about to despise him. Carton's nickname is jackal which insults him in the face of other, Stryver is called as a lion. Stryver sees himself as a lion and Carton as the jackal.
Bloom describes Carton as, “he may be a jackal, but not by choice. He is a man of good abilities and good emotions, but incapable of his own help and his own happiness” (107).
In short, he is not naturally a jackal; instead of the London and Paris mob, he is not nourished by vengeance and slaughter. Stryver works scarce and walks honorably in the sunlight, while Carton quickly traces scraps at night. Though certainly more intelligent than Stryver, Carton requires social beauties and the taste of victory, and will never match Stryver‟sachievement.The climax of domination of aristocracy appears among St.
Evremonde family and particularly Marquis, who supposes cruelty as fantasy. His class is stupid and all the people are naught to him. Marquis runs over a kid and kills him by a carriage horribly, but he does not care about what was going on and get a funny looking to commoners around children. Then Evremonde believes, “repression is the only lasting
philosophy. The dark deference of fear and slavery, my friend, observed the Marquis, will prevent the dogs obedient to the whip, as long as this roof, facing up to it, shuts out the sky” (Dickens 142). Gramsci expresses that the individuals voluntarily consent to a social system that makes them alienated and weakened. He also stressed that the role-plays a noteworthy part in saving this consent. At the same time, he was mistaken that a specific class of the middle class created hegemony. Gramsci‟s work can substitute the hegemony of a year with the hegemony of a dominant group, and, by discussing that the current hegemony is more cultivated, decentralized, and stronger than domination by a ruling group. This text file is issued because it keeps people cautious against the hegemonic systems in the present lawful system that prevent alternative classifications that might put up an intimate appropriate with collective obligations to liberalism, justice, health.
However, the Charles‟s trial in England was mistaken; the French court is shown every bit even more disastrous, a general theme of justice. The reported text of the opening indictment‟s insolent pre judgment of Darnay (according to the original transcript of the De La Motte trial) is lent pace and play through its pressure of the opening mission, as Charles Dickens describes the trial of Darnay as a very tender moment for him and observers in the courtyard, “silence in the courtroom! Charles Darnay had yesterday pleaded not guilty to an indictment denouncing him (with infinite jingle and jangle) for that he was a false traitor to our serene, illustrious, excellent, and so forth” (qtd. in Jones 80).
The intellectuals intend to make the social hegemony of a year, their domination is as the conformity in the generative world, and their instrument for those classes is consent whether actively or inactively. Distribution of intellectuals and developing ideologies across groups in the community has the expressed goal of changing a society‟s culture. The thought continues, then, that the change in culture will cause a transformation in rules and leadership, with those in power subjected to others that interest dominance. Gramsci tried to constitute intellectuals organic to the lower class by a number of the usual instruments.
His involvement is not briefly to generate philosopher; he looked to increase the consciousness of all lower strata. In A Tale of Two Cities, Stryver tries to be dominated in the cosmos. He is regardless of sacrifice for the others and only sees himself. Carton interestingly makes himself a servant to Stryver. He is sacrificing his existence for no reason, which is a case of self-murder. This exchange establishes a distinctive part of Carton‟s personality. He always sacrifices for others, never searching the authentic, as
Stryver would. Because you know, Sydney, said Mr. Stryver, looking at him with piercing eyes and say, “do you know, I rather believed, at the time, that you sympathized with the gold-haired wench, and were ready to determine what happed to the gold-haired doll?”
(Dickens 104). Gramsci concentrates on words that are constituted withpowers. Gramsci‟s thoughts have been efficient to analyze how power operates within these societies. His belief of hegemony implies some of the phenomena that the term of ideology describes but adds to ideology a concentration on institutions and actions as well as beliefs and ideological systems. Gramsci continues in elaborating his belief of language, which in language, at that place is a particular assumption of the cosmos.
CONCLUSION
Hegemony is the main consent to the rule of dominant group that exists in an area or a country that is carried out through the spreading of dominant ideologies through social structure in our society such as education, media, family, religion, politics, and law, among others by pursuing people into the norms, values, and beliefs of the dominant social group that group rules all others. in.Gramsci considers the constitution of common people through political and cultural instruments, as though they are under control or pressure of hegemonic forces, whether by coercion or consensus. The rulers use consensus models rather than exert coercion and punishment to achieve their favorable goals. Gramsci also states the inseparability of coercion and consent.
In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens expresses the effects England and France, and manifests the tyrannical events of French Revolution. The beginning of A Tale of Two Cities asserts extreme tyranny and a violation of aristocrats as well as its ending through which the rebels punish sovereigns and the king after the French Revolution. Dickens also shows the ideals of the aristocracy with highlighting the function of cultural hegemony in France and England. Gramsci illustrates that the upper floors by way of indirect control over the mass media, educate their own feelings and values in society because domination is often taken out by means of consent, not compulsion. Ultimately, this research looks for the signs of cultural hegemony, and depicts the alarming events of French Revolution.
Most of the novel‟s characters are virtually below the political power of aristocrats who impose their culture and beliefs to the commoners in order to keep their aristocracy.
Stryver tries to dominate in the world. He is careless of sacrifice because he is very a selfish man. Carton interestingly makes himself a servant to Stryver.
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