Effect of the solar drying process on the sensory and chemical quality of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) grown in Antioquia, Colombia. To achieve this goal, a mathematical model for the alcoholic fermentation of cocoa beans has been developed.
PEMUPUKAN KAKAO
The more laborious 100% hand pollination of the whole tree increases yield/tree by 161%, and farmer's annual net income from 994 USD/ha to 1,677 USD/ha, or 69% in the study area, after accounting for farm operation, hand pollination labor , and opportunity cost. Net financial returns on fertilizer applications in years with unfavorable weather and farms with poor management were negative.
MARKETING KAKAO
This study assessed farmers' knowledge and attitude towards non-market ecosystem services provided by trees on cocoa farms. Keywords: Economic values; Integration of trees; Trees on the farm; Cocoa farms; Non-market ecosystem services; Ghana.
PETANI KAKAO
Our study focuses on income diversification of cocoa farmers in Ghana as a strategy to cope with climate change. The root problem reluctance cocoa farmers to ferment cocoa beans market cluster is a cluster focus issues and knowledge of farmers is at the root problem of the factors that farmers in the fermentation of cocoa beans. The role of shade trees in influencing farmers' adoption of cocoa agroforestry systems: Insight from semi-deciduous rainforest agro-ecological zone of Ghana, NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, Volume.
Abstract: Farmers' growing desire for a shade-free cocoa system has renewed skepticism about the impact of research on farmer adoption of cocoa agroforestry. In this study, we assess farmers' perception of shade trees and how this affects their adoption of cocoa agroforestry. Econometric analysis of the data shows that more than 90% of cocoa farmers are exposed to the negative impacts of climate change.
Emphasis was placed on examining factors that increase or derail the sustainability of cocoa farmers' livelihoods.
HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TANAMAN KOPI
Characterization of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in two species of coffee leaves (Coffea arabica L.) and its interaction with a inducing fraction of the orange rust fungus (H. vastatrix Berk and Br.) race II. Microsomal pellets g) from the susceptible (Caturra) and resistant (Colombia) coffee leaf varieties were purified by distribution in an aqueous phase with two polymers DEX (6.3% w/w) and PEG (6.3% w/w). Plasma membrane vesicles were preferentially located in the PEG phase, as indicated by the distribution of the enzyme markers.
Both H + -ATPase activities exhibited similar kinetic and biochemical characteristics, comparable to those described for P-type ATPases. Studies were thus carried out on the effects of fungal fractions on H+-ATPase and both types of proton pump activities.
PEMROSESAN COFFEA ARABICA
A higher incidence of filamentous fungi was observed in the coffee swept from ground and liquid coffee samples. Abstract: The chemical composition of the coffee beverage is extremely complex, consisting of hundreds of volatile and non-volatile compounds, many of which are generated in the thermal reactions that occur during the roasting process. The aim of this work was to compare traditional Brazilian Arabica coffee varieties (Bourbon, Catuaí and Icatu) with modern Arabica varieties (IAPAR 59, IPR 98, IPR 99 and IPR 103) produced under the same edafo-climatic conditions.
In the present study, the main aromatics of medium roast (MRC) and dark (DRC) Turkish coffee beverages were studied using GC-MS-olfactometry. A total of 26 and 28 key odorants were detected in the MRC and DRC samples, respectively, with flavor dilution factors (FD) ranging between 4 and 2048. The highest FD factor (2048) was found for 2-ethyl-3 ,5- dimethylpyrazine and 2-ethyl-3-methyl pyrazine in MRC and DRC production samples, respectively.
A higher amount of chlorogenic acids (CGA) was determined in MRC compared to DRC using LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS.
PEMROSESAN COFFEA CANEPHORA
Abstract: The effect of coffee cherry quantity set out for sun drying on drying kinetics, chemical component variation, fungal growth and ochratoxin A production was evaluated. The slowness of the drying led to the increase in fungal development and ochratoxin A production in the cherries. The slowness of the drying also led to the acidification of the cherries (pH and the deterioration of their chlorogenic acid content, while any significant difference was observed for their caffeine content, regardless of the drying period.
35 Effects of drying on physical properties, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Robusta wet coffee pulp (Coffea canephora). This study aimed to determine the impact of different drying conditions of the three common drying methods, including low temperature and pressure, vacuum and hot air drying, on the physical, phytochemical and antioxidant properties of WCP to identify the most suitable drying conditions. The browning index, moisture content, total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), proanthocyanidins and chlorogenic acid, as well as the antioxidant properties of the dried coffee pulp, were significantly affected by different tested conditions.
Therefore, vacuum drying (3.75 mmHg) at 110 °C for 4h 05 min was suggested for dehydration of the wet coffee pulp for subsequent recovery and processing.
PENGOLAHAN TEH HITAM
Research into free amino acids, bioactive and neuroactive compounds in different types of tea and the effect of black tea processing. The effects of black tea processing stages (withering, rolling, fermenting and drying) on these compounds were also investigated. GC-MS based metabolomic study reveals dynamic changes of chemical compositions during black tea processing.
Summary: The chemical composition of black tea during tea processing is in a state of flux. A new technology for the production of instant tea powder from the existing black tea manufacturing process. During black tea processing, theaflavins (TFs) and thearubigins (TRs) are generated by the sequential oxidation of catechins by endogenous polyphenol oxidase (PPO)- or peroxidase (POD)-mediated reactions.
Among these POD/PPO genes, POD CsGPX3 is involved in the generation of TFs during black tea processing.
PENGOLAHAN TEH HIJAU
Here, we propose the application of the ultrasound-assisted ultrafiltration process for the purification of phenolic compounds from green tea extract. Processing of green tea paste with micro wet milling system: Influences of physicochemical and functional properties. Abstract: This study aimed to develop green tea paste using a novel micro wet milling (MWM) system.
The temperature-dependent rate constants of ascorbic acid and color of green tea paste followed the Arrhenius relationship. Keywords: green tea paste; Micro wet grinding; Green color; solubility; A kinetic study; Total viable count. The steaming process is the most important step for producing high-quality green tea products.
Characterization of aroma compounds and their biochemical formation in green tea by low temperature storage process.
PEMUPUKAN TANAMAN TEH
Optimizing reduced use of chemical fertilizers in tea gardens based on assessment of associated environmental and economic benefits. Application of organic fertilizers improves microbial community diversity and changes microbial network structure in tea (Camellia sinensis) plantation soils. Here, it was hypothesized that organic manure (OF) treatment would significantly improve microbial diversity and alter microbial community structure, leading to the support of more soil ecosystem functions in tea plantations.
It was found that OF treatment could improve the microbial diversity, change the microbial network structure and improve the potential ecosystem function in tea plantation soil. Effects of organic substitution for synthetic N fertilizer on soil bacterial diversity and community composition: a 10-year field trial in a tea plantation. 56 Effects of ammonium-based nitrogen addition on soil nitrification and nitrogen gas emissions depend on fertilizer-induced changes in tea plantation soil pH, Science of The Total Environment, Volume.
However, how soil acidification and nitrification are interactively affected by different NH4+-based fertilizers in tea plantations remains unclear.
PENGAIRAN PADA TANAMAN TEH
Changes in growth, biochemical and chemical characteristics and alteration of antioxidant defense system in the leaves of tea clones (Camellia sinensis L.) under drought stress. Thirteen-year-old tea plants at the Shahid Eftekhari Fashalam Experimental Station, Iran's Tea Research Center, were exposed to drought stress by withholding water for 40 days. The effects of drought stress were measured by studying physiological (relative water content), biochemical (proline and total sugar content) and antioxidant activities (catalase and peroxidase) after 20 days and 40 days of drought.
Green leaf yield and chemical parameters included total polyphenol, caffeine, water extract and total ash were measured after 40 days of drought stress. 60 Time course of photosynthesis and non-structural carbon compounds in the leaves of tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) in response to deficit irrigation,. Abstract: Tieguanyin tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) are commonly grown at high altitude for good quality of tea product.
This implied that leaf chl a/b ratio could serve as an indicator of water stress in Tieguanyin tea plants.
HAMA PENYAKIT TANAMAN TEH
The presence of tea extracts in meals did not prevent workers of all three species from visiting and feeding in the presence of their favorite foods. In the agricultural sector, these impacts of climate change are significantly affecting plant growth and productivity, and tea is no exception to these impacts. As a result of these climate changes, there has already been a paradigm shift in the overall pest scenario associated with tea in recent years.
Pathogenicity of a baculovirus isolated from Arctornis submarginata (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae), a potential pest of tea growing in the foothills of Darjeeling, India. Identification of cytochrome P450, odorant-binding protein, and chemosensory protein genes involved in the biosynthesis and transport of type II sex pheromones in the tea bug, Scopula subpunctaria. Abstract: Sex pheromone-based pest control technology is widely used to monitor and control insect pests in the agricultural, forestry and public health sectors.
We found that SsubCYP341A and SsubCYP341B_ortholog1 belonged to the CYP341 family and were more expressed in the PG than in the female body.
PETANI TEH
68 Farmer tea and nation's trees: A framework for eco-compensation assessment based on a subjective-objective combination analysis,. Summary: The effectiveness and sustainability of the implementation of eco-compensation policy is essential for the protection of ecosystem service. Therefore, local authorities find it difficult to establish reasonable and effective eco-compensation implementation standards.
Multi-aspect SOCA quantification has optimized the benchmarking of ecological compensation and the environmental protection decision-making process. Farm Income Impacts of Sustainable Certification: Evidence from Smallholder Green Tea Growers in Vietnam. This paper addresses this gap by assessing the impacts of sustainability standards on selling prices, sales, costs and net income of small-scale specialty green tea cultivation in Vietnam.
We analyze original survey data on 401 smallholder vegetable tea farmers and use propensity score matching to mitigate self-selection bias.
