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TEACHING SPEAKING BY COMBINING PAIR WORK STRATEGY AND ACADEMIC CONVERSATION STRATEGY
AT SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Oleh:
KHOIRUL AMRI *)
**) HANDAYANI, SB. S.Pd M. Pd
.
Staf Pengajar Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat.ABSTRAK
Berbicara adalah salah satu keterampilan dasar yang penting dalam bahasa inggris yang harus diajarkan oleh guru kepada siswanya. Dengan berbicara siswa dapat menyampaikan pendapat maupun ide nya dalam proses pembelajaran. Penulisan makalah ini bertujuan untuk membantu guru dalam menemukan strategi yang cocok untuk pembelajaran Berbicara. Dalam makalah ini penulis menyatakan, strategi Pair Work dan Academic Conversation adalah strategi yang mengelompokkan siswa ke dalam beberapa pilihan yang tersedia berdasarkan pendapat masing-masing. Bagian-bagian itu diletakkan di keempat pojok dari ruangan kelas, dimana setiap pojok di tandai dengan kata: setuju, tidak setuju, sangat setuju dan sangat tidak setuju. Siswa diminta memilih pojok yang sesuai dengan pendapatnya tentang controversial topic yang diberikan. Strategi pembelajaran ini tidak hanya mampu membuat siswa tertarik dan termotivasi untuk mempelajari Berbicara, tetapi sekaligus memberikan siswa pemahaman akan topic dengan mendiskusikannya di dalam kelas. Dengan demikian pembelajaran berbicara dalam membahas topic yang menarik tidak akan membosankan para siswa.
Key Words: Speaking, Discussion Text, Pair Work, Academic Conversation.
*)
Penulis**) Pembimbing
INTRODUCTION
Communication is an activity that usually done by the people in daily life. It is important for us to study that as be mastered well. Therefore, the people can understand the meaning and the purposing by speaking. Speaking is also the crucial aspect in working environment. Almost of the companies make English as one of the requirement for employers. In this case, the employers should have capability to speak up in daily activity. In human
activity, speaking is the most way that used by the people to communicate with other people in the daily activity. Through speaking, everyone will express their ideas, express opinion, and giving explanation to someone in real communication. Furthermore, people also use speaking when they speech in front of the other people or when they talk with others. Teaching speaking is one of the aspects that should be concerned in teaching process. The purpose of teaching
3 speaking for student senior high school there are ; they be able speak English well, the student can communicate in the classroom and outside such as with their teachers, friends and the others. Then, they hoped to be able to express their knowledge, ideas, and felling. In developing student’s speaking skill for student senior high school, the teacher should know how to guide in transferring the materials from the teacher’s knowledge and experience in teaching speaking.
Based on the writer’s knowledge, the teachers teach speaking skill only give a text everyone without practice with their friends in classroom. As result, the student still need motivation because the students never share or miss conversation with their friends.
The other factors that make students difficult to speak up in classroom because the students chances to speak up.
They have limited time to practice. In addition, they more speak them self either practice with their friends. This condition makes the teachers to know the students’
needs in teaching process or leaning process, how to build their motivation to help the teachers teach them easier in teaching process, and also change the new strategy to avoid bored on students. Many strategies can be used for improving students’ speaking ability, and it is hoped that the learning process is running well.
There are some strategies can be used in teaching speaking such as direct strategy, Presentation, Practice and Production (PPP) Strategy, Engage Study Activate (ESA) Strategy, Pair work and academic conversation. Direct method is method help the teacher to teach new vocabulary, using mime, demonstration, and pictures.
Presentation, Practice and Production (PPP) strategy is strategy helps the students to create their idea, opinion, and knowledge. Then, Engage, Study Activate (ESA) strategy is a strategy how to build
students’ interest and engage their emotions with construction. In this paper, the writers’ will to give new strategy is Pair Work Strategy. Pair work is a way the teachers how to divides the whole class into pair. And every students work with his partner, and all the pairs work at the same (it is same time called ‘simultaneous’ pair work). By using this strategy the teachers can make student work together in classroom without practice in front of class. Therefore, to be perfect using this single strategy, the writer will be combine with academic conversation are sustained and purposeful conversation about school topic. In this paper, the writer will be combines the Pair work strategy with academic conversation strategy. These strategies are hoped to be able to practice students’ speaking ability, to communicate with others, and how to respect their friend.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATIUR Speaking
Speaking is as a communication in conversation in this life which is very important thing that should be mastered in everyone, especially by students as target learning. They must know how to communicate well. Thus, the students learn how to speak the school by sharing the knowledge and idea. According to Brown (1994:26) an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and revising and processing information. Its form and meaning are dependent on the context in which it occurs, including the participants themselves, their collective experiences, the physical environment, and the purposes for speaking. In other word, speaking is a process to give and receive information from other. Based on the explanations above, it can be concluded that speaking is crucial aspect in learning English to communicate in daily activity. In this case, the students can give information to the
4 others orally and the students also can get information from the other by understanding what they are talking about.
In addition, speaking also describe of spoken language, interaction, and social situational.
In speaking, students should consider to some aspect such as how to pronounce the words fluency, how to use grammar, and how to express idea.
Moreover, to know detail about speaking, there are some experts that divide some components of speaking. According to Turk (2001:131) states that components of speaking are pitch, tone, timbre, and pattern of stress. It can be comprehended that in speaking the speakers need to consider those smallest things while speaking, and the speakers have to able to make sure the tone, timbre, and pitch of their voice clearly and speaker should know the stress of the words which low intonation, middle and high, for make sure the words or sentences appropriate with the intonation to produce. In other word, in components of speaking speakers need consider should to know to makes process of speaking will be good.
Teaching speaking is important thing in teaching process. In this case, the teacher must know the way to teach students especially in teaching speaking. In teaching speaking, the teachers should improve students’ communication skill, because it can help the students to express idea, knowledge, and information to the others. According to Nunan (2003:48), states that teaching speaking is sometimes considered a simple process. Commercial language schools around the world here the people with no training to teach conversation. Where is speaking is totally natural, speaking in a language others than is anything but simple. It mean that teaching speaking is from naturally situation where someone life or go to another country and make know another
languages such as if you go to America, sometime you will know language there..
In teaching speaking, if the teachers use Pair Work Strategy, the teachers should follow some steps to make sure students speaking ability can be improved. According to Palmer (2003:27) procedure of pair work the good ways to improve students speaking skill, particularly in class with a range of mixed abilities. It means that stated the procedure of pair work the nice ways or well ways to develop or approach student competence in speaking skill. There are some the important point Pair Work Strategy. First, explain to students why pair work are a good ideas. It means, the teacher ask to students why pair work so important and good way. Second, present new language and practice it with the whole class first. It means, the teacher should give interesting language and practice in front of classroom to students. Third, explain carefully what you want to pair to do, and write the instruction on the board. It means, the teacher give the instruction each group or pair what they should to do. Fourth, tell student not to worry about making mistake. It means, the teacher tell to student do not afraid to make strong or mistake. Fifth, tell student how long they have time for the activity and signal the start of the activity. It means, the teacher limited the time how long they have time to the activity and how long they have time to finish the activity. And finally, give or ask the appropriate feedback. It means, the teacher give appropriate to student after they have finished from the activity. In addition, the teacher explains to students why pair work so important, and the teacher give new language and practice in front of class. Also, the teacher tells to student do not afraid to making the mistake when they discussed in the pair.
In teaching speaking, this strategy can be use in teaching of speaking process
5 with advantages. In this case, according to Harmer’s view (1995:206) states pair works seems to be a good idea because it immediately increases the amount of student practice. It means that pair work, by using pair work the students can immediately see that at any one time in an oral pair work exercise in classroom. Pair work allows the students to use language depending of course on the task set by the teacher and also encourages student co- operation which is itself important for the atmosphere of the class and for the motivation it gives to learning with others.
In additional, referring to Jones (2002:9) about advantages, there some clear advantages used in pair work. The first, in large classes it gives more students the opportunity to speak. Another reason is that students will learn from each other.
Learning is not just a top-down activity where the teacher opens up the top of the student’s heads and pours in the information. The second, give students the opportunity to learn from each other and learn from doing. The finally, pair work gives students a degree of privacy and allows them to try things out that they might not attempt in the more public forum of a class discussion or a teacher- fronted activity. When students speak with a partner only one other person can hear their mistakes and, of course, the teacher can hear them if he or she is monitoring.
According Daniels and Bizar (2005:71) said that academic conversation is sustained and purposeful conversation about school topic. It means the academic conversation the student can speak up with their friends in classroom. And also, the students can order their idea, opinion, and mind.
Zwiers and Crawford (2009:178) state that procedure of academic conversation. The first, Give mini lessons in which you model the prompting use of each conversation move along with its
hand motion. You can also have pair of student model their conversation on front of or in the middle of the class as the rest of the class observed and takes notes. The model should emphasize the mini lesson skill to be learned that day. The second, after reading a text in a reciprocal teaching session. Have students get into pair and use conversation move to deepen and extend their conversation. Have them come up with different perspectives and support their ideas with information from the text. The finally, after students summarize their conversation in pair. Have them share a synthesis of ideas. The teacher can chart their ideas and invite other to add to the ideas in a whole- class discussion.
In teaching speaking, this strategy can be use in teaching of speaking process with advantages. In this case, there are some advantages of academic conversation. According to Fisher (2008:179) states academic conversation guided construction of knowledge in classroom. Teachers, talk, task, tool provides a clear discussion of accountable talk with excellent example that illustrate how student from culturally and linguistically diverse background learn together in the classroom community. It means, the academic conversation helps student to become effectively, give a clear explaination, and how students know cultural of language, background learn together in the classroom activity. In addition, referring to Jeff Zwier and Marie Crowford
In Teaching speaking with Pair Work strategy can help the students to develop their ideas and they know how to share their opinion well with other. Then teaching speaking with Academic Conversation can help student to approach their language and increase their vocabulary in conversation. In this paper, the writer would combine Pair Work
6 Strategy and Academic Conversation Strategy in teaching speaking discussion text. Discussion text is text which represents or explains issue or problem surrounding based on the writers’ point of view in other to have the readers do something or act in certain way. The function of this text is to persuade the readers to discuss in pair with their father.
The generic structure of discussion test are Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed. And List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue. Then, list of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point. Finally, Recommendation; stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse. In this paper the writer chooses the combination procedures from Palmer (2003) of Pair Work Strategy and from Zwier And Crowford (2009) Academic Conversation Strategy.
In combining Pair Work Strategy and Academic Conversation Strategy in teaching speaking discussion text, in this paper,the writer will follow-up the procedure of those strategy where for the first activity will be started by considering about the Introduce Pair Work and explain why pair work are a good ideas. The second activity the teacher present new language and practice it with the whole class first. The third activity the teacher explains to student carefully what they to do in pair. The fourth activity the teacher tells to student not worry about making mistake. So, the fifth the teacher divides into group or pair four or five. The sixth activity the teacher teach students about understanding the content and vocabulary through conversation, discussion, debates, and other oral interaction. The seventh activity the teacher gives mini lesson in which model the prompting use each conversation move along with its hand motion. The eighth activity the teacher
asks some group have finished their discussion and the teacher asks them from each group to report what they decided.
The ninth activity the teacher asks to student they have get into pair and use conversation move to deepen and extend their conversation. The tenth activity the teacher asks to students to summarize their conversation in pair. And the last activity, the teacher chart their ideas and invite another to add their ideas in whole-class discussion. And the teacher concludes all activity to students. To apply this strategies, the teacher should have good preparation and procedure in teaching process, moreover also the teacher should know what material should teach, time allocation, and media that should used.
Implementation
The implementation of the combination of Pair Work Strategy and Academic Conversation Strategy will be started from pre – teaching speaking discussion text activities, continued with whilst – teaching speaking of discussion text and ended with post – teaching speaking of discussion text.
Conclusion
Generally, speaking is an important skill in learning English, because the students can communicate to the others in the classroom. Without having speaking ability, they cannot express their idea, opinion and knowledge with speak up well. In addition, the teacher should know the best ways to make students understand easier in learning process. Moreover, the students should be motivated for active, this motivate come from themselves, friends, teacher and also their family members and environment where they live.Teaching speaking discussion text means the teacher leads the students to guide a text that only to guide the readers but also has thesis ideas, argument and opinions. In developing discussion text, the teacher should be able
7 to help students to analysis that text until their speaking result. In choosing a text, the teachers guide the students to think about their focus on. In combining Pair Work and Academic Conversation Strategy for teaching speaking of discussion, the step of both strategies should be complete each other. There are Pair work strategy and academic conversation strategy. Pair work strategy is a way the teacher to divide the class activity or a strategy that can be used the teacher to organize students in teaching speaking. And academic conversation is how to create a classroom community in which all students feel welcome and each student can share the ideas with their friends. By using these strategies, the students are motivated to practice in speaking skill. In this paper, these strategies are appropriate for students in Senior High School.
Suggestion
Based on the conclusion above, the writer suggests to the English teacher to use the combination of Pair Work Strategy and Academic Conversation Strategy in teaching speaking because, these strategies are able to motivate the students to activate in sharing their ideas, opinion and their experiences related the material. In applying these strategies, the writer suggests to the teacher to prepare the appropriate topic, interesting and media to make the students enjoy and conformable in teaching learning process. In other word, these materials should teach in two times in one class and the teacher should prepare media (series pictures or videos) to support of the materials. Pair work strategy and academic conversation strategy are a strategies be separated because they related among that Pre-Teaching is the first activity that should be applied by the teacher before coming to the class. Whilst- Teaching is the second activity that should be done by the teacher. And Post-Teaching
is the last activity should be done the teacher. It is purposed to making of students ready to study. In this phase, the teacher gives brainstorming though series of the pictures. It is also suggested the teachers should be paid attention about the process of teaching speaking such as choosing topic, content, and a text. The teacher can not only combine the Pair Work and Academic Conversation strategy but also involve the teaching speaking process on the combination. It is done to make the speaking process running well.
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