THE BIRDS OF BAWEAN ISLAND, JAVA SEA.

THE BIRDS OF BAWEAN ISLAND, JAVA SEA.

By Harry

C. Oberholser,

Of^theBiologicalSurvey, UnitedStatesDepartmentof Agriculture.

Bawean

IslandliesintheJavaSea,about175 miles southofBorneo, and about75 miles north ofeasternJava. Itisnearly square,

some

11mileslong

by

10miles wide, andhasanareaofapproximately100 square miles.

The

surface is mountainous, and the highest point reachesanaltitude ofabout2,200feetabovesealevel.

The

islandis of volcanic origm and has still

many

volcanic cones and

some

hot springs. Itsrocksare chiefly lava, basalt,andlimestone; andexten- sive coral reefs fringeitscoastal base.

A

lakeof

some

15acresoccu- piesthecrater of

Mount

Telaga,anextinct volcano.

The

island supports a

hmnan

populationof about 50,000, mostly near the coast, and these inhabitants speak a peculiar language.

Little ofthevu'gin forestremains: thelargesttractisonthenorthern slope ofthemountainsinthe centeroftheisland; another arealieson thewestern coast; andtherestcomprises only afewsmall patcheson the eastern and southernslopes of themountains.

Low

brush

and

tall

bamboos

cover most of the remaining portions of the island.

TherearenumerouscattleonBawean,andtheirtrailsrun everywhere throughthescrub. Wild

mammals,

except fortwoor three species, chieflypigs andflying foxes, arenotnumerous.

Dr.

W.

L.Abbottvisited

Bawean

Islandfrom

November

19 to 28, 1907, and

made

a collection of35spechuensof birds, which hepre- sented to the United States National

Museum.

This collection, thoughsmall,isof

much

interest,since 7 ofthe 15speciesrepresented provetobelongtoundescribed forms,

most

ofthem, sofarasknown, confinedto this island.

Previous toDoctorAbbott'svisit, knowledgeof the birds of Ba-

wean

Island

came

chieflyfroma shortarticle

by

Dr.A. G.Vorderman,^

in which he records 18 species, mostly from specimens collected.

Doctor Abbott found birds very scarce, but his collection adds 8 species to the list,

making

atotal of 26

now known

to inhabit this

1Natuurk.Tijds.Nederlandsch-Indle,vol. 51, 1892,pp.417-422.

ProceedingsU. S.NationalMuseum,Vol.52—No.2175.

183

184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL

MUSEU3I. vol. 52.

island. These are as follows, those

marked

with an asterisk being unrepresentedinDoctorAbbott'scollection:

1. Fregataminor minor(Gmelin).

2. Buioridcsjavanicus javanicus (Horsfield).*

3.ArdeasumatranaRaffles.*

4.SpilomisbassusbaweanusOberholser.' 5.Gallus varius(Sha-w).

6.Actitishjpoleuca(Linnaeus).*

7.Geopeliastriata{lAnn2iex\s).*

8. Chalcophaps indica (Linnaeus).*

9. Spilopeliatigrina(Temminck).

10. Cuculuscanonis telephonus Heine.

11. Eudynainyshonorata(Linnaeus).*

12.SauropatischloriscyanesccnsOberholser.

13. CerjxrufidorsusinnominatusSalvadori.*

14.StrixbaweanaOberholser.

^

15. Collocalia linchi linchiHorsfieldand Moore.*

16. Pycnonotus plumosus plumosusBlyth.

17. Microtarsus chalcocephalusbaweanus(Finscli).

18. MicrotarsusatricepsabbottiOberholser.' 19.MalococinclaabbottibaweanaOberholser.*

20. OrthotomuscineraceusBlyth.*

21.Gracida javensisbaweanaOberholser.*

22. Anthreptes malacensis batceanus Oberholser.*

23. Cinnyris ornata ornata Lesson.

24.Dicaeumflammeum(Sparrman).

25.Ploceusmanyar(Horsfield).*

26. Muniapunctulatanisoria(Temminck).*

As may

beseen

by

examinationoftheabovelist of

Bawean

birds, the avifaunaof thisislandis,onthewhole,mostcloselyaUiedtothat ofJava,butithasalsoa

marked Bomean

infusion.

The

only published papers of any consequence treating of the birds of

Bawean

Island are thetwo cited below, and the secondof thesementions butasingle species:

VoRDERMAN,A. G. Bijdragetotde KennisderAvifaunaVanhetEilandBawean- Natuurk.Tijds. Nederlandsch-Indie,vol.51(ser. 8,vol. 12), 1892,pp. 417-422.

FiNSCH, 0. Zui"Catalogisirung der Ornithologischen Abtheilung.

—

Brachypodius baweanus: NotesLeydenMus.,vol. 22,March,1901,pp. 209-211.

The

writerisindebtedtoDoctor Abbottfortheabovegivendescrip- tive HFacts concerning

Bawean

Island; and, as usual, to Dr. C.

W.

Kiclnnond, assistant curator of the Department of Birds in the United StatesNational

Museum,

for variouscourtesies.

Measurementsin thispaper areallgivenin millimeters; andhave been taken as in the author's paper on Butorides virescens.^

The names

of colors are from Mr. Ridgway's recently pubhshed Color Standards andColorNomenclature.

Notes on DoctorAbbott'sspecimensfollow.

•Newsubspecies,described beyond.

2Newspecies,sec p. 190.

3Proc.U.S.Nat. Mus.,vol. 42, 1912, p. 533.

NO.2175.

THE BIRDS OF BAWEAN ISLAND—OBERROLSER.

₁₈₅

Family

FREGATIDAE.

FREGATAMINORMINOR(Gmelin).

[Pelecanus]minorGmelin,Syst.Nat.,vol.1,pt.2,1789, p.572 (nolocality;type localitydesignated as"theeastern halfoftheIndian Ocean,"byRothschild, Novit.ZooL,vol. 22,February,1915, p. 145).

One

specimen: Adultmale, No. 181398, U.S.N.M.,

November

21, 1907. ''Iris brown; bill pale leaden; gular pouch brick red; feet darkbrown." Itisingood adult plumage though molting

some

of thecontour feathers, particularly on the cervix;and thewings and

tailare intact. Itmeasures: Total length (in flesh),870

mm.;

wing, 545; tail, 390; exposed culmen, 103; tarsus, 20.3; middletoe, 45.

Thisexampleagrees, in so far asIcansee,withthebirdsfromthe easternIndian Ocean.

The name

for this raceis, as Doctor Roth- schild has shown,^ Fregataminorminor,sincethe originalPelecanus minor^{^} appUesprettycertainly totheEast Indian bird; at leastnot tothatofthe

West

IndiesasMr.

Mathews

hascontended.''

Family

BUTEONIDAE.

SPILORNISBASSUSBAWEANUS,newsubspecies.<

Subspecijic characters.

—

^{Similar to Spilornis hassus hassus} from Sumatra,butsmaller, anddarkerboth above andbelow.

Description.

—

Type, adult female, No. 181446, U.S.N.M.;

Bawean

Island, Java Sea,

November

25, 1907; Dr.

W.

L. Abbott. Pileum black, the feathers aU with pure white bases which

show

through the black, particularly on the occiput, in the form of irregular spots; rest of upper surface clove brown, the feathers marginally rather lighter, the back sparingly sprinkled withsmall dots of dull white, the scapulars and feathers of

rump

and upper tail-coverts tipped with white; tail above with a broad basal band, extending about80

mm.

from the root of thefeathers, clove brown, this suc- ceeded

by

anotherbroadband,about 35to40

mm.

wide,ofbrownish black,thisfollowedinturn

by

abroadband, 35

mm.

wide onouter pair ofrectrices, 50

mm.

wideon middlepair, of tilleulbuff,partlypahng to white on the inner webs of outer feathers, everywhere heavily mottled and clouded withgrayish aveUaneous, leastso onthe inner webs of outermost rectrices, this again succeeded

by

stiU another wide

band

of slightly brownish black, and finally tipped narrowly

(3 to 8

mm.)

with aveUaneous; under surface of tailwith a broad basal

band

ofwhite, mottled with

mouse

gray, anarrowersucceeding

>Novit.Zool., vol. 22,February12,1915,pp.^145-146.

2Gmelin,Syst.Nat., vol.1,pt.2,1789,p. 572.

3AustralAvianRecord,vol._2,December19,1914, p. 118;BirdsAustralia, vol.4,pt.3,June23,1915, pp.^240-281.

<AnearliernameforFalco bachaDaudin(SpilornisbachaAuthors)isFalcobassusJ.R.Forster(Natur- gesch. African.Vogel,1798, p. 55);andthis speciesshouldthereforestandas Spilornis bassus (Forster).

SeeRichmond,Proc.U.S.Nat. Mus.,vol. 35, 1902, p. 592.

ISG PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

vol.52.

band

of brownish black, another

band

of dull white clouded with

mouse

gray,still anotherofbrownishblack,anda relativelynarrow paler tip ofdrab,betweenpaledrab andavellaneous; primariesand secondaries brownish black, with two or three broad lighter bars, these dark brown, between ohve

brown

and clove brown, on the outer webs, but changing partly or even largely to white mottled with the

same brown

on the inner side of theinnerwebs; tertials

betweenohve

brown and

clovebrown,

more

orless barred obscurely with a darker shade; aU the wing-quills tipped with dull white;

lesser wing-coverts brownish black, each feather with two white roundish terminal spots; median andgreater covertsbrown,between olive

brown

andclovebrown,withobsolescent, in

many

casesbroken, bars of darker, and two or

more

irregular terminal whitemarkings on eachfeather, these spots varying

much

in size; lores

and

orbital ringnaked, withbutafewblackhairs; supra-auricular regionblack Ukethecrown; extremeanteriorportionof chinandanteriorendof malar stripe brownish black, the latter passingposteriorly into the blackish clove

brown

of cheeks and auricular region; rest oflower surfaceclovebrown,lighterandshadingtowardolive

brown

onbreast, sides of neck, and longest under tail-coverts, the chin, thi'oat, and jugulumpracticallyimmaculate,withbutanoccasionalsmallround- ishspotofwhite; the breastand

abdomen

thickly

marked

withlarge roundish spotsofwhite, these usually 10 or 12on each feather,and mostlyin pairs;the thighs and crissumwithlarge

more

orlessquad- rangular pairs of white spots that almost coalesce into bars and occupya relatively

much

larger portionof eachfeatherthandothe markings on the abdomen, thus producing a lighter general effect;

axillars dark ohve brown, with several pairs of large white spots;

under wing-coverts varying from ohve

brown

to brownish black, very heavily spottedandbarredwith white; ''billleaden, tipblack."

Thisnewlydiscovered raceisapparentlymostcloselyaUiedtothe

Sumatran

bird, which is true Spilornis bassus.

The

difference in sizeischieflyinthebiU,andotherwiseisnotverygreat,butthecolor characters separate it without difficulty.

The Bawean

bird is so

much

larger

and

darker thantheBorneanSpilornis pallidusthat it scarcelyneeds comparison.

The

four birds obtained

by

DoctorAbbott are aUadults in good plumage.

Two

ofthem, including thetype,areinthe regular

brown

phaseofplumage; and the colors ofthe softparts oftheoneother thanthetype, were, as indicated on thelabel: ''IrisyeUow; naked skin abouteye yellow; feet dirtyyellow."

The

twoother birds are inthe curiouslightphase,

known

in only afew forms ofthe genus, butapparently a truecolorphase, as this conditionis certainlynot dueto age, sex, or season. Itis characterized

by

awhitehead and lower parts andis very strikingly differentfrom the normalphase.

Itisdescribedbelow:

NO, 2175.

THE BIRDS OF BAWEAN ISLAND— OBERHOLSER. 187

Adult male, No. 181444, U.S.N.M.;

Bawean

Island, Java Sea,

November

27, 1907; Dr.

W.

L.Abbott. Pileum creamy white,the feathers of the central portion of crown and occiput with blackish

brown

subterminalbars, these broken orincomplete on the crown;

cervix and rest ofuppersurface whitewith broadsubterminal bars offuscous black, fuscous, and lightclovebrown, these bars shading proximally into pale

brown

or buffy, very little of the Ught color showing ontheuppersurfaceposterior tothehindneck; tailbasally pale clovebrown,distallybrownishblack or blackishbrown,crossed

by

two broadbarsofmottled

wood

brown,shadingin

same

placesto avellaneous; wing-quills brown, varying from light to dark clove

brown

andfuscous, the greater portion ofinnerwebs togetherwith tipsofall,white,barredthroughout withblackish

brown

orbrownish black; superior wing-coverts, their bases (except for

brown

bars) andtheirbroadtipswhite,thelessercoverts

more

blackish; sides of headwhite, the auriculars

much mixed

with fuscous; sides of neck white,barredbroadlywithfuscous; lower surface white, posteriorly

more

or lesswashed with buffy, and with a slightmalar streak of black, afew hastate markings of fuscous on breast, jugulum, and abdomen,rather broadirregularbarsof

warm

fuscous onsidesand flanks,narrowbarsof

same

onthighs,andafew narrow

more

orless hastate pale

brown

bars on crissum; lining of wing white; "bill leaden, tipblack;faceyellow;irispalegreenish; feetbrownishyellow."

The

specimenscollected

by

Doctor Abbottare allincluded

m

the followingtable ofmeasurements

:

Measurementsof specimens of Spilornis hassus baireamis.

[CollectedbyDr.W.L.Abbott.]

i

188

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

^vol.52.

skin at front of neck, at upper edge of feathers; feet palefleshy;

front of tarsiand topof toespalefleshybrown."

Nearly adult male, No. 181413, U.S.N.M.;

November

20, 1907.

Total length

(m

flesh) 593

mm.

"Iris

yeUow

brown; feet pale broAvnishfleshy."

Both

these birds seem to be absolutely identical with examples from Java.

They

represent, therefore, a considerable northward extensionofthe rangeof thespecies.

The immature

specimen (No.

181413, U.S.N.M., Nov. 20) lacksbutlittle of being adult, though thefeathers ofthe lower partsareduU,

some

of

them

edged withrusty or pale brown;

many

of the wing-quills and superior coverts are barredwithbuffortawny; thethroat,sides,andtopoftheheadare prettywellfeathered; and thefrontal

comb

isrudimentary.

Some

ofthe contourfeathers arebeing replaced

by

molt.

Family

CLARAVIIDAE.

SPILOPELIA TIGRINA (Temminck).

ColumhatigrinaTemminck, Hist. Nat. g^n^rale des Pigeons,vol.1, 1808-1811, pi.43[p.158](Batavia, Java).

Two

specimens:

Adultmale. No. 181417, U.S.N.M.;

November

19, 1907. Length

(in flesh),300

mm.

Adultfemale.No.181418,U.S.N.M.;

November

19,1907. Length

(in flesh),295

mm.

Both

are in good plumage, though

showmg

slight indications of molt

among some

of the contour feathers, particularly about the head

and

neck.

They

seem, furthermore,tobeidentical inbothsize andcolorwithbirdsfrom the

Malay

Peninsula.

The

genus Spilopelia,^ hereused for this species, ^iswelldifferen- tiatedfromStigmatopelia^-

by

itslongertail,stouterbill

and

feet,and

lesstumid cere;

and

both Spilopelia

and

Stigmatopelia

may

readily bedistinguishedfromStreptopelia (olim Turtur)

by

the peculiarbi- furcatefeathers oftheneck

and by

othercharacters.

Family

CUCULIDAE.

^

CUCULUS CANORUS TELEPHONUS^Heine.

Cuculustelephonus Heine,Journ. furOmith., forSeptember, 1863 (probably December,1863), p.352 (Japan).

One

male,in

immature

plumage, No. 181464, U.S.N.M.;

Bawean

Island,

November

21, 1907; "eyelids yellow; bill dark horn brown, greenish beneath at base; inside of

mouth

orange; feet yellow."

Length, 331

mm.'

1SpilopeUa Sundevall, Meth. Nat.AviumDisp. Tent.,1873,p. 100 (type,Columha chinemisScopoli).

2StigmatopeliaSundevall, Meth. Nat.AviumDisp. Tent.,1873, p. 100 (type,ColumbasenegalensisLin.

naeus).

3Measui-edinthefleshbythecollector.

NO. 2175.

THE BIRDS OF BAWEAN ISLAND— OBERHOLSER.

189

Family

ALCEDINIDAE.

SAUROPATISCHLORISCYANESCENS, newsubspecies.

Suhspedfic characters.— SimiluT ^to Sauropatis cMoris cliloris, but averaging smaller; male with upper surface rather

more

bluish, withlesscontrastbetween back and wings^; ear-coverts

more

greenish

;

blackish nuohal

band

narrower, lessdistinct, and

more

overlaid

by

green; femalewith upper parts averaging darker; wings

somewhat more

bluish; ear-coverts

more

greenish; blackish nuchal

band

usu- ally

more washed

withgreenish.

TV^?^.—Adult male. No. 170835, U.S.N.M.; Pulo

Taya

off the southeastern coastof Sumatra,July28, 1899; Dr.

W.

L.Abbott.

Measurements.

—

Thirteen males average as follows: Wing, 109.3

mm.;

tail,67.7; exposedculmen, 45.3; tarsus, 16.4.

GeograpMcal distribution.

—

^{Sumatra, Borneo, and} neighboring islands.

The

birds from Borneo, Sumatra, and

many

^of their adjacent islands differ from other forms of the species, and are apparently worthyof subspecifio separation.

Three specimens from

Bawean

Island are the same,thoughaverag-

mg

sUghtly^larger.

Two

^ofthese(Nos.181494and181495, U.S.N.M., taken, Nov. 20, 1907) are in moltof the contourfeathers, remiges, andrectrices. Measurementsofallare as follows:

Measurements of specimens of Sauropatis^chloriscyanescens.

[CollectedbyDr.W.L.Abbott.]

i

03

190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

vol.52.

Family

BUBONIDAE.^

STRIXBAWEANA,newspecies.

Specific characters.

—

^ResemblingStrix orientalis seJoputo Horsfield, from Java, but

much

^{smaller and paler}throughout; white spotson uppersurface

much

reduced,

more

roundish,andlessinclined toform bars;dark

brown

barsonlower surface

much

narrower.

Description.

—

^Type, adult female. No. 181450, U.S.N.M.;

Bawean

Island, Java Sea,

November

27, 1907; Dr.

W.

L. Abbott.

Upper

surface (in

somewhat worn

plumage) brown, between cinnamon

brown

and tawny, ⁱⁿ places becoming

more

ochraceous,everywhere with roundish dots of dullwhite which on thenape and^scapulars incline to irregular bars, the longer scapulars broadly barred with whiteand narrowly with^clove

brown

andthe

brown

oftheuppersur- face;tailsepia,shadingbasallyand onthe innerwebsofthefeathers to cinnamon and

cmnamon

^buff, barred with dull creamy white, broadly on inner webs, narrowly and irregularly on outer webs;

primariesbetweenclove

brown

andsepia,shadinggraduallyonouter

webs

tocinnamonbuff atthebase,

more

orlesssparinglyspottedor barred onthe outervanes with

creamy

white,creambuff, andbuff;

broadlyoninnervanes withvariousshadesoflighterbrown, tawny, ochraceous,and^buff,the inner feathers tippedwith whitish; secon- dariesandtertialssepia,broadly,butinplaces brokenly, barredwith dull

brown

(between buffy

brown

and olivebrown), dullwhite, and various shadesof ochraceous,buff, and tawny, and tippedwith dull white; wing-coverts

brown

hke the back, thelesser series sparingly spotted with whitish, the median and greaterseries on the outer

webs

broadlybarredwithwhiteand narrowly withclovebrown,onthe inner webs broadly with buffy white, buff, and ochraceous; facial disks dullcreambuff,immarked;entirelower surfacecreamywhite,

much

tinged in places

by

the buffy clay color of the bases of the feathers,which

show

through,particularlyonthethroat,wherethey form a conspicuous throat patch; all the lower parts,except the chin,conspicuously, and regularly though rather narrowly barred with clovebrown, most broadly on thethroat;thighs and tarsidull white,

much

tingedinplaceswith cinnamonbuff,and narrowlybarred throughoutwith clove

brown

^;hningofwing mixed creamywhite,buff, andochraceous, spottedand

more

orlessbarredwith darkrufescent

»Thefamilyname Bubonidaeshould be retainedforthe horned owlsandtheirallies,notwithstanding thatthegenericnameStriihasbeentransferredtooneofthegeneraof thisgroup;forrather thantotake the oldest genericnameina.familyasthebasis forthe familyname,itismuchbetter forvarious reasons to adhereforthe family designationtothetypegenus(i.e.,the genusfrom whichthe familyname wasfirst formed) whatevermaysubsequentlybecomeitsgenericname. Thisisacourse parallel tothatpursuedin thecase oftypespecies of genera;ismuchmorelogical;andwillobviatemuch,in factnearlyall,ofthe confiLsion arisingfromthetransfer offamilynames fromonegrouptoanother. In the present instance Buboisthetype genusofthe family Bubonidae.

NO.2175.

THE BIRDS OF BAWEAN ISLAND— OBERHOLSER.

191 brown. Total length (inflesh)/412

mm.;

wing, 297; tail,158; ex- posed culmen,31;culmen withoutcere,22.3; tarsus,55;middletoe,30.

Althoughthis

new

bird,ofwhich Doctor Abbottobtained unfortu- nately but asinglespecimen, is undoubtedlymost closelyaUied to Strix orientalis

Shaw

(

=

8trix sinensis Latham), it is so different in coloration that it seems certainly to be specifically distinct.

The

dark barring of the lower surface is strikingly like that in Strix ocellata,buttheupperpartsare ofcourseverydifferent.

The name

Strix sinensisLatham,^ used

by some

authorsfor Strix orientalis Shaw, is preoccupied

by

a previous Strix sinensis of the

same

author;^butStrix orientalis Shaw,'' a

new name

for Strixsinensis Latham,isnotinvalidated

hy

Strix orientalisLimiaeus^fromHassel- quist, since,accordingtothe InternationalCodeofNomenclature,the scientific

names

inHasselquist'sReisenachPalastina(1762)haveno standing,because they occurinameretranslation ofapre-Linnaean work.

The

proper designation for the whole species is therefore StrixorientalisShaw.

Representatives of Strix orientalis from Java differ considerably fromthose inhabiting the

Malay

Peninsula(Strix orientalisorientalis), in theirnarrowerdarkbarring below,particularlyonthebreast,and their

much

larger white markings on the upper parts.

The name

for theJavanrace isStrix orientalis seloputoHorsfield.'^

Family

PYCNONOTIDAE.

PYCNONOTUS PLUMOSUS PLUMOSUSBIyth.

Pycnonotus plumosusBlyth,Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,vol. 14, pt.2,December, 1845, p. 567. (Singapore,SingaporeIsland).

Three specimensareinthecollection,asfollows

:

Adult male, No. 181542, U.S.N.M.;

November

19, 1907. Length

(inflesh),200

mm.

Adultfemale. No. 181540,U.S.N.M.;

November

24, 1907.

Juvenalfemale,No. 181541,U.S.N.M.;

November

19, 1907.

Theseare identical,sofar as Icandiscover,withtypical birdsfrom theMalayPeninsula.

One

ofthe adults (No. 181542,U.S.N.M.) and the juvenile (No. 181541, U.S.N.M.)are in process of molt,though wingsandtailare perfect.

The

juvenileplumagediffersfromthatof the adult in being throughout, particidarly on the rump,

more

brownish, the uppersurface paler, and thelower partsmore tinged with yellowish.

'Measuredbythecollector.

^Suppl.Indicis Ornith., 1801, p.xvi(China).

3Latham, IndexOrnith., vol.1,1790,p. 53.

*Gen.Zool., vol.7,pt.1,1809, p. 257 (China).

5InHasselquist,ReisePalast., 1762, p. 290(EgyptandSyria).

^StrixSelo-puto Horsfield,Trans. Linn.Soc.Lond.,vol. 13, pt.1,May,1821, p. 140 (Java).

192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

vol.52.

MICROTARSUS CHALCOCEPHALUSBAWEANUS(Finsch).

Brachjpodiushaweanus Finsch, NotesLeydenMus.,vol. 22,March,_{1901, p.}209 (BaweanIsland).

Eight specimens

—

^tlireefemalesandfivemales

—

^{of this}interesting birdworecollected

by

DoctorAbbott.

In pattern of coloration this species is practically identical with Microtarsusatriceps,but theoliveand yellowcolors ofthelatterare everyvN^herereplaced

by

gray andwhite. In the females,ascompared withthe males, theuppersurfaceisofadarker,dullergray; thegrayof theinferiorparts is

somewhat

darker,and^the

abdomen

andcrissum

more

washed with^gray.

One

ofthe males (No. 181558, U.S.N.M.) has a streak^ofoUveyellowonthe outer

web

^ofoneofthe secondaries, oneof the tertials,and oneof the rectrices,which

may

be Ungering indications of immaturity. Several of the secondariesof oneofthe females (No. 181551, U.S.N.M.)

show

the

same

thing.

The

labels statethatin both males andfemales the^{iris is}blue,thebillandfeet black. Nearlyallofourspecimensexhibitevidences^ofmolt

among

the contourfeathers, particularlyabouttheheadandneck; butonly one (No. 181557, U.S.N.M.) is changingeither remiges or rectrices, andthisone^ismolting both.

Om-

^series proves that Microtarsus haweanus is a subspecies of Microtarsus chalcocephalusofJava; forwhile the characters given

by

Finsch^toseparate itfrom thelatterwiU serve todiagnose it,indi- vidual variationpracticallybridges the differencebetween the two.

Both

theupper andlowerparts,whilenormally

much

palerin Micro- tarsus haweanus, are in

some

of ourspecimens almost asdarkas in Microtarsus clialcoceplialus; the base ofthe tail, while almost white in

some

examples, isin others nearlyasdarkas in Microtarsuschal- cocephalus; the subterminal black

band

on the rectrices, though sometimes brokenoreven reducedto spots,isin otherspecimens as wide as in the Javan bird; and the terminal white bar on the tail

showsalso

much

variationinwidth. Measurementsare as follows

:

INotesLeyden Museum,vol. 22, 1901, p. 209.

NO. 2175.

THE BIRDS OF BAWEAN ISLAND— 0BERH0L8ER.

193

Measurements of specimens of Microtarsus chalcocephalus baweanus.

[CollectedbyDr.W.L.Abbott.]

1

194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Thisverydistinctsubspeciesisthemostgreenishof alltheforms of Microtarsus atriceps. It differs from Microtarsus atricepscJiryso- pliorus,^ of South Pagi Island, western Sumatra, as it does from Microtarsusatriceps atriceps, though even

more

markedly; and from MicrotarsusatricepsJiypercmnus^ofSimalurIsland,western Sumatra, in

much

the

same way

aswellasadditionallyin

much

slendererbiU.

Doctor Abbottobtainedtwoadult specimens,maleandfemale,in perfectplumage.

The

femaleis practically identicalwiththe male.

The

measurementsofbothare given below:

Measurementsof specimens of Microtarsusatriceps abbotti.

[CollcotedbyDr.W.L. Abbott.

1

NO.2175.

THE BIRDS OF BAWEAN ISLAND— OBERHOLSER.

195 white, thelatterbuffy grayishonitssides; upperbreast tiUeulbuff

;

lower breastcreamcolor,deepeningon

abdomen

intopaleochraceous buff; crissum clay color; sides of breast dull buff, between pinkish buff and vinaceous buff, shaded anteriorly with the

brown

of the back; sides of

body

andflanks hght buffy

brown

between cinnamon buffand

wood

brown; thighsbetween

wood brown

anddrab; lining ofwings dull buffhke thesides ofthe body,

mixed somewhat

with palebro^vllandwhitish; innermarginsofouter secondariesandinner primariesdullvinaceousbuff.

A

secondspecimenobtained

by

DoctorAbbottispracticallyiden- ticalwith the type.

Both

birds

show

indications ofmolt in wing- quillsandcontourfeathers.

The

presentspeciesisclearly distinctenoughstructurallyfromthe typicalformsofthegenus Turdinustobeseparatedgenerically.

Measurementsof specimens of Malacocinclaahboltibaweana.

[CoUectedbyDr.W.L.Abbott.]

^

196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

quills; another area varyingfrom4to28

mm,

in length,onthe inner websofthefirsttoseventhquills,covers theentirewidthofthevanes exceptonthe seventh,whereit isreduced to a small roundish spot closeto theshaft; thelesserwmg-coverts and broadedgingsof the medianseries, metaUic dull blue-green black; verynarrow tipsand subterminal edgings of greater coverts metallic dull violet like the back, ormetallicbluishslateblacklikethescapulars; sides ofhead black, with a shght metallic greenish ^tinge; chin and throat black witha shghtgloss ofmetaUicviolet, shadingposteriorlyonthe jugu-

lum

intoametallicbronzylincoln green; this in turn passing into metallic dark livid purple on the breast; thighs and sides of

body

metallic dullblue-greenblack, in placesmixed withdull violet;flanks, abdomen, and crissum, metaUic blackish dusky yellowish green;

lining ofwingsblack, in

some

placesrather brownish,and mostlywith aslightvioletsheen.

Doctor Abbottobtained onlytwo examplesof thisbirdon

Bawean

Island, butthese differsufficientlyfromJavanbirds torendertheir subspccificseparationdesirable. Theirmeasurementsare as follows

:

Measurementsof specimens of Gracula javensis^batveana.

[CoUectedIjyDr.W.L.Abbott.]

NO. 2175.

THE BIRDS OF BAWEAN ISLAND— 0BERH0L8ER. 197

withmetallicgreenishand marginedexternallywithshinmgmetallic deepblue-violet;

wmgs

blackish fuscous (between fuscousandfuscous black), the innermarginsbasallypaler, thewing-quills, greater cov- erts,and to aslightextent theprimarycoverts,

margmed

externally with citrme; median coverts and longest scapulars chestnut; lesser coverts shming metallic blue-violet; sides of head between citrine andorange citrme; malarstripe,prolonged

down

theside ofthe neck, shining metallic violet ultramarme; sides of neck shining metallic darkgreen,mixed

more

or lesswiththeamethystviolet oftheback;

chin and throat reddish brown, between kaiser

brown

and hazel;

breast, sides, and upper

abdomen

lemon chrome, slightly inclining toward light cadmium, anteriorly

somewhat

tinged with brownish olive; lower

abdomen

and thighs picric yellow; lower tail-coverts palelemonyellow; flanks, betweenlemonyellowandpyrite yellow, but

much

nearer the former, i. e., pale lemon yellow only washed with olivaceous; axillars picric yellow; under wing-coverts baryta yellow,mixed withwhitish.

The

male of this

new

form, asis frequently the case in races of Anthre'ptes malacensis, isnot with certamtydistinguishable, though

itseemstobe

more

clearly yellov/onthe breastthanisusualinexam- ples of Anthreptes malacensis malacensis.

The

female, however, shows differences, as above set forth, which apparently indicate subspecific distinction. Comparison has been

made

with series of specimens of all theforms of thespecies.

Both

of the individuals obtained

by

DoctorAbbott on

Bawean

Island are adultsin perfect plumage,and theirmeasurementsare as follows:

Measurements of specimens of Anthreptes malacensis baweanus.

[CollectedbyDr.W.L.Abbott.]

198

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

vol.52.

Family

DICAEID^.

DICAEUMFLAMMEUM(Sparrman).

Motadlla flammeaSparrman,Mus.Carlson., fasc.4,1789,^pi.98(Java).

One

specimen,No. 181587, U.S.N.M.; taken,

November

22, 1907.

Though marked

"female," this bird is evidently a

young

^male,

sinceit isin transitionfromthe juvenalplumagetothatoftheadult, and shows characteristic feathers of the male on head, back, and scapulars.

As

nearlyasispossible todeterminefrom such anexample,

itisidenticalwithJavanbirds. Itcanat leastnot bedistinguished froma juvenalmale fromJava.