The editorial staff of Pacific Linguistics is made up of academic staff from the school's Department of Linguistics. On Kabaena Island, staff from the district office transported us from east to west by motorbike. On the upper Konawe, young men from the village of Ahilulu built a raft to carry us downstream.
Dr Rauf also assigned university counterparts to accompany us at various stages of the survey. Even until recently, the relationship between the languages of the southeastern Sulawesi peninsula remained obscure. The following is a critical survey of the main historical sources for the classification of the Bungku-Tolaki languages.
Most recent classifications therefore show only partial images of the entire Bungku-Tolaki group. For the Bungku-Mori language area, his map is essentially a compilation of Adriani and Kruyt right down to the location of the nomadic Bajo or Sea Gypsies.
F - (KUUSUSU) 2'S
Of these, languages D, F and K (which formed a natural subgroup within its ten languages) can be identified as Bungku-Tolaki languages. Although his work was incomplete with regard to the entire Bungku-Tolaki language area, some observations are possible. A third of the 34 Swadesh 100 word lists they used had been collected in 1973-1975 by local officials of the Ministry of Education and Culture; they collected the rest themselves.
Due to the preliminary nature of their research, the Barrs collected only these four word lists from the Bungku-Tolaki area. While Anceaux considered the Bungku-Tolaki languages and the Muna-Buton languages in the south to form a single group, the Barrs combined their Bungku-Tolaki supgroup with the Kaili-Pamona and Tomini languages in the north to form what they called their West Central Sulawesi. Group. B Hurhanuddin's (1979) work stands out as the first new survey of the entire Bungku-Tolaki area in forty years, and included information that neither Adriani nor Esser had available when they compiled their language maps.
East Sulawesi then compiled 25 glossaries for Muna-Buton languages and eleven for Bungku-Tolaki languages (all of which are contained in his mimeograph, except for three from Central Sulawesi languages). As part of the Wurm and Hattori Language Atlas of the Pacific Area ( 1 983), James Sneddon compiled a map of the languages of Sulawesi.
0 WAWONII
Apart from this, the lack of resolution in the north of the province must also be considered a weakness of this study. Consequently, they do not touch Mori, Bungku or any of the other Bungku-Tolaki languages. The aim of this survey was to get an overview of all the languages and dialects of the Bungku-Tolaki language area.
This was suitable because Indonesian is widely known in the survey area and made it possible to consistently elicit the desired semantic domains. The position of the Laroue glossary must be interpreted within this clear pattern of divergence. The forested interior contains oil reserves, which could play a role in the future economy of the region.
Very few foreigners live in the Kulisusu area, with the result that the use of the local language is strong. Routa speakers still live in the village of that name, across the watershed divide from Lake Towuti near the headwaters of the Lindu River. Karhunen and Vuorinen had heard of To Pomuaia, but had not been able to obtain a list of words from them.
The other three members of the Tolaki family - Waru, Rahambuu and Kodeoha - are small in comparison. In the north, small groups of people carved out communities from the forest along these rivers and their smaller tributaries. Some percentages of lexical similarity are even above 80% when comparing Rahambuu word lists with Mekongga word lists obtained from villages just to the south.
The guerrillas of the Darnl Islam uprising sought refuge in the rugged mountains of what is now the north of the south. Bakker, Hans, 1 989, Consolidation of the Colonial State in the Sultanate of Bhutan: Historical Notes and Sociological Considerations. 1979/1980b, Kumpulan naskhu cerita rakyat (mite dan legende) daerah province Sulawesi Tenggara (lampiran) (Collection of texts of folk tales (myths and legends) of the South.
D MENUI
Of the 1 13 Bungku-Tolaki word lists that formed the basis of our lexicostatistical comparison, 27 - representing each language and dialect - were selected to appear in this appendix. Phonetically long vowels are almost always a reflection of two vowels of the same quality, and. All the Bungku-Tolaki languages can be considered open syllabic languages, with the only syllable patterns V and CV.
South of Laa Solo are the To Lalaki, who live primarily in the area drained by the Konawe River and its tributaries. The first name is better, for the general name of the people is To Lalaki. Laiwui is the name of one of the sub-regions which together make up the confederation of the Konawe region, but it is neither the largest nor the most important sub-region.
He classified the rest of the Sulawesi groups under Southwest Indonesian, which for him also included the languages of Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali and most of the Lesser Sunda Islands. The extreme was reached in the words for 'coconut shell', where the word takulo ?aha provided a bridge for all the forms taku, takula, ulo, taluaha, kuli?aha and aha, which, however, show considerable phonetic differences. Their representations represent the claim that the closest linguistic neighbors of the Bungku-Tolaki languages are the Kaili-Pamona (and Tomini) languages to the northwest.
However, it should be noted that the merger of a with 0 also occurs in all languages of the Tolaki family (see Mead ff.). The split, on the other hand, is reflected in two languages of the Bungku family. Either this tradition is inaccurate, or they left Andolaki before the arrival of the To Laiwui.
Some groups, such as the Wiau and the Laiwui, eventually followed small rivers upstream and crossed the gorge and settled on the eastern side of the mountains. Another (and as yet undiscovered) source for tracing the migrations of the Tolaki people could be the various me 'akoi' sacrificial sites that were once prominent in Tolaki culture. Abbreviations of periodicals are listed on the first page of the bibliography in appendix 1. Announcements from the Dutch Missionary Society Linguistic and literary outline of the Bare 'e language and overview of the Celebes-South Halmahera language area.
Elbert, Johannes Sunda Expedition der Gesellschaft für Geographie und Statistik in Frankfurt am Main: Festschrift zur Feier des 75-jährigen Vereinsjubiläums. Martens, Michael P., 1989, Proto Kaili-Pamona: Rekonstruktion der Protosprache einer sprachlichen Untergruppe in Sulawesi.