Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 10 ( 2016 ) 444 – 451
2210-7843 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest doi: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.09.013
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EaUniversity of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, 011464, Bucharest, Romania
bTechnical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, 122-124 Lacul tei Blvd, District 2, 020396, Bucharest, Romania
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Peer-review under responsibility of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest
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