THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ECHINOCHLOA.

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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ECHINOCHLOA.

ny

A. S. HITCHCOCK.

INTRODUCTION.

In earlier works this group of grasses was usu&lly included ... a section in the great genus Panicum. The species form a compact

group which according to the modern concept is assigned to generic rank.

There are seven species of &hinochloa in North America, two of them introduced from the Old World and a third introduced as well as native. Besides these species there are at least three in the Old World. Although the genus itseU is well marked, some of the species are exceedingly variable and not easily distinguished from each other.

A variety of one species, Echinocnwa C1'U8galli edulis, is occasionally cultivated in the United States for forage under the name of Japanese

barnyard millet, and at one time was advertised by seadsmen as billion dollar grass.

The text figures are natural size.

DESCRIPTION OF THE GElfUS AID SPECIES.

ltCHINOC H I..oA Beauv.

Echinochloo B . .

uv.

Ells. Agroot. 58. pl.

It./.

11. 1812. The type .pecieo is Panicum

<CT1J.8galli. the ^ODe figured. Beauvois mentions several epeciee in

the text

under

Panicum

and lists them under

EcJainochloa

in the index.

DEBCIUPtlON.

Annual or perennjal, ^C08.1'!e, often succulent ^graSSeB with linear

nat

blades and

~ually Il&lTOW panicles consisting of severa) epikeli1ce racemes along a ^majn axis.

Spikelete plano-convex, often spiny-hispid, 8ubbWSi1e, in pairs or in iru:gular clu8telf crowded on ^ODe side of the panicle branches. Firat glume about

han

as long ⁸⁸ the ,spikelet, pointed. Second glume and sterile lemma. equal, stiffly hiapidulolUl on the nerves, usually ecabrous on the intemervee, pointed, mucronate, or the glume .short-awned, the lemma mucronate or awned, somet.imes conspicuously 80, inclosing a membranaceous palea and 80metimes a staminate flower. Fruit plano convex, the lemma and palea smooth a.nd shinjng, abruptly a.cumina.te-pointed, the lemma. mar~

gins inrolled below, flat above, the .pex of the palea not inclosed.

The genus differs from Panicum in the awned glumee (the first awnJeI!E in 80me species) &Ild ~teri1c lemma and the pointed fertile lemma. The awns are reduced

to mucros or points in

E. oolonum,

but the habit of the plant and the structure of the inflorescence show the species

to

be closely allied ^to the others.

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CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL H.:RBAIUUAf.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Ligule,. dense line

of

stiff

pllowi"ih

h lirA; plants perennial.

Fruit ab

:)

ut 2.5 mm. long. Awn

Of s

terile

lemml

le

.B

than

2

mm

.

long.

.

Fruit about 4 mm, long.

1. E. pyramidalis.

A

"0 of sterile

lemm ^J. generally 5 to 10 mm. long;

sterile floret etaminate.

2. E. poIyotaoh:va.

Awn of sterile lemm'! generally 4

to

5 em. long; sterilo floret neuter.

4. E. holcitormi •.

Ligule wlnting,

the ligula.r area sometimes

puh, eecent; plants annual.

Racemes simple, rather distant, 1 to 2 cm. long; Bpikelets crowded in about 4 roWf!l,

the awn of the sterile lemma reduced

^to

a short point; blades 3

^to

6

^mm,

wide.

7. E. coloDnm.

Racemes more or less branched, usually more than 2 em. long; epikelets

irregululy crowded and fascicled, usually not arranged in rowa, the awn of the sterile lemma variable;

blad~

u8ually more than 5 mm. wide.

Fruit

about

4

mm. long ... ..

3. E. opUemenoidee.

Fruit

2. 5

W

3

mm. long.

Sheaths smoothi awns variable, but the panicle not a dense m88B of long.awned epikeletB ... . ... . 6. E. ern·galli.

Sheaths, at least the lower, hispid or ecabrousj panicle dense, the spikelets long·awned ... ...•... " ...

5. B. walterl.

1. Bcldnocbloa pyxamidpu. (Lam.)

Hitchc. Ii

Chase.

P."icum pyramid4/e Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171. 1791. HE Senegal. D. Reus-

aillon. ^H

Panicum 8pectabik

^Val. gv.ad~

l&upem, Hack.

Notizbl. Bot.

Gart.

Berlin 1: 328. 1897.

OJ Habitat in Guadeloupe in

f08Bis

et locis

aquatieis

prope faubourgs de la Pointe A Pitre:

DU88

n

. 3176."

Echinochloa pyramidali3 IIitchc

& Ch

....

Contr.

U. S.

Nat.

Herb.

18: 345. 1917. Baaed

on

Pan;.

cum pyramwau

Lam.

DESCRIPTION.

Plants perennial; stems erect,

mther fieehy, 1.5

^to

2.5 meters tall,

glabrous; sheaths glabrous;

ligule a dense row of stiff yellow.

iflh hairs 1 to 2

mm.

long; bln.dee 40 to 60 em. long, 5 to 10

mm.

"«'.dc, g\abroU8 above, 8C:lbrous un tho ma.rginR and on the nerves iJeneath; panicle 20

to

^{40 em.}

long, the axis scabrouB; racemes numerous, ascending, 2

to

^{7 em.}

long, single or somewhat fasci.

Fla. ~.-EcAinochloa pyramidllli". From l)uu 31 i.5, Guadeloupe. cled) distant below but overlap-- ping, stiffly pilose

at

base and sparsely ^tIo() al.iII;! the :>1~:l"'rua8 nr hhlpidulous rachis; spikclets about 3 rom. long, rather loosely aWl-ng-cd a.long the raehiH, scabrous or slightly hispidull1tl8 on the

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HITCHCOC!(-REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES.

135

nerves, glabroUB or nearly so on the internerves; sterile lemma

mucronate

or with an awn J to 2 mm. long; fruit about 2.5 ..em. long. mucronate.

DISTRIBUTION.

In ditcilr.3, Guadeloupe, introduced from Africa.

Lr.EW .... RIl ISLANDS: Guadeloupe,

Duss

3175, 3176, 3920;

Hitch cock 16412.

2. Echinochloa polystaehya

(H. B. K.)

Hitchc.

Oplismnw& polysfar:hyu,3 H. D. K. Nov. Gen. & Rp. 1: 107. 1816. "Crcscit in tlylvis opacati!l Orinocemihus prope Maypure et in radicihus montis Cumadamenori." The

Humboldt collections have not heen examined. The description applies well to glabrous specimens of EchinochZoo po'g.~l(Jdl!la. The ligute i~ described as "margo

piloRu:'!.·' This leaves little douht as to the identity of the specie!'!.

Panirll'1n spectabilt N ees, Agrost.. Brm;, :WZ. 1829. "Habitat, uti ddetur, in regno

An~ola. :\fricae, a LusitAnis oh eximium. quod praehct, pa.bulum inde in Bra.<::i1ium

aliatllm, ct v-ariis per omne imperium loci!! cui tum, e. g.

ad Sehastianopolin, Sotcropo- lin, :\faragn:mllm, Pnflt II ); ('('.~

further :o:.ta t(!s, in rCJ.,-anl to its intrOtluction from ;\ ngolu,

., Capim. r/f Angola, incoli!'l, df>

cujus ^ell I ^t,Urll conferatur: Obsrr-

l'UCOCS fI ('m'a do Olpim ^de Anqoia, llil"imammlc lrmido e cltl/il'ado (lq lli. ^{Rio df} Janril'().

ISI~." ~\ specimen in 11J('

?\Iunil'h Herbarium marked,

" Capim

<1,.

:\n~ola. MarliuR.

Iter Br<l!'lilicnsis," i8 takf'n :IS

the type. Dr. Otto 8tapf in- forms me that he ha .. ^'! no ^('\'i- deut:e that this species g-rows in .. Hri(:a and th:~t the state- ment by Noes that it ,,'as intro- duced from Ang-ola appears to

he an error.

Rchi1ll>chtoa .'tpeclabili8 Link, Hort. Herol. 2: :ro9. 1833.

Based on l'anicum sptclabilc ^FJG. 2fJ.-&hil. rdloa JIOlvtt«Ara. From Pitlier 4383, I'nn:1\Dil, Nees.

Ortlwpn(Jon hirsllt!t8 Spreng.; St~u<l. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 234. 1841. .'\ name only, given ^i.lS llynonym of Panicmn speclabik.

Panicmn lJhyllanlhuTn Steud. Syn. rI. Glum. 1: 47. ^)R54. " Ex. hrbo. Deloeh(', tectum in Montevideo. ^{I I} The type has not boen examined.

Panicllm bonplandio11um Stcud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 48,1854. Based on "Oplismt'lW8 polystachY'ILI H.

B."

DESCJU1'T1()~ •

Plante perennial, usually in colonies; culma coarse, 1 to 2 meters tall, from a long creeping rooting base, glabrous, the nodes dCJUlely hispid 'with appressed yellowish hairs; sheaths glabrous or papillose,hispid; ligule a dense line of stiff yellowish hairs as much ^M 4 mm. long; blades as much as 2.5 em. wide, scabrous on the margins and upper surfacej panicle 10 to 30 ern. long, rather dense, the axis angled, very scabrous; rac-emes ascending, the lower mostly 3 to 6 em. long, densely hispid at base, the rachis very seahrous and more or less papillose-hiapid; 8pikelet..e rather closely set, nearly sessile, ahout 5 mm. long; sUlrile floret staminate, the awn 2 to 10 mm. long; rruil

~ rather 90ft, about", mm. long, extcnrling into a point ahaut 0.5 mm. long .

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136

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.

DISTRIBUTION • .

SW1IDlpB and ditch .. near Ibe ccoat, Mexico and the Weet Indi ... '" Argentina.

SAN Lurs POTosi:

C~rden

.. , Hi!chcock 6737.

TABUCO: lAgUna de Peralta, Ro'Virwa 315, GonzliIez, RoviroBa 703.

PANAIlA:

OnniJa,

Pittitr 4383.

CUBA.: Habana, Lion 4168.

JAJUICA: Savanna·)a·Mar, Hikhcod: 9868.

SANTO DOMINGO:

Sanchez,

Taylor 66. Rinc6n, Fu.ertu 1419.

PORTO RICO: Mayaguez, Chtue 6290, 6319. Caguas, Sintenis 2543. Bayamon"

Bwrrm. 324

in

part.

Laree,

Chiu< 6633.

LBBWARD isLANDS: Antigua,

Wull.tchlatgd 635.

WINDWA.RD isLANDS: Martinique,

Duu 542.

TOBAOO: Bi!chcock 10264; Broadway 4896.

COLOIfBIA: Santa

Marta,

Smith 108.

DUTCH GUIANA: Paramaribo, Kuy~ in 1913.

BRAZIL: P&.raIl.6., Dwen 11461. Without locality, Capanerrta 5398 .

PARAGUAY; Pilcomayo River,

Rojas

^76j

Morong 1070.

URUGUAY; San

Jose, Arechavaleta 227.

ARGENTINA: BuenOB Aires,

Venturi 6419.

3. Echinocbloa

opli8menoidea

(li"'oum.) Hitchc.

Btrehtoldia oplitmenoide' Foum. Mex. PI. 2: 41. 1886. "TolueR, Lerma (BERt. n.

1140)." Berlandier's no. 1140 from Toluca. in the Paris Herbarium, is the type.

Fournier

has written

the

name

upon the

sheet.

The specimen consists of three fragmentary culms with a few rncemea of char.u:teristic spikeJets.

DESCRIPTION.

Plants 'annual; culms erect, ^aB' much as 1 meter tall, glabrous, the- nodes glabrous or rarely appreesed- hispidulous; sheaths glabrous;

ligule-

wanting. or rarely a line of short hairs; blades mostly Ieee than 1 em.

wide, scaberulouB on the margins- and upper surface; panicles narrow, usua.1ly not oYer 15 em. long, the

axis angled, sca.brousj racemes ap-

prererl, the lower mostly 3

to

6 cm.

long, the rachis angled, scabrous and more or lees stiffly pilose, not hispid at ba&Cj 8pik~lets rather deIl8ely aet~

4 to 5 mm. longj firetglume acutiBh_t glabrous; second glume hispiduloU!t on the nerves, acuminate; sterile lemma empty or with palea only ~

the awn usually about 1 em. long~

Flo. 21.-EeoU7wclloa o1>i~. ^From HildilOCk 7S'n rarely na much as 3 cm. long; ^fruit

Mexico. about 4 mm.

long,

mucronate.

DISTRIBunON. '

Hoist places, centml Mexico.

SONOU: Canaoea.,

Ridetts 2.

CHIHUAHUA: Sierra Madre,

Pringk 1404.

Sanchez,

Hitehcocl:

7696. Mifiaca,

Hitrh- cock 7768.

DURANGO: Durango,

Palmer

253 in ]896;

Hitchcocl:

7616. Otinapa,

Palmer

333 in 1906 .

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HITCHCOCK-REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES.

137

ZACATBCAS:

Zacatecas, HitchoocJ: 7527.

AGUASCALIENTE8: Aguaacalientes,

Hitchcock

7441, 7489.

MEXICO: Toluca,

Hitdzcock 6914.

MICBOACAN:

Zamora, Pringk

8480.

Morelia, NicoM. in

1909.

PUEBLA: Pueb!&, An .... 5i44.

4. BcldMobloa holciformia (H. B. K.) Chase

.

Oplimlenu.o holciformu

H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 107. 1816. "Crescit in humidi.

montaniB prope Ciuapecuaro, alt. 970 hexap. (Regno Mexicano.) ^>I A specimen from the type collection has been examjned

in

the Willdenow Herbarium at Berlin.

The label reads, .

^{I I}

Panicum holcifoTTM. Amer. merid. Humboldt. "

Orthopogcm holcifOlu.u

Spreng. Sys~ Veg. 1: 307. 1825. BIIIIed en

OplitJmen ... holci- formu H. B. K.

Panicttm holcifoNM

Steud.

Syn.

PI. Glum. 1: 48. 1854. B"ed on

OplitJmenu.

holciformu H. B. K.

Berrlawldia holciformu

Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 41. 1886.

BReen

on

OI"itJmen1J.8 hoki- formu

H. B. K.

Echinochloa holciformu Chase,

Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington 24: 155. 1911. Based on

OplitJmenU4 holciformu

H. B.

K.

DESCRIPl'ION.

Plante perennial; culms erect, sometimes with a decumbent rooting base, stout, 8ucculent, as much as 2 meters tall nnd 1.5 em. thick at baBe, glabrous; sheaths glabrous; ligule

a.

dense

line of stiff haire, long on the lower leaves, short on the upper leaves; blades mostly 8 to 15 mm. wide, scabrous

on the

margins and upper surface; pani- cle dense, or interrupted

below, nodding, as much as 40 em. long, the axis scabrous, densely hiBpid around the baae of the branches; racemes ap- pressed, single or fas- cicled, the lower as much a.e 10 em. long,

the

rachis

scabrous

and

his

^p i

d ;

spikelets rather clO8ely arranged, nearly ^8Ensi1e, about 5 mm. long, fusi-

fonn, green or purple, only slightly convex on the

rounded side; firet

glume acute or obtuse;

second glume short- awned; sterile lemma

empty, the awn ^8.8 much FIo. 2K.-EcAinoc.lloo Aoldjormu. From ArulW in 19W, Mexico,

as

5

em. long; fruit elliptic

, about 5 mm. long including the point, thjs about 1 mm.

long.

DISTRIBUTION,

Moist places, often covering large areas in shallow water, central Mexico to Guatemala.

DURANGO: Durango,

Hitclu;od

76]];

Palmer

253 in 1896.

JALIBCO:

Oroeco ,

H1'tchood 7375 .

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CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIOXAI, HERBARIUM.

GUANAJUATO: Acambaro,

lIitcJtrocJc

6946. lrapuato,

Hitchcock 7393.

MICHOACAN: Morelia, Arlene in 1909.

'MEXICO: Valley

of

^{Mexico, Pringk 8622;}

^Blrlandin

^730; Kaflfin8i:y in 1807. Tulu,

no/my 9.

GUATEHALA:

Estanzueia, Heydt

&:

Lu.x 3911.

o. Echlnoohloa walteri (Pursh) Hellor.

ranicmn

hirtelllfln

Walt.

£0'1. Carol.

72. 1788. Not Panicum

^hir/eUum

L. 1759.

Type locality,

South Carolina,

no dl:'finite station given. There

are

three specimens

in Walter's herbarium at the Dritish Museum. ^t One of t.hoec is the species described

helow under

Ec~in'JCftloo ·wolferi. Th~ spocimen

may ue taken as the typ

e, as

this preserves the name in

its U!1Uai

application.

Panicn1U ll'altcri Pur~h, 1-'1. Amer. Sept. 06. 1814. The range is given a8 "Kenr til(> S~\tt·watcr: ('an,lda and ^X('W York." The species is described as having hispid

FIG. :W.-Eclilnochloa wal/eri. From CliMe H2d,

Illinois.

sheaths. The ^nam~ i:i founded ^Oll 1'. hir-

Iflllllll Walt.

Pam'emlt cf!uyalli \'ar. hispidllm Ell. Bot.

s . t~. &

Ga. 1:

114.

]816. Based

on

P. his- pidllin '\1uh1., in

manuscript.

I '(lYIiClIIlL hiltpidll1n

,\1 uh

I. Oeser. Gram.

)Oi. IRI7. Not l'a-nicum it-ispidum ]<'orst.

17~1i. " HahHat in Cnrolina, Delaware, et

\'o\'.

Bhor." l'nnil'ullt

hirtrllll't'll

Walt.

i~

dtC'f1 as a si·nonym.

l'alliclI1n longisrt!l.?n 'forr. Amer. Journ.

Rei. 4: 58. 11';22. Xot Panicum longistturn

Poir. 1816.

"On the bankA of Lho Fox ltiver, " Wi.'~coDsin. The type, labuled

·'CU::I.q'S Expcd. Cnpt. Douglass," is

in the

TorrC'y Herbarium. Thosheaths aroglahrous, hut only the upper partof the plant is shown.

Orthopogon hiilpidulJ

Spreng. SYl:1t. Veg. 1:

307. 1825. Dasoo on Panicum hispidllm

Muhl.

OplislIIcnU8iongi3 e tlls Kunth, Rev.

Gram.

1: 46. IR29. Based on ;'

Panicum longilfetlltn

Torrey. "

Echinochloa walteri

Heller, Cat. N. Amer. PI. ed. 2. 21. 1000. Based on

ranieum

wnltcri

Pursh.

Ec hinochloa longiarilfuda

NaHh in Small, Fl. Southeast. t~. S. 84.1003. " In wet ground, South Carolina to Louisiana." The type in the Torrey Herbarium was collected in Louisiana ^by Hale. The sheaths arc ~la.brous, but only tllCl upper part of the plant is shown.

IlESCRH'TlOK.

Plallt8 annual; stems erect, often succulent, often rooting ^:1t the lower nodes when I

~rowing in mud or water, 1 to 2 meters high, ^M much as 2.5 cm. thick at base, glabrousj

I

sheaths papillose-hmpid, or papillose only, sOmetimes only the lower sheaths hiepid or the hairs confined to the marginal region, or sometimes scabrous only, or rarely

glabrous, the

collar more or

lcss

pubescent; ligule wanting, the ligular area often pubescent; hlnd('s usua.lly 10 to 15 mm. wide, sometimes ^lUI much as 3 ern. wide, mostly rteabrous on hoth surfaces; panicle large and dense, ^aM much as 30 em. long,

-

.- - . - --

^{-- --- -} ---

.-.

^.

- - -

I See Hikhcock, The Identification of Walter's ^gTaSSCS. Rep. Mo.

Bot.

Gard. 16:

34. 1905,

I

HJ'WHCOCK-REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES.

139

erect or nodding, the axis very scabrous, more or lese papilIoee-hiBpid on the a.ngles;

• racemes apprcssed or aBcending, single Of, in the larger pla.nts, usually fascicled, approximate or tho lower somewhat diBtant. sometimes branched, as much as )0 em.

long, the rachis hispiduJOU8 and more or 1088 papilloae-hispid, especially at base;

spikelets closely arranged, several on short hranches of the raceme, mostly long- awned, often purple, about 3 mm. long; sterile floret with a palea, neuter, the awn

usuaUy 1 to 2 em. long, sometimes longer, more rarely reduced to a ahort point; iruit about 3 mm. long, fusiform, about 1 mm. wide, narrower and more fusiform than in

E. crusgulli.

DlSTRI D UTIOX.

•

O:>a.stal Plain, Massachusetts to Floridaand Texas; also Michigan to Illinois; Cuba.

MASSACHUSETTS: West Barnstable, Knou~ltan in 191 ^l.

NEW JERSEY: Point Pleasant, Pollard in 1897. Little Silver, Scribner in 1891.

Atlantic City, Scriinur in 1895. Clifton, llialh in 1889. Port Norris, Holme, 399.

PENNSYLVANIA: Philadelphia, Smith.

OHIO: St. Marys, Wetzste'in 6905; Kneuck. Gram. Ex,. 75. Sandusky, Mouley in 189B.

INDIANA: Little Chapman Lake, Deam 21975. Dlue Lake, Deam 21700. Wilson, Hill in 1898.

ILLINOIS: Pooria, Brendel. St. Clair County, Eggert 232. Chicago, Cha8e 1426.

MICHIGAN: Port Huron, Dodge 145. Detroit, Faru:ell in 1901.

WISCONSIN: Sauk City, Luderl in 1884.

DELAWARE: Collins Beach,

Commons

in 1865. Wilmington,

Commons

in 1897.

MARYLAND: Chesapeake Beach, Hilrkrocl: 2388. Little Gunpowder River, Shull 308.

VIRGINIA: Virginia Beach,

lVmiams

3101;

Hitchcock

in 1902.

NORTH CAROLINA: Wilmington,

Amer. Gr. Nat. He rb.

431. Elizabeth City,

Boettc her

290.

SoUTH CAROLINA: Aiken, Ravenel in lS6!). Georgeto\\'1l, Alexander 167. Orange- burg, Hitchcock in 1905.

GEOROIA: Americus, Harper 539.

FtOR(DA: Orange County, Fredholm 5420, 5455. Cedar Key, Combs 787, 797. Talla- hassee, Kearney 72. Duval County, Fredholm 245. Jackaonville, IIitchcock in 1900; Combs 21; Curh'" 5023, .5091. Gainesville, Comb.! 747; Chase 4233. Sanibel Island) Hitchcock in 1900. Hillsborough County, Fredholm 6342. Pa.blo Beach,

Comb,

48. Hom08asa.a,

Comb,

962. Bartow,

Comb,

1199. Apalachicola, Kearney 100; Biltmore Herb. 809b. Lake City, Combs 143; Hitchcock 2550.

Graamere, Comb, 1060. Citrus County, H1'lch(;oek 2549. Marion County, Hitch- cock 2548. Miami, HitchcocJ: in 1903. St. Vincent leland, McAtee 1689B. Palma

Sola, Trarw 7036. Monticello,

Comb8311.

KENTUCKY: ReeI£oot Lake, Alaander 307.

MISSISSIPPI: Cat Island, Tracy

&-

Lloyd 442.

LoUIBIt\.NA: Alexandrh,. Hak in 1840. Houma, Wurzlow in 1913. Marksville, McAt.ee 2210. Pointe a la Hache, Langlois in 1885. New Orleans, Wa·ile in 1885.

Lake Charles, A

/lisa"

101.

TEXAS: Houston, Thurow in 1898. Galveston, Hitchcock in 1903. Western Texas, Wright 795. Uvalde, Palm.er 1340 in 1880.

CUBA: Hanaba.na, Wright 3879 in part.

6. Echinochloa. crusgalli (L.) Beau ....

Panicnm cmsgalli L. Sp. PI. 56.175:3. " Habitat in Europae, Virginiae cultis."

The type of Panimm crU8galli was discussed in an earlier paper.l The only Bpecimen

in

tho Linnaean Herbarium upon which ^J,innacu~ has written the name ^is a Bbeet

1 HitChcock, Types or American grasses. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 12: 117. 1908.

16S00I}-20 3 ^•

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140

CONTRIButiONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.

fram Kalm coUected in

Canada.

Tbis specimen was,

in the paper mentioned, con·

sidered

to

be the type. A reconsideration of the subject leads me to the

conclusion

that the name was applied to a concept rather than

to

a specimen or specimens and that the basis of this

concept

was the species

^B.8

generalJy known

in Europe. The

!Calm specimen is a.bout the same form ^&8 the type of

Panicum muricatum

Michx. The

application of th,.-name cn.ugalli

is

not altered

by

the elimination of this Kalm speci-

men as a type. In the first edition of the Species Plantarum Linnaew describes

Panieum cnugalli

and al80 ^8. variety P, and gives sa the habitat "in Europae, Virginiae cultis. ^{I I} This

treatment

is followed in the second edition, where he states that "VarietaB{J. aristie

deciee glumis longiori5us manifeete a communi planta cui vix sesquilongiores aristae, differt." In my remarks on types of American

^graBBeD,1

I showed

that the

basis

of variety

fJ

^W&8 a specimen of Echinochloa walttri from Gronovius (Clayflm 579). From Linnaeus's note concerning variety p, quoted above, it would appear that the common

form, as understood by Linnaeus, had awns about 5 mm. long.

Panicum cru.corvi L. Sy.t. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. No locality

is given.

In a

later ·work! the habitat is given as "in Iodiis." Tbis is usually referred to

Panicum CT1.LIgalli,

in works on the Asiatic flora.

Milium cnugaUi

Moench, Meth. Pl. 202. 1794. Bued ⁰⁰

Panicum crtugalli

L.

P""icum grouum

Salisb.

Prodr.

Stirp.

18. 1796.

Based on

Ponicum cruagalli L.

The

text

of the Prodromus iB ⁸ mere list. This species appears ^8S follows: "GroBBUDl.

6. P. [Panicum] Crus Galli Linn

.

Sp. PI. ed.

2.

p. 83."

Panicum muriootum

Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 47. 1803. Not

Panicum muricatum

Retz. 1786. "Hab. in Canada ad ripaela.cus Champla.in et ad lacum Ontario." The type, labeled

"Lac.

Ch&mplain," ^WaB examined at the Paris Herbarium.' This form is ma.intained as a diBtinct species by Fernald, as indicated below under

Echinochloa muricata.

The trichomes on the second glume and sterile lemma are

coaroe and arise from large papillae.

Eehinochloa cru.lgalli

Beauv.

EBB.

Agrost.

53,

161. 1812. Baaed on

Panicum

^t:rUA-

gaUi L.

Panicum CMl.Igalli var. arillatum Pureh, Fl. A

mer. Sept.

66. 1814. No

locality given, but probably from eastern United States. The long awned form.

Panicitm pungeru

Poir. in Lam. Encyel. SuppJ. 4: 273. 1816. Baeed on

Panicum muricatum

Michx. "non Lam. Dict."

Setaria muricata

Roem.

cI:

Schult. Sy.t. Veg. 2,

495. 1817.

Based.

on Panicum muritatum

Micn.

Ethinochloa

crmgalli var.

aristata

S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 158. 1821. De- acribed from Great Britain, no definite locality given. The long-awned form.

OplUmmw Cf"tUgalli

Dum.

Obs.

Gram. Belg. 138. J823. Baaed on

Panicum

^cru8-

galli

L.

Q,lhopogon crwgalli

Spreng. Sy.t. Veg. 1: 307.

1825.

Dased

on P",,;<!Um crmgalli L.

Opltmunu.r muricatm

Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 44.1829. Baaed on

"Panicum muri- catum

Mich. ^JJ

Echinochloo

muritata

Fernald, Rhodora 17: 106. 1915. Baaed on

Panicum

mUM-

catum

Micbx. Fernald difltinguishefl

&hinochloa muricata

from

E. crmgalli

by the stiff hairs a.rising from papillae upon the spikelets and maintains

that

the former is a native of the United. States while the latter, in

which

the hairs lack the papillose base_t is introduced in this country. J have been unable to distinguirili

E. murioota

on this

baaiB, as both forms occur in Europe and the t,,'o appear to me to intergrade.

There are other 8ynonyms in works on the floras of the Old World.

1

Contr.

U. S.

Nat. Herb

. 12: 117.

1908

. 'Sp.

PI. ed. 2. 84. 1762.

Cunt, U. S. Nat. lIerb.

12: 146.

1908

.

•

HITCH COCK-REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES.

141

•

• FIG. aO.-.Echinoc:llOll cnn,..m. From Soma 3725, Iowa .

•

,

•

142

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.

DE.!'ICRIPTION.

Plants nonual ; culma erect or sometimes decumbent at hBBe, as much 88 1 meter or even

1.

5 meter3 tall, glahrous; sheaths glabrous; ligule wanting,

th

e ligular area some- times slightly pubescent; blades 5 to 15 mm. wide, scalJrous on the margins, some- times on the upper surface; panic1es erect (or nodding),

10

^{to 2()} e

m. long,

the axis scabrous; racemes spreading, ascending, or apprcssed, t.he lower somewhat distant, as much ^9.8 10 em. Long, sometimes branched, the uppm approximate, shorter, the rachis 8C9.broue, hispid, especially at the base; Bpikelcts crowded, about 3 mm.long, exclud-

ing the

awns, strongly hiapid or

papilIosc-hispid on th

e

nerves, hispidulous on the internerves;

sterile

lemma with

a

well-d

eve

loped

palea, neuter, the

awn

varifthle in length, mostly 5 to

10

mm. long on at

lea.ql a.

part o

f

the spikeletB, .IIOmetimes as much

8.8

3

cm. long; fruit elliptic, turgid, narrowed into a cusp or point, 2.5 to 3 ^mm. long, whitish or brownish.

In

America the species may be divided into three geographieal races.

These

are fairly distinct over a certain range, hut overlap and intergrade to such an extent that they can not be recognized

as

distinct species. The three races were originally described

a9

^Panicum CF'1l3galli L., Opli3mtn!l~ crU8-pavolli3

n . ^B.

^{K., nnd O. zl!lay-}

en.m

^{H. B.}

^K.,

respectively. The first

is

a native of the Old World and also of the eastern Uni'ted States. The second is found in Orazil and extends north into Mexico and the West Indies. The third has ilil ('entez:...of digtribution on the Mexican plateau and ext.ends into the BOuthwestern United Sta~s. However, there are

many

speci- mens in our herharia that can not be definitely assigned

to

anyone of these rorms.

Hence in the dist.ribution given under each

race

the placing of some of the spcri- men3 uoder a given subspecies is arbitrary.

European botanists generally distinguish two forms of the first race, Panicum

CM.UI!]alli, a long-awned and a ehort-awned, and recent works genera.lIy npply the varietal names,

Iong-ia'f'l8lata

to the firat, and

br e1 , ; aristata

^to the seconrl. Ascherson and Graebner, ^I whose recent work is represent.ative for Rurope, inciurl('- the two forms under Panitum as P. crmgalli longiaristatllm DoelP and P.

rrw.galli

^breviariA- tatum

Doell.

²

Pursh ³ first distinguished the rorms in America as Panicum rru8galli yar. ari~tat1lm

and

P .

cruagaUi var. ,nile.

The robust form with large compound panicle of ahart-awned or merely pointed spikeleta: may look very distinct, but the jnt-erg-rades are ⁸⁰ numerous that it can scarcely receive recognition as a. variet.y. For the sake of convenience it is here

eegrega.tcd ⁸⁸ a variety and the specimoIL"I oC Echinochlna CTusguUi ^are more or less - arbitrarily aMigned to the two forms, the a.wned under Echil1-Ot'liloa cru8galli, the nearly awnless under E. CflUgalli mit~.

A third form. of the first race, origina.lIy described as Pani.cumjrumentacetLm Roxb., is rather morc distinct because, being cultivated, the slight differences arc per·

petuated.

DISTRIBUTION.

Moist open i,,'Tound, ditches, cultivated fields, and waste piacea, New Brunswick to Washington, 80uth to Florida and California; warmer parta

or

the Eastern Hemi~phere.

The following specimens are referred to the typical or awned fonn; some of them, however, approach variety

mit18 ,'

but at leaat a part of the spikeleta have awns as much as 3 mm. long:. Commonly known ⁸⁸ barny&rd gr .... ^M8.

NEW BnuNswICK: Sherliac Cape, Hubbard 755,763.

QUlmEc: Oka, Victorin 3022.

ONTARIO: Amherstburgh,

Macoun

26319. Kingston,

Fowler

in 1897 and 1905. Galt, Herriot in 1908. Larma, Dodge 129 .

MANITOB.-\.: Branchon, Macoun 13226.

- ^{- - - - -- -- - - - - -- ,--:- -- -} - - - , - , - - , - - - -

I Syn. Mittcleur. FI. 2: 69. 1898. ³ F1. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814.

, FL Bad, 1: 232, 1857,

HITCHCiCK-REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES.

• 143

M.\INE: Orono,

Briggs

6;

Harvey

1200. Manchester,

Scribner

in 1873. Cumberland, Chamberlain 153. Westbrook, Ricker 679.

NEW H .UIPSRlRE: She1burne, Deane in ]915.

VERM01'lT: Manchester, Day 272. Rutland, Kirk 1024.

M.-\ssAcnU8ETIs: Nantucket, F. N. Vasey in 1897. Winchendon, Pollard in 1895.

Stoughton, Blake 4639. Dennis, Weatherby 3827.

CONNEcncuT: Stratford, Eo:mea in 1894. South Glaswnbury, Wilson 1259.

RH

OlJE ISLA~'I'D:

Providence,

Battey.

NEW YOltK: Oxford, Coville in 1884. Clove, Standley If Bollman 12166, 12189.

Oneida Lake, Haberer 12598,. Greenport, Latham 318.

XEW JER~EY : New Durham, Kearney in 1894. Camden, Parker. Califon, Fisher in 1901. Atla.ntic City, Scribner in 1895.

PEN~SYLVANIA : Easton, Porter in 1895. Harri8burg. Small in 1888.

OHIO: Olena., Jennings 6759. Albion, Ashcroft in 1897.

INDI ... S . .\ : Lafayette,

Dorner

51. Pennville,

Deo m

23815. Middlebury.

Dearn

23967.

Spen('cr, Dunn 23878. Pimento,

Deam

^22195.

lLLISOIS: Chicago, Nelson in 1898; Umbach in 1898. Emington, Wilcox 120. Wady Petra, V. R. Cha3e 95, 1163.

MICHIGAN : Alma,

Davis

in 1895. Detroit, Farwell in 1902. Port Huron,

Dodge no.

WISCONSIN: Camp Douglas, Mearns 772. Madison, Churchill in 1893. Milwaukee, Chase 1954.

MIN'NESO'fA: Duluth,

Hit chcock

^5087.

NOJtTH D .-\KOTA: Fargo, Waldron & Manns in 1901. Churchs Ferry, Brannon 56.

Leeds, Lunell in 1901.

SOUTH DAKOTA: Grindstone Buttes, Griffiths 750. Frankfort, Griffiths 58b. Deep Creek, GrWiths 315.

IowA: Moscow, SOffleS 3471. Manchester, Ball 1006. Ledyard, Pammel 886. Mid

River, Somes 3725. Ames, Ball 31. Mount Pleasant, Ball 19. Fayette County, Fink 327.

NEBRASKA: Rat Lake, ThO'ffl,SQn 00. Weeping Water, Williams 3011, 3012. Ewing, Baies1124,1I25.

MISSOURI : Clarksville,

Davis

1119. Aberdeen,

DU1, ·is

945. La Grange,

Davis

10{;0.

Hannibal,'

Davis

^1043. Springfield, Standle.y ^8485. St. Louis,

Eggert 231.

K . ^.\SBAS: Osborne City, Shear 229. Riley County, Norton 574, 884, SS4b; Keller- man 51.

DELAWARE : Mount Cuba,

Commons 221.

MARYLAND: Mattawoman Creek, 'Tidestrom 7210. Chesapeake Beach, Chase 6995.

Patuxent River. Shull 277. Takoma Park, Chas~ 7532.

DISTJUCT OF COLUMBIA: Pollard 520, 683; Topping

in

1895; Ward in 1876; Suele

in

1896.

VIRGINIA : Four-mile Run, Chau 2670. Marion, Small in 1892. Princeee Anne County, Kearney 2187. Portllmouth, NOYeJl 71. Glen Carlyn, Dtwey 322.

Arlington.

Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.

427.

WE8T _ VIROINIA: Sweet Springs. Slttle 210.

NORTH CAROLINA: Biltmore,

Biltmore Herb.809a.

Waynesville,

Standley 5593.

Swa.yney, Mooney in 1913.

SOUTH CAROLINA: Oconee County, Anderson 1533. Jacksonboro, Mttcalfin 1905.

GEORGIA : Lafayette, Harper 343.

FI.ORInA: Fort Myers, J.

P.

Standley 357a;

StandletJ

12960;

Hitchcock

476. Manatee,

Tra~y 775-1. Orange County, Fredlwlm 5455. Lake City, Bitting 15, 804, 1031.

1036. Eustis, Nash 979. Miami,

Hit chcocl:

638, 698, 716; Pollard &: Collins 249.

JenRen,

JTitchcock

746. New Smyrna,

Cv rtu65823.

Bartow,

Comb,

1236. Homo-

83ssa,

Combs

^923. Graemere,

Combs

^1167. Dunnellon,

Comb,

^913. Palm Beach, Hitchcock 2061. HiJlshorough County, Fredholm 6342, 6390. Orange County, Fredlwlm 5455.

,

144 CONTRmUTIONS FR6M THE NATIONAL

HER~ARIUM.

T.NN ... zz: Knoxville, Ruth 62. Wolf Creek Station, Kearmy in 1897.

MISSISSIPPI:

Starkvill

e,

Tracy in 1889. Waynesboro,

KU1.f"MY 197.

LOUISIANA:

Houma, Wurzlow . Crowley, Webb in 1913. Breton Island, Tracy

&:

J.lqyd

480. Calhoun,

Ball

72. Cameron,

McAtu 1902.

TEXAS: Guadalupe River, Groth 179. Houston, Filh<rl99. Del Rio, Hit<hcock 13632.

Big Spring, Hitchcocl; 13399. Madioon County, Dixon 443. Clarkoville,

Plank

12.

EI Paso, Hitdicoa 13340. San Antonio, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 428. BrowDsville, Hilchcocl; in

1904.

Weetern Texas, Wright

974.

OKLAHOMA: ]false Ouachita,

Palmer

37

8, 379a. Lincoln County, Blankimhip

in 1895.

MONTANA:

Ulm,

Williamf 591 .

WYOKINO

:

Little Yilloouri Bu\tee. Griffiths 599. NewC1Il!tie, Griffit/u 679.

IDAHO

:

Boise, CIar/;:WS. St. Anthony, Merrill 55. Pocatello, Hit<hcocl; 1 8 41.

New Plymouth, Macbrit:h 713. Salmon, Hendtr!on 3937. Forest, Brown 20.

WASHINGTON:

Waitsburg,

HOT1Ur 527.

Alma,

Elmtr 530.

Prosser,

Cotton 641

,

892.

Klickitat County,

Subdorf2329.

Bingen,

S1Ihdorf2639.

OREGON: Portland, S"'8dorJ 1742. Paisley, Eld<r 22. Wasco County, Uberg 866.

Clark. Creek, Sh<ldon 8863. Klamath FaJIa, HitchtorJ: 2961. Hood River, Hitchcock

in

1903. Southca.tem Oregon

,

Griffi · t/u

^&:

M o rrU 867, 892, 894.

COLORADO: Grand Junction, Hitchcod:

2197. Canon

City, S hear 962

.

Meadow Park.

SMar 602. Durango, Tweedy 377. Alam088., Shear 863.

UTAH: Ephraim,

T1' destrom 2483.

NEVADA: Ba.ttle Mountain, Hikhoocl 10598. Leonard Creek Ranch. Griffith, d:

MorrU 352. Wadsworth, Griffit/u

&:

HunUr 549. Big Creek, Griffitlu

&:

Mom., 186.

NEW MOXICO: Cedar Hill, Standley 7937. Without locality, Wright 208 9.

ARIZONA:

Winslow, Gri.f!i.t.hl 5018. Walnut Canyon, MacDougal 353. Prescott, Hitchcock

^{13192, 13193;}

Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.

429.

CALlFORNlA: Biggs,

Johnson

149. Van Sickle Island,

Kenmdy

in 1914. Wrights,

Elmer

5008. Oroville,

Brown

114

.

Visalia,

Covilk ^&; Funston

1277. Sutler Creek,

Braunton

1130. Stockton,

Davy

1180. Guerneville,

Davy

in 1896. Napa County, Bolander 2419. Amador, Hansen 820. Stuarts, Yates 515. Yreka, But·

ber 866. Eureka,

Tracy

4634.

UR

U

GUAY: Montevideo,

Arechovaltla.

Echinoehloa crusgalli mitis

(Pursh) Peterm.

Panicum cnugaUi

var. miu Purah, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814. Described from

eaatern

United States,

no de6nite locality given. The short·a.wned or nwnleB8 (orm. ~

Panicum crmgalli

var.

purpureum Pursh, Fl.

Amer.

Sept. 66.1814. A

form

of the last with purple spikelets.

Pa1l.iC1tffl C1'tUgalli

var.

^mut;:cum

Ell. Dot. S. C.

Ii

Ga

.

1: 114

.

1816. Described from South Carolina or Georgia, but no d

efinite locality giVeD. Spikelete acumina.te.

The

awnless form common in the ea.stem states.

Echinochloo cnugalli

^{Vat. mitu} Peterm.

Fl.

Lip8. 82. 1838. Based on ^{Panic1.(m C1UI ..}

gaUi var. mitt Pursh.

Panicum

.ci1ldenl Nees; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 47. 1854. "St. Louie." The type, in the Berlin Herbarium, was collec ted by Drummond in 1831.

It it!

the

nearly awnlees form with rather 8mall panicles, the lower racemes spreading.

DESCRIPTION.

Differs (rom the typical form in baving the 8pikelets awuleea or nearly so, the

a.wna being I ... than 3 mm. long.

J

n the Southweet tma lorm p ... into

E.

crmgalli ulay-

1nIit.

A

specimen from

San Antonio, Texas. hu

eca.brous sheaths (Hitchccd 5141).

. .

HITCHCOCK REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES.

145

DISTRIBUTION.

Moist places, Ma.rcachusetts

to

British Columbia, eouth

to

Florida, California, and

northern Mexico.

ONTARIO:

Toronto,

Maroun ^2t!a,18.

^Galt,

Herriot

^{73, 82.}

BRITISH COLUMBIA:

Agassiz, .l"acoun

4.

MASSACHUUl"l'S:

Pittsfield, Harrison 21.

NEW YORK: South Bay,

Haberer

3303. Staten Island,

Kearney

in 1894.

PENNSYLVANU.:

Philadelphia

,

Smith.

OHIO: Oberlin, Richecker in 1894.

MIC RlOAN: Detroit, Farwdl in 1902. Marquette, Farwell in 1902.

MISNESOTA: Fort Snelling,

Meanu 31).

NORTH DAKOTA:

Fargo, Wright

1864.

Leeds, Lunell in

1915.

SOUTH DAKOTA:

Huron,

Gri.tJithB 14, 771, 773.

BeUefourche,

Griffitha 373. Frank-

fort,

Griffith.

58.. A berdeen,

Griffith.

108. Pierre, GriJlithA763. Jamesville, Bruce 5.

Sonoma,

Griffith., 351. Hot

Springs, Rydberg

nol.

IOWA: Kossuth County,

Pammel

&

CraUy

791.

NEBRASKA: Whitman, Rydberg 1643. Rat Lake, Tho'fIUon 159.

B1ue

Lake,

Thoms""

310. South Cody Lake,

Thom.son

249. Chelsea,

ClerMnts

2984. Mullen, RydM-g 1590. Foreet Station, Hitchcock 11067.

MISSOURI:

Springfie1d,

Standley

1557,9047,

9764.

KAt-'SAS:

HutchinSOD, Smyth 8. Riley

County, Norton 884a. Osborne, Shear 169. Grant County, Hitchcock 573'. Syracuse,

Thomp8on 131.

DELAWARE: Slaughter Beach, Common.!

222.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Sudworth in

1890,

NORTH CAROLINA: Magnetic City, Weth- erby 20.

GEORGIA: Macon,

McC arthy

in

1888.

FLORIDA:

Palm

Beach, Hitchcocl 2562.

FlO. 31.-Ecllinodlloa 1!ftI.3Va1ll mitu.

md ^&- Crull, 1\11, Iowa.

From Pam-

MISSISSIPPI: - Woodville,

Phares

in

1878.

Starkville,

Ktarney 7.

Panols C-ounty,

Egg",

124.

LOUISIANA: BUrnBide, Comb.

1418.

Alexandria, Ball 176;

Halt.

.!leAk. 2186.

Marksville,

TEXAS: San Antonio,

HitchcocJ:

5323. EI Paso,

Hitchcock

]3331;

Barlow

in ]911.

Del Rio, Hitchccck 13644. Brownsville, Hit

chcock

5422. nBBtrop, Plank 36. Rio-

grande, Griffii.M 6470. College Station,

Hitchcock

in 1903. Western Texas,

Wright

796.

WYOHINO: Ten Sleep, Willianu 28]6. Cumins, Ntlwn 1500. Newcastle, Gnffitll, 679. Platte Canyon, Ne180n 2748. Buffalo, Cluue 5266. Devils Tower, Griffith.

520.

Uva, Ne130n

8567.

WASHINGTON: Bingen, Suk,dorj2639, 2826.

OREOOS: John

Da.y

FetTy, Ltiberg 872. Portland, Suhdorf

1682.

Southeastern Oregon, Griffii.M

&-

Morri3 657.

COLORADO: Rocky Ford,

Griffithl

3310. Golden,

Rydberg

2003. Durango,

Shtar

1255.

Dry

Creek,

NclM>n

^8207.

•

146

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM •

UTAH: Ephraim, Hitchcork 10968. Provo, Tidestrom 1740. Caimil1c, Jones 5690.

Vermilion, Jona 5845. Gunnison, Tidutrom 2952; Ward 678.

NEVADA:.

Truckee Vnlley,

Batky 1351.

NEW MEXICO:

Dog

Spring, Mtarm 2409. Strauss, .. Slearn& 402. Roswell, GriJliths 6729,

Shiprock

Agency, Standley

7218. Mesilla,

Wooton

36

; Standley 422:

IJitchcocl:

lS17. White

1oIountains,

Wooton & Standley

3578. Ma.ngas

Sprjnga,

M~ctcalfe

728. Albuquerque,

Harward 2,

3. Artes ia

, Hitchcock 13440. Kingston, ltl,t£Olf' 1351.

Deming,

llilcheo<£ 3759. Carlsbad, Hitchcock 13491.

ARIZO:-1A:

Fort Huachuca,

Wilcox 2547.

!tIoki Reservation,

Hough 108.

Pre

scott, Fernow

in

1896. Chiricahua. Mountains, Blumer

1782. Horseshoe Bend,

Palmer

749. Tucson,

Toumey 780. Patagonia, HitchcocJ: 3666.

CALIJ'ORNIA: Oro Fino, BUller 490. Piedmont, Dat'Y in 1897. Pine Grove, lTan8C1Z 601. Redding, Smith

745.

San

Derna.rdino, PariAh in 18n£).

SONORA: Hermosillo, Hitchoork 3599.

CHIHUAUUA:

Pache co,

Neuon 6244.

Southwestern Chihuahua, Pol- mer 18 in 1885.

DURANGO: Dura.ngo, Palmer 466

in

1896.

COAHUILA: Saltillo, llitchcod; 5606.

Eehinochloa. cruaga.11i edulis Hitchc.

Panicum frumentauum Roxb. Fl Ind. 1: 307. 1820.

Not

^Panicum frurruntaceum Salisb. 1796. "This I

have only found in

a.

^{state of culti-}

vation." Described from India, hut no definite locality given.

Echinorhloo frurM1llacta

Hort. Berol. 1:

204. 1827.

Link,

nased

on Panicumfrum.entaceum

Roxb.

Oplumenm jru1m'!Ittacem ^Kunth,

Rev.

^{Gram. 1: 415. 1829. Based}

on Panicttmjrum.entaceum Roxb.

FIG. 32.-EcAincch/oo crmgaili eduli~. From Pipa' In 1912 Echinochloa crulgalli jrnrnentacta Texas.

W. F.

Wight, Suppl. Cent. Diet. RIO.

1909. Without description, but presumably based on Pan1~cll1n jr-u.mentaceum Roxb.

EchiTlCChloa cnugaUi ,duli,

Hitchr., U. S. Dept. Agr. !lull. 772:

^238.

1920.

DESCRIPTION.

Differs

from the

typical

form

in having

dense panicle!!, the racemes thick, apprePeed, incurved; 6pikeleta awnless, JUooly purple; fruita pale, uBually exposed before maturity, contrasting with the purple glumes.

In the United States thiB itt sometimes cultivated as a forage ^grt\B8 under the name Japanese barnyard millet. For a time it WaB exploited under the name billion- dollar ^gra.88. In India the seed is used for human food .

DISTRIBUTlON.

Escaped from cultivation in sevemllocalities in the eastern United States.

NEW HAlfPSBIR£: Shelbume, Amu.Gr. Nat. Herb. 430.

VERMONT: Burlington, Hitchcoc1c 16028.

HITCHCOCK-REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES.

147

.

CONNECTICUT: Sa.lisbury. B~'ssell in ^1906.

NEW JERSEY: Califon, Fisher in 1901.

ILLINOIS: Catlin,

Lm18ing

3507.

MICHIGAN: easa County, Darlington in 1917.

DISTRI(""T 01" COLUMBIA: Ball in ^1900.

XOKTH C'AROLINA: West Raleigh, Coit 1294 . ALAnAMA: Tw~kegee,

Hitch cock

in 1904.

TEXAR: Eastern Texas,

Piper

in 1910.

Eehinochloa cmsgalli zelayensis

(

H. B. K

.)

IIikh

r..

Oplismenw

^uUlyemis

H

. B.

K.

Nov. Gen. ^& Sp.

1:

108. 1816. "Cresdt in alta

planitie montana regni Mexicani,

prop<!

Zela

ya,

Queretaro ct Patz('un.ro, in humidia

."

The

spedmen

from

Patzcuaro

is in the PariR Herbarium. This is

the form, common

in

McxiN and southwestern United States,

in

which the panicle is e

rect

and simple, the racemes short and appressed, and the spikeJets nearly awnless.

Echinochloa zelayensis Schult. Mant. 2: 269.

1824. Based on Oplismenm zelayens1's II. B. K.

Panicum ulayense Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2.

2: 265. 1841. Based on

Opli.munus zelayensis H . B.

K.

Pan-icum

CTus·pici

WiJId .; Doell in Mart. Fl.

Braa. 22: 14:i. 1877. A herbarium name men- tioned as a. form of

Panicum. crusgalli.

There arc

two

^{aheeUl RO} named in the Wilidenow IIerhn.rium, one with I:Ihort·o,wned and one with long·awned spikelets. The former is the specimen referred to by

Doell

.

&hinochloa cru!galli ztlayensis Hitchc. U. S.

Dept. Agr. Bull. 772:

238. 1920.

DESCRIPTION.

Differs from E. crusgalli mitis in having mostly simple, more or leM appresaed racemes, the spike- letfl Ie&! ,strongly hispid, not p'''pillosc, usually green.

DISTRIBUTION.

Moist, often alka.line placea,Okla.homa to OrC'gon,

FlO. 33.-Echinochloa cnugalli lelayemill.

south through Mexico to Colombia and Argentina.. From Meanu 744, Mexico.

TEXAS: El Paso, ChIlu 5888; Hr11lurd in 1882;

JIitchcock

13329, 13330. Big Spring, Tracy 8291. Houeton,

Hall

836. Hock- ley. Thurow in 1898. Cypress, Thurow in 1898. Bastrop, Plank 38. Richmond, Plank 9. Chillicothe, Ball 973. Seguin, Plank 98. Eagle Pasa, Havard 82.

OKLAHOMA: Without locality, Steven, 1178.

OREGON: Southeastern Oregon, Griffiths & MoN"i8 893. Portland, Sheldon 10929.

COLORAOO: Golden, Shear 753, 2502.

UTAH: Ogden,

H

itchcock 10879. Salt Lake City, JOntl in 1879. Green River,

Tracy

in 1887.

NEW· MEXICO: Mesilla, HilckocJo. 3828. Cloudcro!t,

HilckocJo.

13298. Carlsbad, Hitchcock 13492. Grant County, Blumer 132. Pecos, 8tandky 5016. Ojo Caliente, Wooton 2968. Las Cruces, Wooton 1072;

Hitchcock

in 1903. Albuquer- que, Jones 41J5. FarmiDgton, Standky 7030. Cimarron CanyoD, Griifitlu 5552.

Cedar

JIilI

, Standley 7936. Without locality, Wright 2088.