THE EFFECT OF UREA MOLASSES MULTI-NUTRIENT BLOCK AND MEDICATED MULTI-NUTRIENT BLOCK FOR BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE
Suharyono
Pusat Aplikasi Isotop dan Radiasi Batan, Jln. Lebak Bulus Raya KotakPos 7002 JKSKL, Jakarta 12070, Indonesia
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Feed supplement of urea molasses multi-nutrient block (UMMB) is one of feed technology and is the best of formulas obtained by using nuclear technique. Its supplement will be developed by using different protein source. Soya bean meal as protein source in UMMB (UMMB- SBM) will be used for comparing a new feed supplement which are UMMB-Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Ec), UMMB-Soy bean waste sauce (SBWS), UMMB-wheat pollard bypass protein (WPBp) and UMMB - medicated block (MUMB). Then UMMB_SBM and MUMB will be applied and test on the field. In vitro studies used isotope P-32 for measuring microbial protein synthesis in rumen liquid of goat etawa generation and buffaloes. The aim of activities is to introduce tracer of P- 32 as tool to be potential role for obtaining a new feed supplement formulas, apply UMMB on beef cattle for fattening and training of communal group farmer in some areas and develop MUMB on beef cow and dairy cattle in some areas. . In vivo studies have been also carried out for UMMB’s application, MUMB test on beef, cows and dairy cattle.
Parameter’s measurement included daily live weight gain (DLWG), milk production, total count of worm in faeces. Treatment of medicated consist of Albendazol (anthelmintic medicine) or Cucurma aeroginosa (a herbal agent) on cows and dairy cattle. Doses used 5 g/80 kg body weight and 21 g/500 g UMMB-SBM/head/day. Cows or dairy cattle were given once in 5 days on first week for 14 weeks. In vitro and in vivo studies used latin square design, student’s t test and completely randomized design respectively for statistical analysis. UMMB-SBM, UMMB-Ec, UMMB-SBWs and UMMB-WPBp increased microbial protein synthesis 205.67, 51.01, 34.04 and 133.33% respectively.
UMMB-SBM enhanced daily weight gain Bali cattle, Ongole, Simmental and Frisian Holstein cross breed and increase farmers income. The DLWG and benefit cost ratio was 0.36, 0.27, 0.39 and 0.35 kg/h/d and 1:1.89; 1: 1.34; 1:1.45 and 1: 1.35 respectively. MUMB-C.
aeroginosa and albendazol increased milk production 18.7% and 61.2%
respectively. Beef cows received MUMB (albendazol) increased feed consumption including DM, OM, CP and TDN on P<0.05 (communal group Andini Mulyo).The second communal group, feed consumption was significantly different P<0.05 on CP and TDN compared to control.
Medicated urea-molasses multi-nutrient block was effective on total amount of egg worm in faeces after ten days.
Key word : UMMB, nuclear, medicated, herbal, anthelmintic
© 2010 Atom Indonesia. All rights reserved
INTRODUCTION
National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) have introduced feed supplement technology. The product of this technology is the urea molasses multi-nutrient blocks (UMMB). The best formula selected was obtained by nuclear techniques to determine microbial protein synthesis in the rumen liquid and mineral content in UMMB [1,2]. To measure synthesis of microbial protein synthesis and mineral content, tracer isotope technique P-32 and neutron activity analysis was used respectively [3,4]. Introduction of UMMB have been undertaken into some provinces of Indonesia which was Central Java, West Java, East Java, and West Nusa Tenggara. Numerous studies of this introduction indicated that UMMB supplementation increased live-weight gain, milk production, milk quality and reproductive performance [5,6.7]. It means that UMMB has a positive influence. This is need to be introduced to the farmers within a short period.
Besides this UMMB showed in other studies, that it has economic benefits for farmers in time short of three months [5,6].
Considerable research has been conducted to develop suitable formulas of UMMB. This research has included the addition of local materials to the block as well as potential herbal anthelmintic agents. The studies have indicated that use of medicated blocks in dairy cattle decreased internal parasitic burden and improved the persistency of the lactation curve [8]. The positive response in productivity was thought to be due to increased nutrient influx through UMMB supplementation and alleviation of nutrient losses related to parasitic infection. Regarding of this information that UMMB and medicated block was able to give positive respond on production, reproduction performance and farmer’s income, therefore, pilot test of UMMB and medicated block based on local feed resources will be conducted.
The overall objectives of the current project were to introduce suitable feed supplement UMMB and MUMB in the field in order to increase beef and dairy cattle based on locally available feed resources and to utilize medicated block (MUMB) herbal and anthekmintic for parasite control as well, so that increasing productivity of beef and dairy cows could be expected.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
The formula of UMMB as a feed supplement was found by biological evaluation and mineral
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected]
content measurement using nuclear technique including radioisotope P-32 and neutron activity analysis respectively. Radioisotope P-32 was used for measuring microbial protein synthesis in rumen liquid [9, 10]. This would be used for biological evaluation of a new formula of UMMB- Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Ec), UMMB-Soy bean waste sauce (SBWS), UMMB-wheat pollard bypass protein (WPBp) on goat etawa generation and buffaloes. Biological evaluation of a new UMMB formulas was conducted in laboratory scale.
Urea molasses multi-nutrient block was introduced to farmers, as a feed supplement for cattle. In the first year, field tests were conducted in seven provinces. During this phase, training on UMMB technology was included in to the program.
Training activities were conducted in collaboration with the local Livestock Extension Services (LES) and Universities located in the provinces, where the introduction was done.
The activities of pilot project of UMMB feed supplement were carried out in various provinces of Indonesia which were Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, South Sumatra, West Sumatra and South Sulawesi. These are presented on Tables 1 and 2.In the pilot project, UMMB supplementation was evaluated more extensively with beef cattle for fattening program than male of Fries Holstein (FH) cross breed. As a general procedure, the available cattle were allocated randomly into two groups, they were a control group that received the roughage and concentrate that were normally fed to cattle on the location and the second group received the same diet as the control group with the addition of UMMB as a supplement at the rate of 0.1% of their body weight. Growth rate was measured at monthly intervals during three months. Results were analyzed using the “Student’s t test”.
Table 1. Supplementation of Cattle for Fattening Program with UMMB at Various Provinces in Indonesia
No. Name of provinces No *) Breed
1 Bali 20 Bali
12 Bali
2 West Nusa Tenggara 16 Bali
3 South Sulawesi 20 Bali
4 Central Java 12 Ongole cross breed
16 Ongole cross breed 10 Simental cross breed
5 Yogyakarta 10 Ongole cross breed
16 Simental cross breed 6 South Sumatra 12 Ongole cross breed 7 West Sumatra 20 Simental cross breed
20 Simental cross breed
Table 2. Supplementation of UMMB on Male Fries Holstein Cross Breed at Two Provinces of Indonesia
*) animals used
The medicated urea-molasses multi-nutrient blocks (MUMB) contained either 5 g/80 kg UMMB of a commercial anthelmintic (albendazole) or 21 g/500 g UMMB of the dried root of Curcuma aeroginosa (a herbal agent). The MUMB was tested in Yogyakarta at four locations and East Java Provinces for one location. At each location in Yogyakarta, the MUMB was applied to nine and twelve animals, whereas at the location in East Java six animals received MUMB.
Experimental animals used in Yogyakarta used dairy cattle of FH cross breed and beef cows Simmental Ongole cross breed, whereas in East Java was only dairy cattle of FH cross breed. Beef and dairy cows were given medicated urea multi- nutrient block MUMB which contained herbal and anthelmintic medicine. Curcuma aerogenosa was added 21 g/ 500 g UMMB/h/d given to dairy cow in East Java and beef cows in Yogyakarta (Berbah Sleman and Gunung Kidul). The MUMB- albendazole 5g/80 kg Body weight/h/d was to feed dairy cattle in Yogyakarta (Boyong Sleman), including beef cows in Bantul 1 (Manunggal Karyo) and Bantul 2 (Andini Mulyo). Manunggal Karya and Andini Mulyo are the name of communal groups at Bantul.
Treatment of MUMB supplementation on dairy cows in both East Java and Yogyakarta was divided into three groups of six cows each and nine cows each respectively. The first group acted as a control that received normal feed given usually by farmers. The second group was supplemented with UMMB and the third group was first group plus MUMB-C.aerogenosa or MUMB-Albendazol. Each animal in the treatment group was given 500 g/day of both UMMB and MUMB. Regarding of MUMB treatment, cows were only supplemented once in 5 days on first week for 14 weeks. Milk production was recorded per day and intake feed was also measured.
Treatment of MUMB supplementation Simmental Ongole cross breed was located at Bantul 1, Sleman and Gunung Kidul. Cross-breed Simmental Ongole beef cows were identified approximately six weeks after calving. The cows were used as experimental animals that was kept at
Bantul 1, Sleman and Gunung Kidul. Nine beef cows were randomly assigned into three groups namely Group I received a basal diet and concentrate mixture, Group II received the same diet as Group I plus 500 g/d/cow of UMMB and Group III received either the Group I diet plus albendazol 5 g/80 kg body weight plus 500 g UMMB/d/cow (MUMB). The treatments were for beef cows at Bantul, whereas cows at Berbah Sleman and Gunung Kidul were supplied MUMB-curcuma aerogenosa as Group III. Cows were monitored over three months for live-weight change and rectal faecal samples were taken at 0, 10, 30, 60 and 100 days for faecal worm egg count estimation [11], especially at Berbah Sleman and Gunung Kidul.
Treatment of MUMB at Bantul 2 used twelve Simmental Ongole beef cows that were divided randomly into four treatment diet groups. The first group was ration I (R1) as control that was fed as usually given by farmers. R II received R1 + anthelmintic (albendazol), R III was R I + UMMB and R IV was fermented rice straw + MUMB- albendazol. The cows maintained at communal group at Andini Mulyo, Ringinharjo, Bantul Yogyakarta. Cows were monitored over three months for live-weight change and rectal faecal samples were taken at 0, 10, 30 days for faecal worm egg count estimation, especially at Bantul II.
The UMMB was offered continuously but the medicated blocks were offered once in three days.
Processing of medicated block made as well as UMMB made, however its composition was added 5 g of albendazol/80 kg body weight. The medicated block was received by experimental animal used only 3 - 5 days from the beginning of treatment.
Parameter’s measurement consists of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrient consumption, also feed composition and daily live weight gain. Experimental design used completely randomized design and then the data were analyzed by Duncan’s multiple range test, if each parameter was significantly different [12].
RESULTS
The results of some UMMB formulas that have been given to buffaloes and sheep in order to measure microbial protein synthesis in rumen liquid using P-32 is presented in Table 3. UMMB formula was compiled based on the protein sources used.
This protein sources consist of soy bean meal (SBM), wheat pollard, soy bean sauce and Entrolibium cyclocarpum (Ec).
No. Name of provinces No *) Breed (♂)
1 Central Java 20 FH cross breed
16 FH cross breed 12 FH cross breed
2 West Sumatra 8 FH cross breed
Table 3. The development of UMMB formulation using radio isotope technique of P-32 for measuring of microbial protein synthesis in rumen liquid of buffaloes and goat of etawa generation.*)
*) Suharyono et al (2001; 2008;2009)
It is assumed as protein sources due to the content of crude protein which is more than 20%.
UMMB’s formula used Soy bean meal (SBM) as a protein source. Moreover, when Ec was added, microbial protein synthesis in rumen liquid increased as high as 292% and 205%, for buffaloes where only UMMB_SBM was given. Rumen liquid of goat of etawa generation indicated that microbial protein synthesis enhanced 145.57% compared to UMMB_Ec which was only 51.1%. UMMB_WPBp is capable of increasing microbial protein synthesis 133.33%.
The results from the five year pilot study on UMMB supplementation on daily live-weight gain (DLWG) in beef cattle are shown in Table 4. Daily live-weight gain of un supplemented Bali cattle was 0.28 kg/h/d, whereas the group that received UMMB was 0.62 kg/h/d. A similar response to supplementation also occurred on the increase of daily live gain of Ongole, Simmental and FH cross breeds. The increase of DLWG was higher with than without supplement. The values were 0.65, 1.06 and 0.99 kg/h/d compared to without supplement 0.35, 0.68 and 0.64 kg/h/d respectively.
The cost benefit ratio was calculated as proportion of additional net economic gained (Table 4).
Dissemination of knowledge on UMMB supplementation has been conducted by training courses to farmers and trainers. This was conducted
in BATAN. Participants came from Central Java, Yogyakarta, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, West Sumatra, South Sumatra and South Sulawesi. The material presented in study was not only theoretical but also making of UMMB and standard operational procedure to be feed to ruminant animals (beef and dairy cattle, buffaloes, goat and sheep). This feed supplement is an appropriate and easy to make technology and beneficial for farmers. Based on this they are expected to be able to produce UMMB and build up small business.
After having been trained the local farmer groups and farmer cooperatives, they encouraged to manufacture UMMB using locally available resources. In Central Java, Bali and Yogyakarta, some farmers also ventured into UMMB manufacturing as a business enterprise. From these trials supplementation with UMMB resulted in additional farmer income of Rp. 150765 – Rp.301625/month. Based on the available local feed resources the composition of the blocks made in Yogyakarta, Central Java, East Java, West Java, West Sumatra, Bali and South Sulawesi were distinguishable to the formula used by BATAN.
This is assumed to have a good effect on sustainability of the technology. In some areas the price of materials use for UMMB is cheap, therefore quality and availability of UMMB will be guarantee and sustainable in the future. Specific materials for the composition of UMMB locally are different from BATAN’s UMMB (Table 5).
Table 5. Nutrition source of UMMB composition
Illustration on table 6 indicated that UMMB has a multi-nutrient content due to it contains carbohydrate, protein, non protein nitrogen and mineral that come from some materials as by product of agriculture practices and agriculture industries. Farmers who are from some areas have made UMMB, which differed in certain nutrition source. For example Central Java, Yogyakarta and West Java, protein source used was soy bean powder to substitute soy bean meal. In East Java, the soy bean meal was replaced by kapok seed meal and wheat pollard as a protein source. West Sumatra
Feed treatment
Microbial protein
synthesis (mg/l/hour) Increase Goat of Etawa generation (%)
NG 77.94 -
NG+ UMMB _SBM 130.6 67.56
NG+ UMMB _ Ec 117.7 51.01
NG+
UMMB_SBM+Ec+Consentrate
191.4
145.57 Buffaloes
NG 65.3 -
NG + UMMB_SBM 199.6 205.67
NG + UMMB_SBM
+Ec+Concentrate +SBM 256.4 292.65
NG 189.5 -
NG + UMMB_SBSW 254 34.04
NG + UMMB_SBM 261.5 37.99
Beef Cattle
NG 147 -
NG + UMMB_wheat pollard 247 68.03
NG+ UMMB_wheat
pollard_bypass protein 343 133.33
NG : Native grass
SBM : Soy bean meal
SBSW : Soy bean sauce waste EC : Entrolibium cyclocarpum WPBp : Wheat pollard_bypass protein
Formula UMMB’s BATAN
Carbohydrate Protein Non Protein nitrogen
Mineral
Molasses √
Rice Bran √
Tapioca waste √
Soy bean meal √
Lime stone √
Salt √
Bone meal √
Urea √
Lacta Mineral √
and South Sulawesi, soy bean meal has been changed by oil coconut cake. Molasses as a carbohydrate source has been used for making UMMB composition in some provinces as mention before, except West Sumatra where Saka is used.
Saka is a liquid sugar cane from palm sugar and it is a traditional sugar that found in West Sumatra.
UMMB has not only multi-nutrient content but is also formed as a solid block form which it could be licked by ruminant animal every day. East Java, West Sumatra and South Sulawesi used cement to make a solid form. UMMB quality needs to be guarantee by measurement of the nutrient content.
Low or good quality of the block is indicated by its protein, dry matter and ash content (Table 6).
Table 6. Nutrient Content (G/Kg DM) of UMMB made in some areas
Protein content of BATAN’s UMMB is range from 200 – 237 g/kg, where as for Central Java, Yogyakarta and West Java is 228-300 g/kg respectively. The ash which is representative of the mineral source in UMMB showed different values for different blocks. For BATAN, the ash content of the block was 329-401 g/kg, it was higher than in blocks found in Central Java, Yogyakarta and West Java, which were 269.7, 323.4 and 299.5 g/kg respectively. Dry matter of UMMB’s BATAN is lower than UMMB from Central Java, Yogyakarta and West Java. Values ranged from 728.8-777.4 g/kg compared to 758.2-827.8 g/kg respectively.
Mold did not growth well, when UMMB is wrapped by plastic bag properly. The results of UMMB and UMMB treated by herbal and anthelmintic (MUMB) is presented in Table 7. Milk production increased sharply because it was supplied by both MUMB-albendozole and C.aeroginosa. The average of milk production, the range was 10.11-11.43 l.h/d and 13.60-16.14 respectively.
Table 7. Intake, Growth and Milk Production in Dairy Cattle Supplemented with Urea Molasses Multi-Nutrient
Block or MUMB-Albendazole or Curcuma Aeroginosa
Within rows, means with different superscript differ significantly (P<0.05)
Daily live weight gain of beef cow was supplied by UMMB and MUMB-C. aeroginosa tended increase from 0.14 to 0.15 kg/h/d, whereas in the control it was only 0.11kg/h/d. Beef cows in from other places which have been given UMMB and treated with C.aeroginosa decreased their body weight -0.17 kg/h/d (Table 8). Compared to control, the value was -0.37 kg/h/d.
Table 8. Intake, Growth and Milk Production in Cattle were
Supplemented with MUMB-Curcuma Aeroginosa. Result at communal group of Manunggal Karya give information chemical composition of feed used. Table 9 displayed five chemical composition of feed used in this experiment. All experimental animals received basal diet which was rice straw, local grass, elephant grass and peanut leaves. The dry matter (DM) content of basal diet consumed was 77.44, 52.68, 48.23 and 70.23%
respectively. Organic matter (OM) content was
UMMB Formulas
Nutrient content (g/kg) Dry
matter Organic
matter Ash Crude protein Jakarta
(BATAN)
730.1 671.1 328.9 230
777.4 657 343 237
728.8 599 401 200
Central Java 758.2 730.3 269.7 235
827.8 698.1 311.9 255.6
Yogyakarta 767.9 676.7 323.3 300
West Java 820 700.5 299.5 227.9
Places Contr
ol UM
MB MUMB -
Albendazole
East Java (Malang) Dairy cows
Intake of forages (kg/d) 9.50 7.95 8.25 Intake of concentrate 5.20 5.81 5.47 Milk production (L/h/d) 13.60 16.14 14.20
Places Control UMMB MUMB -
Albendazole
Yogyakarta (Sleman) Dairy cows
Intake of forages (kg/d) 7.35 7.95 8.25 Intake of concentrate 6.43 6.18 6.43 Milk Production (L/h/d) 10.81 11.43 10.11 Mean of increase milk
production (L/h/d) 0.70a 0.81 a 1.31 b Average daily weight
gain (Kg/h/d) -1.13 -0.90 -0.20
Places Control UMMB UMMB –
C aeroginosa Playen, Gunung Kidul
Yogyakarta
Beef Cows Intake of forages (kg/d) 5.40 6.84 6.30 Intake of concentrate
(kg/d) 2.80 3.30 1.70
Average daily weight
gain (Kg/h/d) 0.11 0.14 0.15
Berbah Sleman,
Yogyakarta Beef Cows Intake of forages (kg/d) 7.60 7.60 7.60 Intake of concentrate
(kg/d)
5.20 5.81 5.47
ADG (kg/h/d) -0.37 -0.09 -0.17
82.25-87.91%. The smallest of OM content was found in UMMB, namely 62.61%. Crude protein (CP) content in rice straw, local grass and elephant grass were lower than peanut leave, these were 5.85, 3.76 and 4.57% compared to 11.09%. It means, peanut leave has an important role to supply protein feed treatment, including commercial concentrate and UMMB which contained 12.14 and 14.67%
respectively.
Crude fiber content in basal diet was 15.43-29.57%, on the other hand, commercial concentrate and UMMB were lower in basal diet consumed, the value were 4.65 -15.04%.The highest of total digestible nutrient (TDN) was peanut leaves, it was 63.9%. TDN of rice straw, local grass, elephant grass, commercial concentrate and UMMB was around 34.79-47.39%. Measurement of nutrient consumed cow it showed that most of nutrient consumed differed significantly, except crude fiber consumed. Treatments in Group III showed that the average values of DM, OM, CP and TDN was higher than group II and I, however group II did not differed significantly with Group III (Table 10).
Table 10. The average of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber and TDN consumed
Within rows, means with different superscript differ significantly (p<0.05)
Table 11. Average of daily weight gain
Repetition Feed treatment
Group I Group II Group III
1 0.16 0.18 0.31
2 0.28 0.34 0.42
3 0.17 0.19 0.29
Mean value ns 0.20 0.24 0.34
ns : It is not significant
The daily life weight gain (DLWG) cows show that group III tend to be higher than group II and I, the value was 0.34 kg/h/d compared to 0.24 and 0.20 kg/h/d respectively, although no significantly different was found (Table 11).
Communal group of Andini Mulyo Bantul II have conducted feed treatments on beef cow. Part of feed consumed were different, it was not only rice straw, local and elephant grass but was also supplied by fermented rice straw. Table 10 presents the nutrient
content of feed consumed. Result of nutrient analysis seem different, it was shown clearly in crude protein content. The values were 4.08, 9.33, 8.79, 11.1 and 8.68%. The numbers were derived from rice straw, local and elephant grass, UMMB and commercial concentrate respectively (Table 12).
Fermented rice straw is capable of increasing crude protein content. Both Manunggal Karya and Andini Mulyo, crude protein content were 5.85 (Table 9) and 4.08% and was increased to 6.25% (Table 12).
Table 12. Nutrient content of feed consumed (%) based on DM
Some of nutrient content feed consumed indicated that there were no significant difference P<0.05, such as DM, OM and CF, however, CP and TDN were significantly different P<0.05. Treatment of R IV, CP intake was higher than R I, II and III, namely 10.8 g/Kg W0.75 vs 7.56, 8.21 and 8.51 g/Kg W0.75. In addition, TDN intake was significant different too (P<0.05) and its value was also higher than R I, RII and R III. This was 69.30 g/ Kg W0.75 vs 57.41, 61.11 and 61.28 g/ Kg W0.75 (Table 13).
The DLWG seem to decrease and it did not different significantly P<0.05, however, its value of R IV tended to be higher than R I and R III. Its value was – 0.05 kg/h/d vs – 0.27 and – 0.12 kg/h/d (Table 14).
Table 13. The average of DM, OM, CP, CF and TDN in g/Kg W0.75
Consumption of Feed treatment
R I R II R III R IV
DM (g/Kg W0.75) 122.6 130.09 130.24 134.06 OM (g/Kg W0.75) 99.22 105.70 107.53 108.22 CP (g/Kg W0.75) 7.56a 8.21a 8.51a 10.08b CF (g/Kg W0.75) 34.65 36.55 35.48 34.09 TDN (g/Kg W0.75) 57.41a 61.11ab 61.28ab 69.30b
Table 14. The average of body weight alteration
Consumption of Treatment of
Group I Group II Group III DM (g/Kg W0.75) 99.89a 112.71b 120.11b OM (g/Kg W0.75) 84.24a 92.68b 99.33b CP (g/Kg W0.75) 7.29a 9.29b 9.97b CF (g/Kg W0.75) 24.73 25.18 26.23 TDN (g/Kg W0.75) 42.82a 48.27b 51.43b
Kind of Feed
consumed DM OM CP CF TDN
Rice straw 77.50 77.40 4.08 33.47 38.61 Fermented rice
straw
75.87 78.07 6.25 31.35 49.72 Local grass 35.69 85.81 9.33 29.89 54.27 Elephant grass 29.99 84.92 8.79 28.46 54.16
UMMB 80.79 73.44 11.10 8.56 35.94
Commercial
concentrate 86.82 86.85 8.68 15.30 59.91
Repetition Feed treatment
R I R II R III R IV
1 - 0.30 - 0.20 0.10 - 0.16
2 - 0.28 0.03 - 0.15 - 0.03
3 - 0.24 0.18 - 0.30 0.03
Average value ns - 0.27 0.003 - 0.12 - 0.05
Result of total amount of egg worm count was not significant, however, based on time period of albendazol treatment, total amount of egg worm decreased from 18.66 to 2.42 g, when counted from zero to 10 days, after that it increased 7.33 g on 30 days (Table 15).
Table 15. Total of worm egg/gram Feed
treatment Faeces samples on day
0 10 30 Mean value
R I 30.66 5.33 10.33 15.44
R II 13.33 0.00 11.33 8.22
R III 18.00 2.00 3.33 7.77
R IV 12.66 2.33 4.33 6.64
Mean values 18.66a 2.42ab 7.33ab
Within rows, means with different superscript differ significantly (p<0.05)
DISCUSSION
The feed supplement of UMMB-Ec, UMMB- SBSW and UMMB-WPBp was able to increase microbial protein synthesis (MPS) 51.01%, 34.04%
and 133.33% compared to control which the animals received native grass only, however, these were lower than UMMB-SBM in order to increase microbial protein synthesis 205.67%. Based on table 3 shown that the increase of MPS was capable of increasing 292.65%, when the animals given UMMB-SBM + Ec + concentrate. It means that addition meal of Ec, SBM and concentrate contributed to supply defaunation agent, bypass protein and energy. Leng et al reported that leaf of Ec able to reduce protozoa amount in rumen liquid[13]. Supplying of protein and energy ratio for ruminant animal in balance condition would enhance daily live weight gain and milk production [1,2,13].
The UMMB feed supplement was introduced into 19 provinces in 1999 to 2003. It started in 9 provinces, increasing in successive years by 2, 3, 4, and 1 province respectively [8]. This spread indicates that the UMMB has been recognized and accepted in many provinces in Indonesia. The number of farmers involved was 648 in 1999, increasing to 5750 in 2003. Initially 880 animals were offered UMMB, the total rising to 7273 in 2003, of which 5750 were beef cattle. This spread of the technology indicates that farmers appreciated the extra growth in their cattle and judged it economic profit. The results also indicated that UMMB supplementation on both beef and dairy cattle was also capable of improving reproductive performance [1]. The dissemination process also increased farmer’s of the nutritional needs of their cattle. The areas in which the technology was disseminated in West, Central and East Java, Yogyakarta, West
Nusa Tenggara, South Sulawesi, South Sumatra and West Sumatra [14].
The cost benefit ratio for Bali cattle were higher than for the other breeds used in this study Ongole, Simmental and FH cross-breed (Table 4).
Bali cattle are indigenous animal to Indonesia. They have a higher dressing percentage than Brahman and Ongole cross-breeds. The dressing percentage was 56, 54 and 45 % respectively [15]. Farmers involved in making UMMB had an additional income of Rp. 150765 – Rp.301625/month. They sold UMMB production to other farmers.
The lower crude protein content of the UMMB formula in both Blora and West Nusa Tenggara reflected the lower crude protein content of the ingredients used. The tapioca waste, soybean meal, and bone meal was analyses in the laboratory at BATAN, prior to the formula being decided.
Methods of preparation and storage of ingredients before making the blocks may affect nutrient content.
From the results of faecal worm egg counts the level infection with nematode parasites were low. Recent evidence from studies in Europe, North America and Australia indicate that in high producing dairy cattle significant production losses can occur even when very low levels of nematode infections are evident. This is thought to be due to the nutrient cost of the immune response in suppressing worm egg output and possibly worm establishment. Similar results have been shown to occur in Indian dairy cattle [16]. In the present study with C. aeroginosa-UMMB there did not appear to be any additional benefits from inclusion of this herbal remedy in the UMMB formulation.
This may be due to the lack of anthelmintic effects of this herb in this formulation or insufficient parasites to warrant treatment. Further studies should be conducted to confirm these observations.
In contrast to the results for the herbal preparation, the UMMB plus albendazole treatment resulted in a slight increase in milk production. In this study UMMB alone tended to increase milk production by 2% whereas cows receiving UMMB and albendazole increased milk production by up to 6%
compared to cows receiving the diet control. This response is similar to other studies with dairy cattle [17] where negligible levels of nematode eggs were present in the faeces. Rice straw, local and elephant grass, UMMB and commercial concentrate were given to experimental animal which was located in both communal group at Manungggal Karya and Andini Mulyo. Peanut leave was consumed by cows at Manunggal Karya, but it did not receive fermented rice straw, on the other hand cows at Andini Mulyo consumed fermented rice straw, but it
was not given peanut leave. This condition will influence on the nutrient requirement of cows, because total amount of nutrient content intake will be different. Table 7 and 10 informed that nutrient content of dry matter on each basal diet and feed supplement seem to be different. However, dry matter content in those feed, such as rice straw, local and elephant grass at Manunggal Karyo and Andini Mulyo were 77.44, 52.68, 48.23% and 77.50, 35.59, 29.99% respectively. These content were not the same as Hartadi’s measurement [18].The result of DM content analysis rice straw, local and elephant grass was 86, 40 and 28%. This caused by age and cutting time [19]. Water content of plants will be decreased, the older plants, the lower its water content [19]. The result of crude protein analysis of feed consumed in both locations mentioned difference as well as its DM content result. Hartadi et. al., 1997 reported that crude protein content of rice straw, local and elephant grass was 3.57, 5.9 and 8.7% respectively [20]. This line with our finding that there are differences in crude protein in feed. Probably it was due to raping level, environment of plant growing, time of harvesting and processing [20]. Crude protein content of fermented rice straw was 6.25%, it was slightly different from result of other researcher which was 7.72%. This was brought about the utilization of urea in processing of fermented rice straw [21]. They also mentioned that fermented rice straw has a good quality of its nutrient including chemical composition, digestibility and palatability.
Feed treatment of medicated block on cows located at communal group Manunggal Karyo gave significant (P<0.05) positive respond in nutrient intake of DM, OM, CP and TDN, however, cows maintained at Andini Mulyo differ significantly in only CP and TDN consumed. Ration that contain of basal diet+ concentrate+ UMMB+
albendazol or basal diet+ fermented rice straw+
concentrate+ UMMB and albendazol tend to fulfill nutrient requirement by cows. DM, OM, CP and TDN consume were obtained 120.11, 99.33, 9.97, 51.43 g/Kg W0.75/day and 134.06, 108.22, 10.08 and 69.30 g/Kg W0.75/day. Some researchers reported that cows on lactation period after calving need DM intake to be 100.16 g/Kg W0.75 (300 Kg) or 100.11 g/Kg W0.75. The higher cows consumed DM, the more cows consumed other nutrient, such as OM, CP and TDN [22]. This was supported by CP requirement of cows to be 9.51 g/Kg W0.75 day (300 kg) or 8.91 g/Kg W0.75/day (350 Kg) [23]. It means that CP intake in this experiment was higher than CP’s intake required by cows after calving. In addition TDN consumed was also higher than TDN’s intake required. Some factors tend to
influence the higher of nutrient consumed were DM intake, supplementation of UMMB, better quality of feed consumed, higher of CP intake and the more DM consumed, the higher of other nutrient intake [24,25,26]. Either lower or higher of TDN was influenced by total amount of nutrient digested [18].
By feeding medicated block treatment, no significantly difference was found in daily life weight gain, however, cows that received medicated block tend to be slower in their daily life weight gain decrease. This was caused by lactating period after calving. When cows have calf, they usually produce milk for calf and the nutrient reserve in their body will be more mobilized for milk production. However, cows that received medicated block, the mobilization of nutrient reserve seem to be slower or lower. Animal condition, age, gender, environment condition, management, palatability and feed consumption have a potential role for increasing daily weight gain [27]. In addition, physiology status of cows after calving will utilize of energy reserve in their body for milk production, so their body weight always decrease [28].
Medicated block tend respond positive to decrease of total amount egg worm in faeces. Decrease was shown on ten days, then increased in 30 days. Medicated block seem to be effective only ten days, after that it was not capable of decreasing total amount of egg worm.
Two factors tend to influence it, feed supplied and power of medical effect. Weather has potential role for decrease or increase of parasite population [29].
Dry season where temperature is high and have more sun light will be capable of breaking parasite life cycle [29]. On the other hand, rainy season, with high humidity will increase parasite population. In addition, the maximal effectiveness of anthelmintic given to cows was only 9-10 days.
CONCLUSION
Tracer P-32 is potential role for biological evaluation ruminant feed and UMMB-SBM has a positive impact farmer’s incomes. Their income increased based on cost benefit ratio. There did not appear to be any advantage in the inclusion of C.
aeroginosa in the UMMB formulation as an anthelmintic since this formulation did not improve animal output compared to UMMB alone. The formulation containing albendazole did, it was capable of increasing nutrients consumed and milk production. Further work is required to confirm this finding.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work would not have been carried out without the generous financial support from National Atomic Energy Agency (BATAN) representing the Government of Indonesia. The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to Mrs.
Cornelia Hendratno, all member of the working group in South Sulawesi, West Sumatra, East Java, Yogyakarta and Jakarta for their efforts and commitment during the implementation of the project. Gratitude is also expressed to Mrs Prof.
Elsye L.Sisworo who always correct this paper and C. Ellen Kusumaningrum and others who helped during this project and those who contributed to this paper.
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Table 4. Average of increase daily life weight gain Bali cattle, Ongole and Simmental and FH cross breed (kg/h/d)
Within rows, means with different superscript differ significantly (p<0.05). DWG : daily life weight gain Average of DWG
(kg/h/d) Increase of
DWG Profit
Experimental animals - UMMB
(A) + UMMB
(B) (B-A)
Kg/h/d % B/C (Rp./h/d)
Bali Cattle 0.28a 0.62 b 0.34 121.4 1:1.89 2682.5
Ongole Cross breed 0.35 a 0.65 b 0.3 85.71 1:1.34 1202.5 Simmental cross breed 0.68 a 1.06 b 0.33 48.53 1:1.45 1850
FH cross breed 0.63 a 0.99 b 0.36 57.14 1:1.35 1480
Table . 9. Chemical composition of feed (%) based on dry matter (DM)
If you find difficulties in placing figures or table in the text above, please insert them in this page!
Kind of Feed Dry matter (DM)
Organic matter
(OM)
Crude protein (CP)
Crude fiber (CF)
Total digestible nutrient
(TDN)
Rice straw 77.44 82.25 5.85 29.57 34.79
Local grass 52.68 86.45 3.76 29.54 47.20
Elephant grass 48.23 84.92 4.57 15.43 47.39 Peanut leaves 70.23 87.91 11.09 15.43 63.90 Commercial
concentrate
88.32 84.75 12.14 15.04 42.60
UMMB 76.76 62.61 14.67 4.65 42.60
