By
Joshua Alpha Silitonga 11404030
BACHELOR’S DEGREE in
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING – SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT CONCENTRATION
FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower
Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 - Indonesia
Revision after the Thesis Defense on 25 July 2018
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
Joshua Alpha Silitonga
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Student Date
Revision after the Thesis Defense on 25 July 2018
Approved by:
Ir. Paulus Gunawan, MM
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Thesis Advisor Date
Dr. Phil. Matthias Guenther, M. Sc.
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Co-Advisor Date
Dr. Dipl. –Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo
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Dean Date
ABSTRACT
THE POTENTIAL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AS RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN JABODETABEK
By
Joshua Alpha Silitonga Ir. Paulus Gunawan, MM, Advisor Dr. Phil. Matthias Guenther, M. Sc, Co-Advisor
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
The growth of population and economy in Jabodetabek influence the energy demand and the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in the region. The utilization of fossil fuels as the primary source of energy and the lack of waste management in Jabodetabek lead to several environmental problems. Therefore, the need of energy security and proper MSW management in Jabodetabek is also growing. MSW can be used as a renewable energy source for electricity generation as well as advancing the MSW management. There are several MSW to electricity method available. The selection of the method is associated with the compositions of the MSW. In Jabodetabek the dominant composition is food waste. Through the conversion of MSW to electricity using anaerobic digestion and thermal processing method, the generation in Jabodetabek is found to be 1.5 TWh in 2017 and by 2025 will help to cover 6.2% of the region’s electricity demand with reduction of MSW feed stream to landfill of 96.15%
in 2017 and 1.57% reduction on GHG emitted from waste sector in Indonesia.
Keywords: MSW, waste management, anaerobic digestion, thermal processing, GHG reduction
© Copyright 2018 by Joshua Alpha Silitonga
All rights reserved
DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to Jesus Christ my God, to my beloved country: Indonesia, to my family and to everyone around me.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all those who supported me to realize the completion of this thesis.
First and foremost I would like to thank God for His endless blessing and miracles during this thesis journey.
To my Advisor, Ir. Paulus Gunawan, MM, for your time and effort in giving provisions for the writing of this thesis. To my Co-advisor Dr. Phil. Matthias Guenther, M. Sc thank you for your time, effort and patience in guiding me during this period of time.
I wish to thank the Environmental and Cleaning department in Jabodetabek for the allowance to acquire important data in this research, and all the help provided to me, especially Fahmi Hermawan, S.T., Nazirwan S.T., and Mr. Djatmiko.
Also to LST Faculty lecturers and staffs, especially Dr.-Ing. Evita Legowo, thank you for your advice and support.
Life Sciences batch 2014 friends, especially SEE students, thank you for all the time that we have spent for the last 4 years, to all my friends, who makes this stressful moment seems lighter by sharing laughter and giving me their time and support.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my family who always supports me with all their heart, prayers and efforts and believing on me that I could finish this thesis completely.
TABLE OF CONTENT
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 5
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... 6
TABLE OF CONTENT ... 7
LIST OF FIGURES ... 9
LIST OF TABLES ... 10
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ... 11
1.1.Background ... 11
1.2. Research Problems ... 13
1.3. Research Objectives ... 14
1.4. Significance of Study ... 14
1.5. Research Questions ... 15
1.6. Hypothesis ... 15
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ... 16
2.1. Energy and Renewable Energy ... 16
2.2. Electricity Demand in Jabodetabek ... 17
2.3. Emissions Overview ... 18
2.4. Municipal Solid Waste as Renewable Energy Source ... 19
2.5. Municipal Solid Waste to Energy Technology ... 20
2.6. Waste Management System ... 24
2.7. Review on the Previous Literatures Regarding the Study ... 26
CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 28
3.1.Location and Sample ... 28
3.2.Estimation of MSW to Electrical Energy Potentials ... 29
3.2.1 Waste Management Strategy ... 29
3.2.2 Conversion Through Anaerobic Digestion ... 30
3.2.3 Conversion Through Thermal Processing ... 31
3.3.Share of MSW based electricity to the Electricity Demand ... 32
3.4.Estimation of GHG Reduction ... 33
CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 36
4.1.MSW Generation in Jabodetabek ... 36
4.2 Jabodetabek MSW Characteristics ... 39
4.3 Convertible Amount of MSW to Electricity in Jabodetabek ... 41
4.4.3 Total Potential Electrical Energy Produced ... 45
4.5 Percentage Coverage of the Electricity Demand in Jabodetabek ... 46
4.5.1 Coverage for Year 2017 ... 46
4.5.2 Projection Coverage for Year 2025 ... 47
4.6 Advantages of the Conversion ... 48
CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION ... 54
5.1. Conclusions ... 54
5.2. Recommendations ... 55
GLOSSARY ... 56
REFERENCES ... 57
APPENDICES ... 60
APPENDIX 1 Fraction Data and Calculation of MSW Generated Daily in Jabodetabek ... 60
APPENDIX 2 Projection of Population, Waste Generation, and Electricity Consumption in Jabodetabek ... 62
APPENDIX 3 Summary on the Population, Waste and Electricity Consumption Growth Rate in Jabodetabek ... 69
APPENDIX 4 Non-biogenic Amount of the MSW for Thermal Processing in Jabodetabek ... 70
APPENDIX 5 GHGs Emitted from Thermal Processing of MSW in Jabodetabek .... 71
CURRICULUM VITAE ... 74