The result of the training and workshop is that many books have been produced by lecturers from 5 faculties in UIN Sunan Ampel. Literary theory is one of the published books intended to be used in semester 5. It is undeniable that the quality of the appreciation depends on the quality of the appreciator.
Therefore, Carter said that what is needed in theory is to be better and honestly aware of the reasons why you do something than to be ignorant of them. The Canonical Literary Work of the Elizabethan Era Based on the root of language, literature is rooted from the word literate meaning able to write and read.
RUSSIAN FORMALISM Introduction
RUSSIAN FORMALISM
Therefore, Russian formalism was more interested in the analysis of the form, structure of a text and language use than in its content. A literature was born from the condition of society. Russian Formalism aimed to provide a scientific basis for the study of literature. According to that idea, Russian formalism considers the text as the main source of literature.
Wanting to establish a scientific basis for the study of literature, Russian formalism treated literature as three phases. A bound motive is one that is required by the story, while a 'free' motive is unimportant from the point of view of the story.
NEW CRITICISM
American New Criticism, emerging in the 1920s and especially dominant in the 1940s and 1950s, is tantamount to establishing the new professional critique in the emerging discipline of 'English' in British higher education during the interwar period. First, several of the key figures were also part of a group called the Southern Agrarians or "Fugitives," a traditional, conservative, Southern-oriented movement hostile to the hard-line industrialism and materialism of a United States dominated by 'the North'. The height of criticism was during the Second World War and the Cold War that followed, and we can see that its privileging of literary texts (their 'order', 'harmony' and 'transcendence' of the historically and ideologically determined) and from the 'impersonal' analysis of what makes them great works of art (their innate value lies in their superiority to material history: see below Cleanth Brooks' essay on Keats' 'Ode on a Grecian Urn') could be a refuge are for alienated intellectuals and, indeed, for entire generations of quietist students.
Third, with the great expansion of the student population in the United States in this period, feeding the products of the second generation of Americans. Arnold saw literature as the realm of high-minded intellectuals, and his definition excluded the writing of a large part of the population.
STRUCTURALISM Introduction
STRUCTURALISM
Saussure's key ideas offer new answers to the questions "What is the object of linguistic research?" and "What is the relationship between words and things?" He fundamentally distinguishes between langue and parole - between a language system that pre-exists actual examples of language and individual statements. Language is the social aspect of language: it is the shared system that we (unconsciously) use as speakers. Structuralism is a method of inquiry; while semiotics can be described as a field of study.
In poetry, it is the nature of the signifier, the patterns of sound and rhythm established by the marks themselves on the page, that determine what is signified. The knight (subject) killed the dragon with his sword (predicate).’ Obviously, this sentence can be the core of an episode or even a whole narrative. Launcelot or Gawain) for "knight" or "axe" for "sword", we retain the same essential structure. (67).
RECEPTION THEORY
Hans Georg Gadamer was a hermeneutic figure who said that whatever the invention of the authors of literary works, their meaning never is. The reader may not be aware of the fact, but in the process of reading, they are constantly making hypotheses about the meaning of what they read. If they understand the code well, the reader can analyze or criticize the work based on the context they are familiar with.
However, if we reject formalism and adopt the perspective of the reader or audience, the whole orientation of Jakobson's diagram changes. The meaning of a text is never self-formed; the reader must act upon the textual material to create meaning. Umberto Eco's Role of the Reader argues that some texts are "open" and invite the reader to participate in the creation of meaning, while others are.
He also speculates about how the codes available to the reader determine what the text means as it is read. The assumptions of the narrator can be attacked, supported, questioned or requested by the narrator which will thereby strongly imply the narrator's character. When the narrator apologizes for certain inadequacies in the discourse ('I cannot put this experience into words'), it indirectly tells us something about the narrator's susceptibility and values.
Writing during the period of social unrest at the end of the 1960s, Jauss and others wanted to question the old canon of German literature and show that it was perfectly reasonable to do so. In the second half of the eighteenth century, commentators began to question whether Pope was a poet at all, suggesting that he was a clever versifier who reduced prose to rhyming couplets and lacked the imaginative power required of true poetry. He examined readers' expectations at the sentence level and argued that we use semantic strategies in understanding literary and non-literary works.
EXISTENTIALISM
MARXISM
This view was the exact reverse of the Hegelian belief that the world is governed by thought and the application of reason, whether human or divine. One of the most admired Marxist critics is Georg Lukács, a Hungarian-born philosopher and critic. A truly realistic work provides a sense of the 'artistic necessity' of the scenes and details presented. The author reflects, in an intensified form, the structure of the depicted society and its dialectical development.
Goldmann also provided a "homological" study of the modern novel in comparison to the structure of the market economy. We regard any ideology that wants to show us as natural, as part of the natural order of things. But this hegemony does not, as Althusser believed, blind all members of society to the truth of the world.
He believed that literary texts were imbued with ideology, and the task of the critic was to look for cracks and weaknesses on the surface of the work caused by its own internal contradictions. He was keenly aware that in any society there is more than one culture, each with its own "ideas about the nature of social relations". There may be apparent freedom in the text, but it is not free in the reflection of the dominant ideology.
Freud states in his book that "the assumption that there are unconscious mental processes, the recognition of the theory of resistance and repression, the appreciation of the importance of sexuality and the Oedipus complex - constitute the main theme of psychoanalysis and the foundations of its theory. The conscious mind cannot cope with some unpleasant truths that are buried in the unconscious, and when they threaten to surface, it represses them and tries to practically deny their reality. When he becomes aware of his father's limitations, he enters the "symbolic" world and also becomes aware of binary oppositions: male/female, present/absent, etc.
FEMINISM
FEMINISM
POST-MODERNISM
Lecturer help them find the idea for the theory and how to apply it. Unlike Nietzsche, Pannwitz also included nationalist and mythic elements in his use of the term. Postmodernism has also been used interchangeably with the term poststructuralism, from which postmodernism grew, a proper understanding of postmodernism or doing justice to postmodernist thought requires an understanding of the poststructuralist movement and the ideas of its proponents.
Another example of intertextuality in postmodernism is John Barth's The Sot-Weed Factor, which deals with Ebenezer Cook's poem of the same name. Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose also takes the form of a detective novel and references authors such as Aristotle, Arthur Conan Doyle and Borges. It can be seen as a representation of the chaotic, pluralistic or information-saturated aspects of postmodern society.
Drawing from postmodern schools of thought, postcolonial studies analyzes the politics of knowledge (creation, control, and distribution) by analyzing the functional relations of social and political power that underpin colonialism and neocolonialism—how and why the imperial regime's representations (social, political, cultural) of the imperial colonizer and colonized people. Especially in the colonization of the Far East and in the Scramble for Africa, it was represented by a. For the purposes of studying literature, the most important concern of postcolonial thought has been the decentralization of Western culture and its values.
A decolonized people develops a postcolonial identity from cultural interactions between types of identity (cultural, national, ethnic) and social relations of sex, class and caste; determined by the gender and race of the colonized person; and the racism inherent in the structures of a colonial society. Post-colonialism is the critical destabilization of the theories that underpin Western modes of thought—deductive reasoning, rule of law, and monotheism—by which colonialists "perceive," "understand," and "know" the world. This is possible because the identity of the colonizer is inherently unstable, existing in an isolated immigrant situation.
EVALUATION AND SCORING
Scoring Process
Final Score
If the final grade is a C- or D, students must retake the course the following semester. A final grade of C or C+ can be corrected by retaking the course in the following semester, and the previous grade is rejected. If one of them is zero, the result is taken from the remaining recorded results.
Hermeneutic philosophy and sociology of art: an approach to some of the epistemological problems of the sociology of knowledge and the sociology of art and literature.
