Online Supplemental Table 1. Comparative global fit for multi-class solutions (1- through 6-classes estimated).
1-Class 2-Class 3-Class 4-Class 5-Class 6-Class
Parameters 38 41 44 47 50 53
Entropy 1.000 0.89 0.85 0.85 0.73 0.56
LL -5,736 -5,520 -5,422 -5326 -8,160 -7,964
BIC 11,767 11,357 11,185 11,017 16,707 16,339
LL -- 216.80 97.58 95.47 -2,833.51 195.68
BIC -- -410.34 -171.91 -167.69 5,690.26 -368.11
LL = log likelihood; BIC = Bayesian Information Criteria.Online Supplemental Table 2. Covariate-adjusted Baseline Pain Scores and Linear Change in Pain Scores Following Long-term Opioid Therapy Discontinuation in Each of the Four Classes.
Subclinical Pain (n=30%)
M (SE)
Mild Pain (n=16%)
M (SE)
Moderate Pain (n=27%)
M (SE)
Severe Pain (n=27%)
M (SE) Baseline Pain
Intensity 0.000^ (0.108) 3.579 (0.139)* 5.890 (0.113)* 7.782 (0.000) Monthly
Change in Pain Intensity
-0.082 (0.016)* -0.112 (0.020)* -0.114 (0.017)* -0.083 (0.000)
*p<0.05. ^This covariate adjusted mean was -0.007, which was rounded to 0.000 in order to avoid confusion given that negative values on this scale is not possible.
Online Supplement 3 Tables exclude pain scores for the first month of the post-LTOT discontinuation period
Covariate-adjusted Models of Estimated Pain Score at the Time of Discontinuation of Long-term Opioid Therapy.
Intercept Covariates
Model 1 B (SE)
Model 2 B (SE)
Model 3 B (SE)
Model 4 B (SE) Age -0.049 (0.017)* -0.026 (0.018) -0.030 (0.018) -0.032 (0.018) Sex 0.954 (0.755) 0.621 (0.689) 0.659 (0.684) 0.696 (0.679) Race -0.158 (0.175) -0.124 (0.158) -0.119 (0.156) -0.082 (0.156) Diagnoses, Comorbidities, and Other Clinical Variables
VA Service-Connected
Disability -0.106 (0.360) -0.080 (0.358) 0.001 (0.356)
Elixhauser Comorbidity
Index -0.111 (0.127) -0.100 (0.126) -0.117 (0.125)
Number of Pain
Diagnoses 0.086 (0.314) 0.229 (0.319) 0.285 (0.317)
Average Pain Score Pre-
Discontinuation 0.601 (0.075)* 0.597 (0.076)* 0.589 (0.075)*
Average Morphine- equivalent Daily Dose of Opioids, in Milligrams
0.001 (0.002) 0.001 (0.002) 0.001 (0.002) Any Substance Use
Disorder Diagnosis 0.318 (0.346) 0.370 (0.345) 0.333 (0.342) Depressive Disorder
Diagnosis -0.421 (0.375) -0.481 (0.260) -0.445 (0.371)
Bipolar Disorder
Diagnosis 0.738 (0.602) 0.752 (0.602) 0.671 (0.598)
PTSD Diagnosis 0.192 (0.384) 0.235 (0.384) 0.209 (0.381)
Other Anxiety Disorder
Diagnosis -0.412 (0.364) -0.429 (0.360) -0.381 (0.359)
Psychotic Disorder
Diagnosis 0.735 (0.606) 0.760 (0.602) 0.678 (0.598)
Pain Treatment Utilization Number of Specialty Pain
Clinic Visits -0.010 (0.021) -0.011 (0.021)
Number of Rehabilitation
Medicine Visits -0.129 (0.070) -0.128 (0.070)
Number of Occupational
Therapy Visits -0.004 (0.015) -0.006 (0.015)
Reasons for Discontinuation of Opioid Therapy Patient-Initiated
Discontinuation -1.341 (0.445)*
Note: Demographic characteristics, clinical diagnoses, medical comorbidities, and prescription information were obtained for the year prior to discontinuation of opioid therapy.
*p<0.05.
Covariate-adjusted Models of 11-month Pain Score Trajectories Following Discontinuation of Long-term Opioid Therapy.
Linear Slope Covariates
Model 1 B (SE)
Model 2 B (SE)
Model 3 B (SE)
Model 4 B (SE)
Age 0.004
(0.002)* 0.003 (0.002) 0.003 (0.002) 0.003 (0.002)
Sex -0.002
(0.084) 0.005 (0.082) 0.001 (0.081) 0.006 (0.081) Race 0.011 (0.020) 0.011 (0.020) 0.012 (0.019) 0.009 (0.020) Diagnoses, Comorbidities, and Other Clinical Variables
VA Service-Connected
Disability -0.019 (0.044) -0.025 (0.044) -0.027 (0.044)
Elixhauser Comorbidity
Index 0.007 (0.015) 0.015 (0.005) 0.006 (0.015)
Number of Pain
Diagnosis -0.024 (0.038) -0.040 (0.038) -0.044 (0.038)
Average Pain Score Pre-
Discontinuation -0.018 (0.009) -0.017 (0.009) -0.017 (0.009) Average Morphine-
equivalent Daily Dose of Opioids, in Milligrams
0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) Any Substance Use
Disorder Diagnosis -0.012 (0.043) -0.017 (0.043) -0.012 (0.043) Depressive Disorder
Diagnosis 0.062 (0.046) 0.069 (0.046) 0.069 (0.046)
Bipolar Disorder
Diagnosis -0.022 (0.080) -0.021 (0.080) -0.014 (0.080)
PTSD Diagnosis -0.035 (0.047) -0.034 (0.047) -0.032 (0.047) Other Anxiety Disorder
Diagnosis 0.041 (0.044) 0.042 (0.044) 0.038 (0.044)
Psychotic Disorder
Diagnosis -0.154 (0.074)* -0.154 (0.074)* -0.145 (0.074)*
Pain Treatment Utilization Number of Specialty Pain
Clinic Visits 0.000 (0.003) 0.000 (0.003)
Number of Rehabilitation
Medicine Visits 0.016 (0.008)* 0.016 (0.008)
Number of Occupational
Therapy Visits -0.001 (0.002) -0.001 (0.002)
Reasons for Discontinuation of Opioid Therapy Patient-Initiated
Discontinuation 0.064 (0.056)
Note: Demographic characteristics, clinical diagnoses, medical comorbidities, and prescription information were obtained for the year prior to discontinuation of opioid therapy.
*p<0.05.
Covariate-adjusted Pain Scores at the Time of Opioid Discontinuation and Linear Change in Pain Scores Following Long-term Opioid Therapy Discontinuation in Each of the Four Classes.
No Pain (n=30.8%)
M (SE)
Subclinical Pain (n=17.5%)
M (SE)
Moderate Pain (n=27.1%)
M (SE)
Severe Pain (n=24.5%)
M (SE) Baseline Pain
Intensity 0.00^ (0.16)* 3.32 (0.19)* 5.52 (0.19)* 7.46 (0.18)*
Monthly Change in Pain Intensity
-0.04 (0.03) -0.09 (0.04)* -0.08 (0.03)* -0.05 (0.03)
*p<0.05. ^This covariate adjusted mean was -0.427, which was rounded to 0.000 in order to avoid confusion given that negative values on this scale is not possible.
