TOPIC 1
INTRODUCTION TO HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY
Prepared by;
SITI HAWA BINTI KADIR [email protected];
[email protected] 019 -9269882
Know Hydraulics and Hydrology
Terms For Hydraulics And Hydrology Systems Of Units Used In Hydraulics
Distinguish Hydraulics, Hydrology And Fluid Mechanics Hydraulics Parameter And Equations
Fundamental Dimensions Of Hydraulic Variables
Introduction
HYDRAULICS
HIDRO AULUS
(meaning water) (meaning pipe)
Note:
HYDROLOGY
• is the scientific study of the
movement, distribution, and
quality of water on Earth.
• Hydraulics - The engineering science of liquid pressure and flow.
Basically deals with flow and conveyance of liquid, principally water.
• Hydraulic analyses are performed to determine the depth of
flow, flow velocity, and forces from flowing water on a surface or at hydraulic structures. These studies are necessary components in the hydraulic design and analysis of structures.
• Hydraulics Engineering aims at;
•
Understanding the physical processes of fluid flow analytically and empirically.
•
Expressing these process mathematically.
•
Utilizing these understanding of flowing liquid in the design of various water related structures devices and systems.
What Is Hydraulics?
1. The science of hydrology deals with the occurrence and movement of water on and over the surface of the earth. It deals with the various forms of moisture that occur, and the transformation between the liquid , solid and gaseous states in the atmosphere and in the surface layers of land masses. It is concerned also with the sea-the source and store of all the water that activates life on this planet
2. The study of water on, under, and over the Earth’s surface, and from its origins to all its destinations on the earth is called hydrology.
3. The scientific study of water, seeking to explain the water balance equation in terms of time and space, and assessing the impact of physical and chemical processes and their role in ecosystems.
Hydrologic analyses are performed to quantify the volumetric flow rate of water draining from a watershed (i.e., drainage area) over time. The amount of water that flows from a
watershed depends on the characteristics of the watershed (e.g., size, land cover, antecedent moisture, and steepness) and the presence of water (e.g., the intensity and duration of a
precipitation event, rate of snowmelt, or regulation from a dam).
What Is Hydrology?
Systems of units used in Hydraulics
Units needed to properly express a physical quantity Systems to be used:
S.I. (System Internationale unites) Adopted in 1960
Used by nearly every major country, except the U.S.
Likely to be adopted by the U.S. in the near future B.G. (British Gravitational system)
Used in the technical literature for years Preferred system in the U.S.
Distinguish Hydraulics, Hydrology and Fluid Mechanics
• Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids or fluids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid version of pneumatics.
• Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.
• Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics that studies the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. Fluid
mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which
focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties.
Hydraulics parameter and Equations
,
NO ITEM SYMBOL FORMULA UNIT
1. Discharge/ Flow rate Q Q= m3/s
2. Specific energy E E = y + v2/2g
E = y + q2/2gy2 for rectangular only
3. Froud number Fr Fr = or Fr =
4. Power input Pi Pi =2
5. Power output Po
6. Efficiency x100%
7. Energy Loss EL EL =
8. Critical Velocity Vc =
NO ITEM SYMBOL FORMULA UNIT
1. Discharge/ Flow rate Q m3/s
2. Specific energy E E = y + v2/2g
E = y + q2/2gy2 for rectangular only
3. Froud number Fr
4. Power input Pi
5. Power output Po
6. Efficiency
7. Energy Loss EL
8. Critical Velocity Vc