Total = (100%) - Undip PAK Repository

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LEMBAR

HASIL PENILAIAN SEJAWAT SEBIDANG ATAU PEER REVIEW KARYA ILMIAH : PROSIDING

Judul Karya Ilmiah : Analysis of Energy Consumption Intensity and Electric Power Quality in UNDIP Campus

Jumlah Penulis : 3 Orang (Jaka Windarta, Chrisna Radityatama, Eko Handoyo) Status Pengusul : Penulis ke-1

Identitas Prosiding : a. Judul Prosiding : 2021 4th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE)

b. ISBN/ISSN : 978-0-7381-1148-3

c. Thn Terbit, Tempat Pelaks. : 2021, Lahore, Pakistan d. Penerbit/Organiser : IEEE

e. Alamat Repository/Web : https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9406298 Alamat Artikel : https://doc-

pak.undip.ac.id/9650/1/Artikel_ICECE_2021.pdf f. Terindeks di (jika ada) : Scopus

Kategori Publikasi Makalah : √ Prosiding Forum Ilmiah Internasional (beri pada kategori yang tepat) Prosiding Forum Ilmiah Nasional Hasil Penilaian Peer Review :

Komponen Yang Dinilai

Nilai Reviewer

Nilai Rata- rata Reviewer I Reviewer II

a. Kelengkapan unsur isi prosiding (10%) 2,50 2,00 2,25

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan (30%) 7,50 7,00 7,25

c. Kecukupan dan kemutahiran data/informasi dan

metodologi (30%) 7,00 7,00 7,00

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan/prosiding(30%) 7,00 7,00 7,00

Total = (100%) 24,00 23,00 23,50

Nilai Pengusul = (60% x 23,50 ) = 14,10

Semarang, 21 Januari 2022 Reviewer 2

Mochammad Facta, S.T., M.T., Ph.D.

NIP. 197106161999031003 Unit : Teknik Elektro FT UNDIP

Reviewer 1

Dr. Wahyudi, S.T., M.T.

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LEMBAR

b. ISBN/ISSN : 978-0-7381-1148-3

Kategori Publikasi Makalah : √ Prosiding Forum Ilmiah Internasional (beri pada kategori yang tepat) Prosiding Forum Ilmiah Nasional

Hasil Penilaian Peer Review : Komponen Yang Dinilai

Nilai Maksimal Prosiding Nilai Akhir Yang Diperoleh Internasional

Nasional

a. Kelengkapan unsur isi prosiding (10%) 2,50 2,50

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan

(30%) 7,50 7,50

metodologi (30%) 7,50 7,00

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan/prosiding(30%)

7,50 7,00

Total = (100%) 25,00 24,00

Nilai Pengusul = (60% x 24,00 ) = 14,40 Catatan Penilaian Paper oleh Reviewer :

1. Kesesuaian dan kelengkapan unsur isi paper:

Unsur isi jurnal lengkap, terdapat pendahuluan, hasil eksperimen, model matematik, hasil simulasi, diskusi, kesimpulan dan daftar pustaka.

2. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan:

Kedalaman pembahasan cukup. Metode, Langkah dan data yang ditampilkan cukup jelas dan detail dengan table dan gambar guna memperjelas pembahasan.

3. Kecukupan dan kemutakhiran data/informasi dan metodologi:

Artikel ini memiliki nilai kebaharuan yang baik dan mempunyai kemutakhiran informasi baik.

4. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan:

2021 4th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE), ISBN/ISSN 978-0-7381- 1148-3, https://doc-pak.undip.ac.id/9650/1/Artikel_ICECE_2021.pdf , tahun dikeluarkan 2021, yang dikeluarkan Lahore, Pakistan, terindex scopus.

Dr. Wahyudi, S.T., M.T.

NIP. 196906121994031001 Unit : Teknik Elektro FT UNDIP 25

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LEMBAR

b. ISBN/ISSN : 978-0-7381-1148-3

Kategori Publikasi Makalah : √ Prosiding Forum Ilmiah Internasional (beri pada kategori yang tepat) Prosiding Forum Ilmiah Nasional Hasil Penilaian Peer Review :

Komponen Yang Dinilai

Nilai Maksimal Prosiding Nilai Akhir Yang Diperoleh Internasional

Nasional

a. Kelengkapan unsur isi prosiding (10%) 2,50 2,00

b. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan

(30%) 7,50 7,00

metodologi (30%) 7,50 7,00

d. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan/prosiding(30%)

7,50 7,00

Total = (100%) 25,00 23,00

Nilai Pengusul = (60% x 23,00 ) = 13,80 Catatan Penilaian Paper oleh Reviewer :

1. Kesesuaian dan kelengkapan unsur isi paper:

Kelengkapan dan kesesuaian unsur sudah lengkap sesuai template yang ada di 2021 4th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE), yaitu terdiri dari judul, abstrak, pendahuluan, metode, pembahasan, kesimpulan, dan referensi.

2. Ruang lingkup dan kedalaman pembahasan:

Isi artikel berkaitan dengan menganalisis konsumsi energi dan potensi efisiensi energi di Universitas Diponegoro dengan data konsumsi energi listrik tahun 2016-2020. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan Konsumsi listrik energi di Kampus Undip mencapai 20.253.418 kWh atau Rp. 16.415.550.042 pada 2019. Metode, Langkah dan data yang ditampilkan cukup jelas dan detail dengan table dan gambar guna memperjelas pembahasan.

3. Kecukupan dan kemutakhiran data/informasi dan metodologi:

Artikel ini memiliki nilai kebaharuan yang baik dan mempunyai kemutakhiran informasi baik.

4. Kelengkapan unsur dan kualitas terbitan:

2021 4th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE), ISBN/ISSN 978-0-7381- 1148-3, https://doc-pak.undip.ac.id/9650/1/Artikel_ICECE_2021.pdf, tahun dikeluarkan 2021, yang dikeluarkan Lahore, Pakistan, terindex scopus.

Mochammad Facta, S.T., M.T., Ph.D.

25

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th International Conference on Energy Conservation and E ciency, ICECE - Proceedings • March • Article number • th International Conference on Energy Conservation and E ciency, ICECE • Lahore • March

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Analysis of Energy Consumption Intensity and Electric Power Quality in UNDIP Campus

Windarta J. , Radityatama C. , Handoyo E.

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Diponegoro University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Semarang, Indonesia

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Abstract

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Abstract

National energy security has a very important role in supporting sustainable national development.

However, what often becomes a problem is the rate of energy availability that is not balanced with the rate of energy demand, therefore energy consumption efficiency is necessary, which is in line with Government Regulation No. 70/2009 concerning Energy Conservation. To be able to do this, it is necessary to take an initial step by conducting an energy audit, which is a method for calculating the level of energy consumption of a building/building. In this study, the authors will analyze the energy consumption and potential energy efficiency at the Diponegoro University Campus. Energy efficiency analysis will be based on electrical energy consumption data from 2016-2020, calculating the Energy Consumption Intensity (IKE) and Electric Power Quality. The consumption of electrical energy at the

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY CONSERVATION AND EFFICIENCY 2021

ICECE 2021

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2021 4th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE)

16-17 March, 2021 Lahore, Pakistan

IEEE ISBN: 978-0-7381-1148-3 IEEE Catalog Number CFP21N58-ART

PROCEEDINGS

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Organizing Committees

2021 4th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE) Steering Committee

Patron in Chief: Prof. Dr. Syed Mansoor Sarwar, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore

General Chair: Prof. Dr. Waqar Mahmood, Center for Energy Research & Development (CERAD), UET New Campus KSK

Co-Chair: Mr. Kashif Bashir, Al-Khawarimzi Institute of Computer Science, UET Lahore Co Chair: Mr. Rana Shazeb Javed Rathore, Chair IEEE Lahore Section

Co Chair: Prof. Dr. Suhail A. Qureshi, Chair IEEE PES Lahore Chapter Co-Chair: Mr. Adnan Mudassar, MD PEECA

Technical Chair: Dr. Ghalib Asadullah Shah, Al-Khawarimzi Institute of Computer Science, UET Lahore

Executive Chair: Dr. Amir Mehmood, Al-Khawarimzi Institute of Computer Science, UET Lahore

Co Chair: Muhammad Hamza Ihtisham, Chair IEEE IAS Lahore Chapter

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Technical Program Committee

Chair: Dr. Ghalib Asadullah Shah, Al-Khawarimzi Institute of Computer Science, UET Lahore

Co-Chair: Imran Ali Shah, Al-Khawarimzi Institute of Computer Science, UET Lahore Co-Chair: Muhammad Ali, Al-Khawarimzi Institute of Computer Science, UET Lahore

Members:

Sr. Name Affiliation

1. Hamza Latif Al-Khawarimzi Institute of Computer Science, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore 2. Sabeeha Tanveer Al-Khawarimzi Institute of Computer Science,

University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore 3. Asif Tabish University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

4. Dr Faheem Gohar Awan University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

5. Mohsin Saleem

School of Chemical and Material Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and

Technology (NUST), Islamabad

6. Dr.Asghar Saqib University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

7. Faisal Hussain Al-Khawarimzi Institute of Computer Science, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore 8. Muhammad Tariq Al-Khawarimzi Institute of Computer Science,

University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

9. Dr.Yaqoob Javed COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

10. Fabiha Hashmat Al-Khawarimzi Institute of Computer Science, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore 11. Muhammad Arslan Shahid The University of Lahore

12. Hassan Niaz Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

13. Waqas Khalid Al-Khawarimzi Institute of Computer Science, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

14. Muhammad Rashad The University of Lahore

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53. Muhammad Mateen Afzal Awan University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

54. Hasan Izhar University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

55. Adnan Qamar University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

56. Ali Hussain Kazim University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

57. Faheem Akhtar Advanced Membranes and porous materials center, KAUST

58. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Kamran University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

59. Muhammad Wajid Saleem University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

60. Muhammad Faisal Nadeem Khan University of Engineering & Technology Taxila

61. Dr Khawaja Abdul Muqeet University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

62. Mujtaba Abbas University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

63. Dr. Hifsa Shahid University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

64. Muhammad Imran Aston University

65. Hafiz Anwar Ullah Khan New York University, NY, USA

66. Prof. Dr Naveed Ramzan University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

67. Prof. Dr Shahid Imran University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

68. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Kamran University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

69. Dr. Tanveer Iqbal University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

70. Dr Saima Yaseen University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

71. Dr. Syed Mohsin Ali Kazmi University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

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72. Dr. Zahid Anwer University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

73. Dr. Fahad Noor University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

74. Dr. Muhammad Farooq University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

75. Dr Muhammad Amjad University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

76. Dr. Fahid Riaz University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

77. Dr. Asif Nadeem Tabish University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

78. Dr. Asif Hussain University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

79. Dr. Izzat Iqbal Cheema University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

80. Dr. Hamayoun Mahmood University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

81. Dr. Ch. Haider Ali University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

82. Dr. Tariq Nawaz University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

83. Dr. Hasan Izhar Khan University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

84. Dr. Abdul Sattar Nizami GCU Lahore

85. Dr. Umair Sultan MNS Agriculture University Multan

86. Dr. Farrukh Arsalan Siddique BZU Multan

87. Dr. Muhammad Sultan BZU Multan

88. Dr. Salman Raza Naqvi NUST Islamabad

89. Dr. Ahmet Turin Yalova University Turkey

90. Dr. Umer Saleem Heriot-Watt University UK

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ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION INTENSITY AND ELECTRIC POWER

QUALITY IN UNDIP CAMPUS

Jaka Windarta

Department of Electrical Engineering Diponegoro University

Semarang, Indonesia [email protected]

Chrisna Radityatama Department of Electrical Engineering

Diponegoro University Semarang, Indonesia [email protected]

Eko Handoyo

Department of Electrical Engineering Diponegoro University

Semarang, Indonesia [email protected]

Abstract— National energy security has a very important role in supporting sustainable national development.

However, what often becomes a problem is the rate of energy availability that is not balanced with the rate of energy demand, therefore energy consumption efficiency is necessary, which is in line with Government Regulation No.

70/2009 concerning Energy Conservation. To be able to do this, it is necessary to take an initial step by conducting an energy audit, which is a method for calculating the level of energy consumption of a building/building. In this study, the authors will analyze the energy consumption and potential energy efficiency at the Diponegoro University Campus. Energy efficiency analysis will be based on electrical energy consumption data from 2016-2020, calculating the Energy Consumption Intensity (IKE) and Electric Power Quality. The consumption of electrical energy at the Undip Campus reaches 20,253,418 kWh or Rp. 16,415,550,042 in 2019. For the IKE calculation results, the criteria for very efficient are obtained at the Faculty of Psychology and the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences. The standard used is the 2006 Ministry of National Education on IKE.

Keywords— Energy Conservation, Energy Consumption Intensity (IKE), Power Quality.

I. INTRODUCING

Energy security has a very important role in supporting sustainable national development. Energy security itself has three aspects, namely: availability of energy sources, affordability of energy supplies, and continued development of new and renewable energy. To maintain national energy security, apart from actively undertaking development and diversification in terms of providing energy sources, energy conservation efforts on the utilization side to reduce the rate of energy use must be made. Energy efficiency or efficient use of energy aims to reduce the amount of energy needed to produce a product or service [1].

The government in PP No. 70 of 2009 has regulated that users of energy sources and energy users who use energy sources and/or energy more than 6000 TOE (Tonne Oil Equivalent) in one year are required to conserve energy through energy management, in addition to users of energy sources. and/or energy below 6,000 TOE (Tonne Oil Equivalent) per year is required to use energy economically and efficiently [2].

In the previous research conducted by Wafid Hudaya and Alif Prasetyo, a web-based energy audit application has been created. The application uses the PHP programming language, but there is no baseline arrangement of energy efficiency levels which are expressed in terms of energy consumption intensity and Energy Saving Opportunities [3].

Galuh Prawestri Citra has made software to study electrical loads in a building using Visual Basic 6.0. The software is connected to Microsoft Access as a database, where the software is designed to successfully read and process the available data [4]. Further studies on load analysis have been carried out by Ahmad Taufik Yunanto, in which the load study carried out produced data on the mix of electricity use, the profile of electrical loads, and the quality of electrical power used by PT SAI Apparel Semarang [5].

In this study, the authors will analyze energy consumption and energy efficiency potential by raising a case study on one of the campuses in the city of Semarang, namely Diponegoro University. The selection of research and energy conservation analysis will be based on data on electricity consumption from 2016-2020 and primary data from field surveys (samples from the Faculty of Psychology and the Faculty of Fisheries & Marine Sciences). The energy consumption intensity analysis is adjusted to the standards of the Indonesian Ministry of National Education in 2006 [6].

Standardization of the quality of electric power in voltage and current Unbalances uses the standard Permen ESDM No.4 of 2009 [7] and SPLN D5.004-1: 2012 concerning Power Quality [8]. To standardize the voltage and current harmmonisa using the IEEE Std standard. 519-2014 [9].

II. METHOD A. Secondary Data Collection and Analysis

At this stage, secondary data collection carried out at Diponegoro University, the secondary data collected were as follows:

1. Historical data on electricity consumption (rupiah and kWh) of Diponegoro University from 2016 to July 2020.

2. Technical data on building area of the Faculty of Psychology and the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences

3. Data on the number of students, employees, and lecturers per faculty

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Abundance of Sun Resource Brings Extra Profits on Dish Stirling Solar Power Station

Xianghui Hou

College of Computer science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou, China 310012

Weiqing Liang Micropowers Ltd.

Shanghai, China

Meiyu Zhang

College of Computer science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou, China 310012 Email: [email protected]

Abstract—Solar dish Stirling power plant typically contains hundreds of dishes distributed in a field, each of which must be well separated to avoid shading from neighbors, in order to guarantee the safety of device and optimal profits. Taking into account the thermal properties of the Stirling engine, we consider the influence of the abundance of sun resource of installation locations on shading effect. Our results show that the key parameter relating to shading is the West-to- East distance of dish layout unit (nearest four dish), manifesting an approximate linear relation. Its slope describing how quickly a required minimal level shade can be obtained by increasing land usage steepens with the increase of sun resource abundance. These results suggest extra benefits for installing solar power plant in regions with plenty annual sun radiation.

Index Terms—solar power, dish Stirling, sun resource, profits optimization

I. INTRODUCTION

Due the shortage of fossil fuels and related environmental concerns arose from traditional energy resource consumption, solar radiation as a free and clean energy source, plays more and more important role when concerning our energy supply [1]. Typical utilization of solar radiation includes photovoltaic and solar-thermal system.

The former takes the advantage that the

photovoltaic materials can convert sun radiation into direct current electricity, while the latter utilizes its thermal effect by collecting large area of sun radiation. For example, SES 25kW dish stirling system has a parabolic dish of∼90m². Parabolic dishes are efficient device to gather large area of sun radiation and form an extreme high temperature resource. Dishes of 400² has also been built in Australia [2]. As these dishes cannot been built as a single unit. Big sun collecting dishes are always composed of many small facets, each of which has a fixed curvature.

These facets are easy to fabricate and transport, while hard to install and adjust. As they need to form an exact parabolic shape and reflect sun radiations from each facet to a given target position [3], posing a high demand on the quality of each mirror facet [4]. How to efficiently adjust facets to meet the quality is one of the hot research areas in solar thermal application, attracting world-wide research effects [5], [6]. We recently developed an automatic efficient dish alignment method, and applied it to the SES 25kW Dish Stirling System installation in China [3]. Flux analysis of the formed thermal source proves the effectiveness of the proposed method [7].Parabolic dishes can only gather sun radiation parallel to its optical axis, thus there is always a tracking system ensuring its axis pointing to the sun. A typical solar power station usually contains hundreds or thousands dishes. Consequently, dishes may be shaded by their neighbors depending on sun position. To improve the

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Pyrolysis of Burley Tobacco: Impact of Process Parameters on Bio-oil Composition and Yield

T. M. Yasser

Energy Science and Engineering, Department of Transdisciplinary

Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology

Tokyo, Japan [email protected]

Shuo Cheng

Energy Science and Engineering, Department of Transdisciplinary

Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology

Jeffrey S. Cross Energy Science and Engineering,

Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology

Abstract— Pyrolysis of biomass is a renewable process technology that can produce bio-oil for fuels or chemicals. The pyrolysis of non-cured Japanese burley tobacco leaves was carried by varying tobacco particle sizes, temperature, and nitrogen gas flow rates. Linear regression and statistical analysis using ANOVA were conducted to investigate the significance of the parameters in bio-oil yield and nicotine concentration in bio-oil.

The flow rate of nitrogen gas showed a direct correlation with a decrease in liquid yield and an increase in gas yield. On the other hand, the temperature and size of particles showed only a slight impact on the liquid yield. These two parameters also strongly affected bio-oil chemical composition, particularly the nicotine concentration, which has promise for medicinal applications.

These results show that the particle size can change the selectivity of tobacco bio-oil chemical compounds and should be carefully examined as a key process parameter.

Keywords— Pyrolysis, Renewable, Biomass, Bio-oil, Tobacco leaves, Nicotine

I. INTRODUCTION

Japan is one of the largest tobacco markets in the world, with an adult smoking rate of about 19 percent. There has been a sharp decline in the adult smoking rate compared to when it was at its peak. For example, in 1966, when smoking was popular, over 80% of the male population and nearly 20% of the female population were smokers [1-3]. According to the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC), more than 70,000 Japanese people die every year from lung cancer, and 15,000 people die every year due to diseases related to secondhand or passive smoking [4,5]. This health problem forced the Japanese government to strengthen laws to ban smoking in public places, increasing taxes for cigarettes, etc. [6,7].

As the number of smokers is declining, the sales of cigarettes are also declining. This impacts the cigarette manufacturing companies in Japan and also for tobacco farmers too in a negative way. This trend is not limited to Japan and takes place in many countries worldwide [8].

Technically, if the cigarette sales are decreasing, the cigarette manufacturing companies do not need as much tobacco, which affects the income of tobacco farmers. While changing crops is not an easy choice due to many factors involved such as different pesticides can negatively affect other crops [9].

Therefore, new applications of tobacco leaves are needed.

There are many high-value chemicals in tobacco leaves, such as nicotine, phenols, etc., which can be used in many fields.

For example, nicotine can be used as an organic pesticide, and acetic acid can be used as an antiseptic [10].

Pyrolysis is a key technology that can convert renewable biomass (solids) into liquids for use as carbon neutral fuels and chemicals [11]. Many studies have been conducted to utilize tobacco wastes (tobacco leaf fragments and tobacco stems) into energy production by pyrolysis. Most pyrolysis studies are focused on optimizing only the bio-oil yield in the process, not considering its composition [12]. Thomas et al.

studied phenolic compounds produced from the pyrolysis of tobacco and found many phenolic compounds from the pyrolysis of tobacco [13]. Bochao et al. studied the pyrolysis of tobacco leaves/stems and found the bio-oil from tobacco leaves contain more aromatic compounds than tobacco stems [11]. Cardoso et al. studied the important compounds in tobacco bio-oil, such as nicotine, acetic acid, phenolic compounds, etc. [10]. However, few studies have reported the influence of the process parameters and their interactions on the bio-oil composition and chemical compounds [12].

This study aims to investigate the effect of tobacco pyrolysis process parameters on the reactor temperature, particle size, and nitrogen gas flow rate on the collected bio- oil composition for medicinal compounds.

II. MATERIALSANDMETHODS

A. Materials

Non-cured dried burley tobacco leaves used in this study were obtained from Japan Tobacco (JT) Inc. and stored at room temperature, 30 °C. In this research, the chemical composition of tobacco leaves was not analyzed. It has been reported previously that tobacco leaves are a lignocellulosic material [13]. The dried tobacco leaves were milled by using a mixer mill (Retsch MM 400) and sieved to produce two different ranges of particle sizes <53 - 180 μm and 1.0 - 2.8 mm. The CHN analysis of the dried tobacco leaves was determined according to the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suzukakedai Analysis Division with a JM 10 (MICRO

Authorized licensed use limited to: Carleton University. Downloaded on June 05,2021 at 20:53:13 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

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Solar to electric and –chemical energy conversion applications with the indigenously developed nickel

oxide coatings

Muhammad Awais

Department of Industrial Engineering Taibah University

Medina, Saudi Arabia [email protected],

[email protected]

https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 5229-8780

Abstract— The overall objective of this research was to deposit metal oxide semiconductor in order to convert solar energy into electric and chemical energies. Nickel oxide (NiO) was chosen as the required metal oxide semiconductor for these applications due to its p-type nature, stability and wide band gap. The main focus of this research was to use a unique sintering technique assisted through microwave plasma for the fabrication of NiO electrodes. The performance of microwave plasma sintering also known as rapid discharge sintering (RDS) was compared with conventional furnace treatments. For solar to electric energy conversion, suitable dye is used to sensitize both RDS and furnace sintered NiO coatings to prepare p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A tenfold increase in the photovoltaic performance was observed for the RDS treated NiO coatings due to more open structure, superior adhesion to the substrate, smaller grain size and increased level of dye adsorption as compared to furnace sintered NiO coatings. A preliminary sensitization study of these NiO coatings with Ruthenium-Rhenium complex dye demonstrated the ability of these metal oxides to adsorb this dye with no change in chemical structure for the potential application of NiO coatings in the reduction of CO2.

Keywords— Dye-sensitized solar cells, p-type semiconductor, Nickel oxide, Microwave plasma sintering, CO2 reduction.

I. INTRODUCTION

The world consumes ~15 terawatts of the power in one year [1], only 1.6 terawatts of which is resourced from hydroelectricity, biomass, nuclear fission and renewable energy resources [2-4]. It is predicted by Cho [1] that the fossil fuels, on which we are largely dependent in order to fulfill our energy requirements, may last only for few hundred years more. This depletion of fuel and global warming for which the burning of fossil fuels is a significant issue is encouraging the adoption of renewable energy resources. The sun is the champion source as compared to other alternative energy resources such as wind, geothermal, etc. There are several ways to harness solar energy such as converting into thermal, electric (photovoltaic) or chemical (CO2 reduction or water splitting) energies.

Photovoltaics is one of the most common method to convert solar energy [5] into photoelectric energy and there are many types of photovoltaic (PV) cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have low efficiencies when compared with other type of solar cells such thin film or Silicone based solar cells; however, they offer many advantages over their

competitors. They are fabricated through the use of low cost material[6], can be produced more economically and at a lower cost [7]. More importantly DSSCs can be used in building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) because of their availability in different color and transparency grades. Lastly, there is a significant DSSCs market for products which require low power input such as consumer electronics [8].

This reduction of efficiency in DSSCs is primarily due to the inefficiency of the dye and He et al. [9] suggested a way in which they substituted the cathode of a conventional DSSC [which is generally a platinum coated (fluorine doped tin oxide) FTO, observing no photoelectrochemical activity] with a dye-sensitized p-type electrode, hence turned a simple cathode into a photocathode. By combining this photocathode with a photoanode of a conventional DSSC, a tandem cell is constructed and with two photoactive electrodes is estimated to be 13 % higher than that of the 32 % theoretical efficiency of the conventional DSSC, with one photoactive electrode [9].

There have been many reports on the photochemical production of carbon monoxide (CO), methanol (CH3OH) and formic acid (HCOOH) from CO2 in solution systems [10- 15]. The efficient reduction of CO2 however has not been achieved. The photochemical production systems have numerous shared components: they all contain photo- sensitizers (such as ruthenium complexes with bipyridine), redox agents, and sacrificial electron donors (such as ascorbic acid or tertiary amines). Using ‘Sacrificial’ electron donors is not suggested since it results as an impurity in the system.

Recent progress along the lines of finding a ‘hole scavenger’

is required [16]. In this work, the potential of p-type semiconductor oxide surfaces as a donor by hole recovery was suggested in order to photochemical reduction of CO2 to methanol, formic acid or carbon monoxide using solar energy.

In this work, for both photoelectric and photochemical applications, the main requirement is a p-type semiconductor surface having high dye adsorption capabilities. Nickel oxide (NiO) was chosen to carry out these applications in this study, owing their p-type nature. Since many researchers have been using NiO in the construction of p-type dye-sensitized solar cells. Some of the researchers focused on electrolyte for improving cells’ performance [17, 18], some tried better sanitizers [19-21] and other utilized pre and post treatments to prepare NiO coatings [22-24]. Thus finding a best deposition method is still essential to-date. NiO coatings have been deposited using techniques ranging from spray pyrolysis [25,

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Total = (100%) - Undip PAK Repository

Analysis of Energy Consumption Intensity and Electric Power Quality in UNDIP Campus

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY CONSERVATION AND EFFICIENCY 2021

ICECE 2021

2021 4th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE)

16-17 March, 2021 Lahore, Pakistan

IEEE ISBN: 978-0-7381-1148-3 IEEE Catalog Number CFP21N58-ART

PROCEEDINGS

Members:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION INTENSITY AND ELECTRIC POWER

QUALITY IN UNDIP CAMPUS

Abundance of Sun Resource Brings Extra Profits on Dish Stirling Solar Power Station

Pyrolysis of Burley Tobacco: Impact of Process Parameters on Bio-oil Composition and Yield

Solar to electric and –chemical energy conversion applications with the indigenously developed nickel

oxide coatings