The effect of tungsten trioxide nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol under different sonication durations: An experimental examination

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The effect of tungsten trioxide nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol under different sonication durations: An experimental

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Article in Powder Technology · July 2020

DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.07.056

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The effect of tungsten trioxide nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol under different sonication durations: An experimental examination

Hongyu Wei

^a

, Masoud Afrand

^b,c,⁎

, Rasool Kalbasi

^d

, Hafiz Muhammad Ali

^e

, Behzad Heidarshenas

^a

, Sara Rostami

^f,g

aCollege of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, PR China bInstitute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam

cFaculty of Electrical–Electronic Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam dDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran

eMechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia

fLaboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam gFaculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

A R T I C L E I N F O

Article history:

Received 2 April 2020

Received in revised form 12 July 2020 Accepted 17 July 2020

Available online xxx

Keywords Nanofluid

Tungsten trioxide nanoparticles Thermal conductivity Sonication duration

A B S T R A C T

Incorporation of tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanoparticles into ethylene glycol (EG) was performed to examine the nanoparticles presence on thermal conductivity behavior. To explore the mass fraction and temperature efficacy on the amount of thermal conductivity enhancement, many samples were produced at 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1,5 wt% and conductivity measurements were performed at 5–65 °C. Stable samples were exposed to sonic waves for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min to inspect the thermal conductivity dependency on the sonication duration.

Thermal conductivity improvement of EG was observed in all cases due to the presence of WO3nanoparticles.

Based on experiments, the best thermal conductivity enhancement has reached up to 32.38%. The rate of thermal conductivity enhancement was higher at low mass fractions. Temperature rising was found to amplify the positive nanoparticles efficacy. Eventually thermal conductivity improvements due to enlarged sonication time were reported up to 4%.

Nomenclature

DLS Dynamic light scattering EG Ethylene Glycol k

R² R-square

Radj2 AdjustedR−Square T Temperature[°C]

TCR Thermal Conductivity Ratio Vol. % Volume fraction[%]

wt. % Weight fraction[%]

Subscripts

bf Base fluid

nf Nanofluid

⁎Corresponding authors at: Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam.

E-mail addresses:[email protected] (M. Afrand); [email protected].

vn (S. Rostami)

1. Introduction

Improving convection heat transfer is one of the most important and challenging issues in engineering [1,2]. The convection heat transfer depends on three parameters, heat transfer area, the temperature difference [3] and the convective heat transfer coefficient (h_c) [4]. Since the convection heat transfer occurs between a solid and fluid surface, the convective heat transfer coefficient depends on the fluid thermophysical properties as well as velocity and solid physical situation. Ther- mal conductivity (TC) has effect on (h_c). With the advancement of technology, the process of preparing solid nanoparticles has become possi- ble. Hence, it seems that by adding high-conductivity solid nanoparticles to the base fluid, the thermal conductivity is enhanced [5,6]. The higher TC, the higher the (h_c), which in turn improves the convection heat transfer. Ethylene glycol (EG) is used as a base fluid in many industrial devices, especially in applications where the operating temperature is close to the water freezing point [7–11]. It should be noted that the amount of nanoparticles that can be added to the base fluid depends on temperature and intermolecular forces. Lee et al. [12] investigated the behavior of EG subjected to the presence of ZnO and https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.07.056

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2 H. Wei et al. / Powder Technology xxx (xxxx) 1–9

TiO2 nanoparticles. They measured the conductivity of ZnO/EG and SiO2/EG nanofluids. The results of experiments showed that at the same temperature, by inserting the same amount of ZnO and TiO₂, the ZnO effect on conductivity was greater than the TiO2 effect. In the presence of ZnO nanoparticles,kEGimproves up to 21%, whereas for TiO2

nanoparticles, an enhancement of about 15.4% is estimated. Guo et al.

[13] prepared two nanofluids contain SiO₂nanoparticles. They inserted SiO2into the water to produced SiO2/water as well as SiO2/EG. The mass fraction in both nanofluids was equal to 0.3%. the authors found that adding SiO2into EG has more desirable effects than the incorporation into water base fluid. Desirable presence of SiO₂nanoparticles on kEGwas observed in the water up to 3.25% and in EG up to 6%. Kim et al. [14] studied Al2O3/EG thermal conductivity at 25°Cans 2–3 vol%.

They reported that the Al2O3/EG thermal conductivity is enhanced up to 16%. Xie et al. [15] inserted Si into EG to study the amount of improvement ink_nf. They prepared the nanofluid at 0.3 vol% at ~27 °C and reaveled that improvement of 21% was occurred in EG thermal conductivity. Chen et al. [15] selected Ag2Al and Ag2Cu nanoparticles to insert into EG base fluid to obtain nanofluids of Ag2Al/EG and Ag2Cu/

EG at 1–2% vol% and 27°C. Based on measurements, due to incorporation of g₂Al and Ag₂Cu, EG conductivity was improved up to 95% and 85%.Mariano et al. [16] produced many samples of Co3O4/EG nanofluid to improvekEGand affirmed that at 50 °Cand 5.7 vol%, EG conduc- ticvity enhancement of 27% was occurred. Another study conducted by Pastoriza-Gallego et al. [17] to study the thermal conductivity of Fe3O4/EG and Fe2O3/EG at mass fractions of 6.9 and 6.6 vol%. They performed the experiments at 50°Cand affirmed thatkEGwas improved up to 11% and 15% owing to inserting Fe₃O₄and Fe₂O₃nanoparticles.

Using SiO₂nanoparticles to enhancek_EGwas performed by Jahanshahi et al. [18]. Authors produced the nanofluid at 1–4 vol% and showed that the maximum value can be up to 1.23. Khedkar et al. [19]

used TiO2and performed the same experiments and proved that the values of can be reached up to 1.2. Li et al. reported [20] that the EG thermal conductivity enhanced by 9.13% if EG was combined with ZnO nanoparticles. Elis et al. [21] used Cerium oxide (CeO2) to investigate the thermal conductivity of CeO2/EG. The amount of dispersed nanoparticles was such that the volume fraction remained below 1%. They found that at 10°C, incorporation of CeO₂was more advantageous than the incorporation at 30°C.Because at 10°CthekEGimproved up to 17%, but at 30°C, the conductivity amplified up to 10.7%. In other words, at lower temperatures, the usefulness of nanoparticles was more commonly observed.

One of the concerns of human life today is the optimal use of energy.

Much research has been reported in this area [22–28]. As mentioned, one of the ways to use energy efficiently is to use nanofluids [29–33].

Focusing on past literature indicates that WO3/EG nanofluid has not been well examined. Therefore, in this study, WO3/EG thermal conductivity is investigated. Nanofluids were produced by two-step technique at 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 wt%. To explore the thermal conductivity sensitivity to temperature, measurements were performed at 5–65 °C. Then the stable nanofluid samples were exposed

to sonic waves for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min to explore the effects of these waves on the thermal conductivity improvement.

2. Experimental procedure

The main philosophy of using nanofluids is to modify the thermophysical properties and in this study, improvement of thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol was considered as an objective. For this pur- pose, light yellow tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanoparticles with the purity of 99.95%, density of , the specific surface area of 45 were selected. WO3nanoparticles TEM analysis has been shown in Fig. 1

The methodology for preparing nanofluid samples consisted of two main parts. WO3nanoparticles were incorporated into EG step by step.

The magnetic stirrer was used continuously during the nanoparticle in- sertion time. After all the nanoparticles were added, sonication was applied to the suspension for 15 to 60 min (15 min interval). This technique is known as two-step method. The schematic of the experimental procedure used in this study is shown in Fig. 2. Also, the instruments and their accuaracy have been listed in Table 1.

After inserting the nanoparticles, the size distribution of the nanoparticles into the base fluid should be inspected. Because they are intercon- nected by intermolecular forces, the chained WO₃particles form clusters. According to DLS results, nanoparticle distribution is obtained. Ac- cording to DLS test results, nanoparticle distribution is obtained. The DLS test results can be seen in Fig. 3. According to Fig. 5, the concentration of the nanoparticles is focused on lower 30 nm.

Fig. 1.WO3TEM analysis.

Fig. 2.Schematic of experimental procedure.

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Table 1

Instruments and their accuracy

Instrument Measurement Accuracy KD2 Pro

(Dacagon) Thermal

Conductivity ±5%

KS1 for

liquids Range: 0.02 to 4 W/mK Magnetic

stirrer Range: up to

20 L ±10 rpm

IKA (RCT) Rpm:

50–1500

The assessment of nanofluid stability in this study was achieved by the zeta-potential test. The test results can be seen in Fig. 4. For the analysis of the zeta-potential stability test, one can refer to the method outlined in reference [34]. In this method, if the critical voltage value (i.e., voltage value at the maximum point) is not in the range of−30 mV to +30 mV, the claim of nanofluid stability is close to reality.

The kD2 device, like other measuring devices, has errors. Since the thermal conductivity of nanofluids is measured at temperatures of 5 to 65 °C, pure water thermal conductivity was measured at mentioned temperatures. Comparison of the measured thermal conductivity with its precise values affirmed that the device error can reach up to 2% (as shown in Fig. 5) for temperatures of 5–65 °C.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Thermal conductivity investigation

In this study, the main objective is to examine the nanoparticles efficacy on thermal conductivity. It is therefore logical that the nanoparticles efficacy depends on the number of nanoparticles. The amount of added nanoparticles can be related to the nanoparticles mass fraction.

Thermal conductivity of WO₃/EG, like the base fluid (EG), is temperature-dependent. Therefore, in this section, the nanofluid thermal conductivity sensitivity to temperature and mass fraction is assessed. Fig. 6, illustrated (knf) in terms of temperature and mass fraction. By displaying the error bar, one can determine the upper and lower limit of thermal conductivity values at any temperature and mass fraction.

As expected, knfintensifies with the presence of more nanoparticles. In other words, atT=cte, rising the mass fraction of nanoparticles leads to improvement ink_nf. Collisions between nanoparticle mol- ecules have certainly amplified with rising the number of nanoparticles (mass fraction) and since thermal conductivity is dependent on intermolecular collisions, it can be claimed that thermal conductivity improves with the nanoparticles addition. However, when increasing the mass fraction of nanoparticles, special attention should be paid to the prob- lem of nanofluid stability. As the number of nanoparticles grows, van

der Waals force amplifies and may result in the nanoparticles deposition.

Improvements in the thermal conductivity of nanofluids can also be attributed to nanoparticle clusters. Nanoparticles appear to create a low heat resistance path within the nanofluid by forming clusters, thereby enhancing conductivity. AtT= 5°C, thermal conductivity of WO3/EG at mass fractions of 0.005 wt% and 5 wt% is 0.259 and 0.297 , respectively. This means if the number of nanoparticles multiplied by 1000, then the thermal conductivity would only be 1.147 times higher (equivalent to 14.7% enhancement). AtT= 65°C, 1000 times the number of nanoparticles can only increase 1.168 times the thermal conductivity (equivalent to 16.8% enhancement). Therefore, it seems that at the upper the temperature, the further nanoparticles efficacy on thermal conductivity.

3.2. Comparison of nanofluid and base fluid thermal conductivity

It was observed in the previous section that with the presence of nanoparticles, the thermal conductivity augmented. However, one has to answer the question of how much enhancement in base fluid thermal conductivity was achieved by nanoparticle addition. Fig. 7 illustrates thermal conductivity ratio . The most important point in Fig.

7 is to recognize that adding nanoparticles from the thermal conductivity viewpoint, is advantageous. As shown in Fig. 7, the lowest enhancement (0.78%) is related to conditions of 5°C, 0.005 wt% and the highest improvement (32.38%) occurred at 65°C, 5 wt%

Supposing some ethylene glycol in a container and there are two parameters of temperature and mass fraction of the nanoparticles as inde- pendent variables to improve the thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol. In which case can the heat conductivity of ethylene glycol reach its maximum? According to Fig. 7, the maximum mass fraction should be used (provided the nanofluids remain stable). Now, the question is how to increase the impact of nanoparticles? Focusing on Fig. 7, it is found that the upper the temperature, the greater TCR value which in turn leads to further enhancement. It is important to note that if the nanoparticle is not added to ethylene glycol, the rise in temperature will not only grow its thermal conductivity but also reduce the thermal conductivity (Fig. 8). It can be seen thatkEGdiminish with rising temperature, but with the addition of nanoparticles, it intensifies.

A 60 °C increase in temperature (from 5 to 65°C) reduces the base fluid thermal conductivity by 3.9%, while nanofluid experience a 10.1%

improvement.

3.3. Proposing correlation

Owing to the difference between the EG thermal conductivity and the WO₃/EG one, the thermal conductivity of EG cannot be utilized to estimatek_nf. According to the experimental results and applying the least-squares method [35–37], the following correlation is extracted to obtainknf.

Fig. 3.DLS results.

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Fig. 4.Zeta-potential test results.

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where dimensions of Tand φare °C and wt%. For evaluating the accuracy of Eq. (1), R-Square and Adj. R-Square values were calculated.

Statistical calculations showed that their values were 0.985 and 0.976, respectively. The very small difference between the two values ofR²and Radj2indicates the high accuracy of Eq. (1). The amount of residual of Eq. (1) can be seen in Fig. 9. The amount of residual of Eq. (1) is in the range of−0.0057 to 0.0047 . As shown, the maximum residual of Eq. (1) is 0.0057 . Note that the sum of squared residuals value is 0.000233 which is close to zero.

3.4. Duration of sonication efficacy

This section examines the sonication duration efficacy onk_nf.In Fig.

10, the positive effects of rising sonication duration onknfare shown at 0.01 and 5 wt%. As shown in Fig. 10, at 0.01 wt% as well as 5 wt%, any rising in sonication time amplifiesknf. As mentioned, nanoparticle incorporations improvek_bf(Fig. 7). But it is found in Fig. 10, that even the amount of improvement in thermal conductivity could still be enhanced. At 5°Cand 5 wt%, the incorporation of WO3into EG raised the thermal conductivity from 0.257 to 0.287 (equivalent to 11.7%

improvement). Now, if the sonication duration reaches from 15 min to 60 min, the thermal conductivity will grow from 0.287 to 0.297 (equivalent to 3.5% enhancement). Therefore, the enhancement in thermal conductivity by inserting nanoparticles can be improved again by rising the sonication duration. Extra thermal conductivity enhancement due to sonication duration increment is attributed to further stability nanofluid. It seems that as the sonication duration rises, the nanoparticles disperse more efficiently, hence diminishing the long clusters. At 65 °C and 5 wt%, owing to nanoparticle incorporation, thermal conductivity improved by 29.15% and due to rising sonication duration, thermal conductivity enhanced by 2.5%.

The same procedure was tested for the low mass fraction. At 5 °C and 0.01 wt%, due to WO3inserting and rise in sonication duration, improvements of 0 and 0.7% were observed in thermal conductivity. These figures at 65 °C were 11.2% and 1.45%.

Finally, at 0.01wt. %, the maximum improvement due to an increase of the sonication time from 15 to 60 min was 3.8%, while at 5 wt% this figure was 3.5%.

The effect of sonication duration given the nanofluid temperature is shown in Fig. 11.

At 5 °C, growing sonication duration positive effects reached up to 3.5%. This figure at 65 °C was 2.5%.

It is concluded that at best, up to 3.83%, the nanofluid thermal conductivity can be improved by the change in the sonication duration.

Fig. 5.Error analysis.

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Fig. 6.WO3/EG thermal conductivity variations.

Fig. 7.TCR variations.

4. Conclusion

In this investigation, thermal conductivity behavior of WO3/EG with respect to the temperature, sonication duration and amount of nanoparticles were studied. WO3/EG nanofluid was produced using two-step technique at 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 wt% to study the mass fraction efficacy. To investigate the temperature efficacy, measuring thermal conductivity was performed at 5, 25, 45 and 65 °C. WO3/EG were exposed to sonic waves for the duration of 15, 30, 45 and 60 min to assess sonication efficacy. The most important results were:

Fig. 8.Changes in thermal conductivity over temperature for nanofluids and comparison with base fluid.

• Thermal conductivity improvement of EG was observed in all cases due to the presence of WO3nanoparticles.

• The presence of nanoparticles has a direct positive effect on the molecular collisions and hence improves WO3/EG conductance. Further- more, nanoparticles provide pathways with low thermal resistance (called clusters) that accelerate the molecular diffusion phenomena.

• Based on experiments, the best thermal conductivity enhancement has reached up to 32.38%.

• The rate of thermal conductivity enhancement is not directly related to the number of nanoparticles. The growth trend in thermal conductivity at low mass fractions is much higher than at high mass fractions.

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Fig. 9.Accuracy of the proposed correlation.

• The amount of improvement in the EG thermal conductivity depends on the temperature. The higher the temperature, the greater the impact of the WO3presence on thermal conductivity enhancement.

• Although the EG thermal conductivity drops with temperature, WO3/EG has an upward trend.

• Improvements in thermal conductivity due to enlarged sonication time are reported below 4%.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Hongyu Wei: Writing - review & editing.Masoud Afrand:Writ- ing - review & editing.Rasool Kalbasi:Methodology, Conceptualiza- tion.Hafiz Muhammad Ali: Investigation, Writing - review & editing.Behzad Heidarshenas:Conceptualization.Sara Rostami:Writing - review & editing.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial in- terests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [Grant No. NS2015055 and No. NP2020413]; and High-End Foreign Experts Project with Universities Directly under the Administration of Ministries and Commissions of the Central Govern- ment [Grant No. 011951G19061]; and National Natural Science Foun- dation of China [Grant No. 51105202].

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Fig. 10.Thermal conductivity sensitivity to the sonication duration at 0.01 and 5.wt%.

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Fig. 11.Thermal conductivity sensitivity to the sonication duration at 5 and 65 °C.

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