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AN EFFECTIVE MODEL OF ZAKAT DISTRIBUTION By Widiyanto Bin Mislan
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AN EFFECTIVE MODEL OF ZAKAT DISTRIBUTION IN IMPROVING MUSTAHIQ QUALITY OF LIFE Sasti Anjana Widhyasti Faculty of Economics, Sultan Agung Islamic University; E-mail: [email protected] Widiyanto bin Mislan Cokrohadisumarto Faculty of Economics, Sultan Agung Islamic University; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Poverty in
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Indonesia is still a big problem that requires serious handling. Islam has a special instrument in dealing with this problem through zakat. Zakat benefits can be felt if it is distributed properly. The research objective was to find an effective zakat distribution model through a qualitative approach in the form of in-depth interviews. This study used a purposive sampling method to determine the number of samples consisting of 9 Amil Zakat Institutions (LAZ) in Semarang City, Central Java. The results show that apart from being program-based, the improvement of the quality of life of mustahik can be increased through effective zakat distribution, that is, no zakat funds are deposited, the distribution time is not more than three months after collection, giving zakat and program design according to the needs of mustahik, zakat and the program. valuable, there is money saving for productive programs that have been running, data-based, realized according to plan, right on target by implementing a collaboration strategy, according to BAZNAS directions, according to SOP, survey and interview, cotrolling, and evaluation. Keywords: amil zakat institution, distribution, effectiveness, mustahiq. I. INTRODUCTION Indonesia occupies the position of the fourth largest population in the world
(www.infojabodetabek.com). This is strength for our country, but amidst its strength there is a weakness of poverty. Poverty is still a big problem that needs serious handling. Islam has its own way of alleviating poverty through zakat. The large potential of Indonesian zakat is a positive thing that increases self-confidence that this country is capable of escaping poverty. In fact, the existing potential cannot be realized properly, as evidenced in the 2016,2017, 2018 BAZNAS report, zakat funds collected are below 2%. The Amil Zakat Institution (LAZ) is one of the Islamic products to deal with poverty which was formed to help BAZNAS work.
Distribution is part of zakat management that provides benefits to the community. Mohd Ali, et.al (2013) suggest that future research focuses on a model of targeting accuracy in giving zakat so that it can reduce poverty.
In addition, LAZ is also recommended to implement a management system, because with good management the distribution process runs effectively (Al Haq & Wahab (2017);Anuar, et.al (2019)). No less
important, for zakat to be distributed effectively, collaboration is needed Rahman & Omar (2012). Regarding the distribution of zakat in Indonesia, it seems that there are still several problems, such as BAZNAS not yet recording the distribution of zakat directly, the overlapping BAZNAS and LAZ laws, the dual role of BAZNAS as regulator and operator, and human resource development of zakat managers who are still minimal (www.ibec- febui.com). Such conditions of course will have an impact on distribution effectiveness, as well as impact on the role of zakat in poverty eradication.
Therefore, this study aims to explore the effectiveness of the zakat distribution model at LAZ in Semarang City, Central Java. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Al-Utsaimin (2008) explains that etymologically zakat means increasing and developing, whereas according to syara 'means meditating on Allah. Both of these meanings have a correlation that in terms of
quantity of property decreases, but with Allah, this value increases as Allah says in QS. Ar Ruum: 39. Based on Al-Qur’an Surah At Taubah: 60 and also an explanation from Abu Bakar (2011) and Ahmad, et.al (2015) that there are 8 groups (asnaf) who are entitled to receive zakat, namely needy, poor, amil, riqab, gharim, muallaf, fisabilillah, ibnu sabil. Al Fiazin &
Akbar (2018) state that zakat has a dimension of hablu minallah and hablu minannas. The dimension of hablu minannas is transformed into social and economic functions. In social functions, zakat has a different role from the point of view of each stakeholder. First for muzakki zakat purify itself from greed and stingy, second for mustahik zakat purify from envy, envy, and
anger towards the rich, lastly from the point of view of zakat assets it acts to purify from syubhat so that property remains a blessing and becomes a barrier from calamities. Zakat in the economic function plays a micro role by stabilizing prices and the macro is oriented towards the output of sustainable and equitable economic growth. The social and economic benefits of zakat can be felt if it is distributed, according to the main purpose of zakat, which is to distribute assets from the rich to the poor (Johari, et.al (2014);Abu Bakar (2011)). In dealing with poverty, the distribution of productive zakat is considered more effective because it has the goal of eradicating poverty in the long term Ismail & Hussain (2017).
For the distribution to run effectively LAZ takes full responsibility for this Ahmad, et.al (2015). The indicator of effective zakat distribution is the accuracy of the target in giving zakat. Permana & Baehaqi (2018) added that the implementation of a healthy management system also affects the effectiveness of zakat distribution through the principles of good
governance which include transparency, accountability, responsibility, independency, fairness based on sharia compliance. In addition, Rahman &
Omar (2012) argue that LAZ's role in the distribution process will be more optimal if it is supported by the principle of collaboration. III. RESEARCH METHODS This research is a qualitative research using a sample of 9 LAZ in Semarang City consisting of LAZ Al Ihsan, Pena Zakat Indonesia, LAZIS Sultan Agung, DT Peduli, LAZISMU Semarang, LAZISNU Semarang, LAZIS Masjid Agung, Dompet Dhuafa, and LAZIS Baiturrahman. The data
collection of this research was conducted through in-depth interviews which were conducted from October to December 2020. The data analysis techniques used included data reduction, data display, drawing conclusions and validation through member checks with informants. IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Based on the results of field research, it shows that the distribution of zakat carried out by LAZ in Semarang City is based on programs that have been designed for mustahiq (8 asnaf) in accordance with the provisions of the Qur'an in the form of productive zakat and consumptive zakat. The productive zakat program is given in the economic field including providing business capital, training, entrepreneurial schools, qardhul-hasan, empowering people with disabilities, agriculture and animal husbandry for food security, the health sector in the form of training in posyandu services, and the education sector which consists of of
scholarships, and educational facilities. The distribution allocation of zakat for productive zakat ranges from 20-80%. While the rest is in the form of consumptive activities, which are distributed in the fields of education, health, social affairs, da'wah,, and other annual programs. Mohd Ali, et.al (2013) said that zakat must be distributed on target. The indicators of target accuracy obtained in the interview were zakat given to 8 mustahiqs who actually had asnaf status. The results of the study show that right on target is one of the indicators of effective zakat distribution, coupled with several other indicators such as no sedentary zakat funds, zakat
distribution time is not more than three months after collection, zakat giving & program design according to mustahiq, zakat and program needs, there is money saving for productive programs that have been running, based on data, and are realized according to plan. The result of the next study is that all informants agree that distribution is more effective in alleviating poverty if it is distributed productively. However, the field facts found that there were 3 sources, the majority of zakat funds were still distributed consumptively. The mismatch of desires and reality is due to constraints such as a lack of quantity and quality of ordinary human resources in mentoring, a lack of cooperation partners so that it is difficult to find workshop speakers during mentoring. These constraints can be
pursued through collaboration according to Rahman & Omar's (2012) recommendations. Furthermore, in order to answer the problem of human resources that are still minimal, in order to realize an effective zakat distribution LAZ implements amil quality which consists of amil schools and certification. The results of the study also found indicators of ineffective zakat distribution due to constraints consisting of mentoring, partnerships, mustahiq is less committed, limited human resources, lack of volunteers, mustahiq lies, limited information about mustahiq, and low nominal fund raising. However, these obstacles are trying to be overcome by
socialization and education, conducting orientation periods, assigning rewards and punishments, increasing volunteers, continuing improvement, collaboration, structural reforms, recruiting new human resources,
maximizing human resources performance and maintaining good
communication with partners. The following are LAZ's strategic efforts in distributing zakat to make it effective, which includes collaboration, according to the national amil zakat body, according to the soup, survey and interview, controlling, evaluation. The next finding is that all
informants agree that distribution is more effective in reducing poverty if it is distributed productively. However, the field facts found that there were 3 sources, the majority of zakat funds were still distributed consumptively.
The mismatch of desires and reality is due to constraints such as a lack of quantity and quality of ordinary human resources in mentoring, a lack of cooperation partners so that it is difficult to find workshop speakers during mentoring. These constraints can be pursued through collaboration
according to Rahman & Omar's (2012) recommendations. Furthermore, in order to answer the problem of human resources that are still minimal, in order to realize an effective zakat distribution LAZ seeks to improve the quality of amil through amil schools and certification. The results show that the distribution of zakat in productive and consumptive forms can have a positive impact on mustahiq such as increasing income, being able to continue schooling, opening / maintaining / developing a business, reducing the burden of life, increasing the quality of life, changing the mindset and increasing the welfare of mustahiq. It should be noted that the success of the program is 60% - 100%. %. In order to alleviate poverty LAZ needs to implement the distribution of the majority of zakat funds in productive forms. The distribution of zakat can effectively improve or improve people's lives. The effectiveness is seen from the absence of sedentary zakat funds, the distribution time is not more than three months after collection, zakat giving and program design according to mustahik's needs, zakat and the program is useful, there is money saving for
productive programs that have been running, based on data, realized according to planning, right on target by implementing a collaborative strategy, in accordance with BAZNAS directions, according to SOPs, surveys and interviews, cotrolling, and evaluation. Based on the above findings, an effective model of zakat distribution can be described as follows: Collected Zakat Funds Distribution Programs Mustahiq (8 asnaf) Productive Role of Collaboration + Amil Quality Improving the mustahiq quality of life Consumptive Figure 1. Effective Model of Zakat Distributions V. CONCLUSION The conclusion of this study is that zakat is distributed based on a program that has been designed, which is given to mustahiq (8 asnaf) in productive and consumptive forms. The distribution
implementation so far has been able to improve or improve the lives of mustahiqs such as increasing income, children can continue their studies, open and develop businesses, lighten the burden of life, improve the quality of life, change the mindset, and increase the welfare of mustahiqs.
Apart from being based on programs, improving the quality of life of
mustahik can be increased through the distribution of effective zakat which consists of no sedentary zakat funds, the distribution time is not more than three months after collection, giving zakat and designing programs
according to the needs of mustahik, zakat and the program. valuable, there is money saving for productive programs that have been running, based on data, realized according to plan, right on target by implementing a collaboration strategy, according to BAZNAS directions, according to standard operating procedures, surveys and interviews, cotrolling, and evaluation. References Abu Bakar, M. H. (2011). Towards Achieving the Quality of Life in the Management of Zakat Distribution to the Rightful Recipients (The Poor and Needy). International Journal of Business and Social Science, 237-245. Ahmad Fahme Mohd Ali, Z. b. (2013). Impact of Zakat Distribution on Poor and Needy Recipients: An Analysis in Kelantan, Malaysia . Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 177- 182 . Ahmad, R. R., Othman, A. A., & Salleh, M. S. (2015). Assessing the Satisfaction Level of Zakat Recipients Towards Zakat Management.
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