Types of Quantitative Research, The Principles and Ethics in Research
Disusun Oleh:
Group 1:
Rizqina Fauziah Pohan (2106010004) Siti Nurhalizah (2106010014)
UNIVERSITAS AL WASLIYAH MEDAN
FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
2023
PREFACE
Praise be to God Almighty for the blessings of his grace, and that we were given the opportunity to be able to compile a working paper entitled "Types of Quantitative Research, The principles and Ethics in Research” is properly and correctly, and on time.
This paper is structured so that readers can know how much types of quantitative research and principles and ethics in research. This paper was compiled with help from various parties.
Both parties come from outside as well as from parties concerned itself. And because the aid and help of God Almighty, these papers can be finally resolved.
The compilers also thanked to Mr. Putra Thoip, S.Pd., M.Hum as the lecture in English subject. who have many professors help compilers in order to complete this paper.
Hopefully this paper can give a broader insight to the reader. Although this paper has advantages and disadvantages. Untuksaran and please his constituents. Thank you.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of The Paper ... 1
1.2 Purposes of The Paper ... 1
1.3 Problem Formulation ... 1
CHAPTER II THEORY AND DISCUSSION ... 2
2.1 Types of Quantitative Research Purposes of The Paper ... 2
2.2 The Principles in Research ... 6
2.3 The Ethics in Research ... 8
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION ... 10
3.1 Conclusion ... 10
REFERENCES ... 11
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Paper
Quantitative research is a systematic, empirical research method that deals mainly with the systematic collection and interpretation of numerical data. It is often used in social sciences, natural sciences, and other fields to investigate and answer research questions. This type of research is often used to answer questions about the relationships between variables, test hypotheses, and make predictions based on numerical data.
Quantitative research is commonly used in various fields, including psychology, sociology, economics, biology, and public health, among others. It is well-suited for investigating cause-and-effect relationships, identifying patterns, and making predictions based on numerical data. Researchers use quantitative research to answer questions related to the extent, frequency, magnitude, and associations between variables in their chosen domain of study.
In quantitative research, the ethical principles should guide every stage of the research process, from design and data collection to analysis and reporting. Violating these principles can have serious consequences for both researchers and participants. This paper discusses various types of quantitative research and the principles that underlie the research process. It explores the importance of quantitative research, its methodologies, and key principles to ensure the quality and validity of research. This paper serves as a comprehensive overview of quantitative research types and principles.
The ethics of research refers to the principles and guidelines that govern the moral and responsible conduct of research in various fields, including science, social sciences, and humanities. These ethical principles are intended to protect the rights, well-being, and dignity of research participants, ensure the integrity of the research process, and uphold the public's trust in the research community.
The ethics of research encompass a set of principles and guidelines that guide the conduct of research to ensure that it is conducted in a responsible and ethical manner.
Ethical considerations are crucial in all forms of research, whether in the natural sciences,
social sciences, or the humanities, and they help to protect the rights and well-being of participants and maintain the integrity of the research process.
1.2 Purposes of The Paper
a. Knowing how much types of quantitative research b. Knowing how much the principles in research c. Knowing the ethics in research
1.3 Problem Formulation
a. What kinds of Quantitative Research?
b. What are the principles in research?
c. What are the ethics in research?
CHAPTER II
THEORY AND DUSCUSSION
2.1 Types of Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is a research method that focuses on the systematic collection and interpretation of numerical data. There are several types of quantitative research methods, each with its own characteristics and applications. Here are some common types of quantitative research:
1. Survey Research
Surveys involve collecting data from a large number of respondents using standardized questionnaires. This method is used to measure opinions, attitudes, and behaviors. The survey is one of the primary statistic methods. It is used for different types of quantitative research. The aim of this is to provide a comprehensive description of the characteristics of the specific population or group. Both large and small organizations also apply the offline and online survey research method. This helps to know their users and understand the product and merchandise views.
There are numerous methods to manage survey research. It can be done on the phone, in person, or by email or mails.
Key points regarding survey research: In the survey research, the users raised various queries; therefore, the quantitative analysis was also done on the same basis. For conducting the survey research analysis, longitudinal and cross-sectional surveys are performed.The longitudinal survey research applies to the population at different time durations. It utilizes in applied science and medicine.The cross-sectional survey research applies to the specific or targeted population over a particular period of time. This use in researching the field of health care trade, retail stores, and much more.
2. Experimental Research
Experiments involve manipulating one or more variables and observing the effects on other variables. This method is used to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
This is one of the types of quantitative research, as its name suggests that it is based on single or multiple theories. It terms to be the true experiments that utilize the scientific technique to verify the cause-effect relations within the group of variables.
Therefore, more than one theory is used to conduct the particular research. An example of experimental research is “the effect of the particular dose and treatment on breast cancer.” The use of experimental research can be implemented in various fields.
And these fields are sociology, physics, biology, chemistry, medicine, and so on.
Key points regarding experimental research: A dependent variable in experimental research refers to the posttest variable. Or effect that measures identically for all the groups. An independent variable in experimental research refers to the experimental variable. It applies to the particular experimental group.
3. Correlational Research
Correlational research examines the relationship between two or more variables to determine if they are associated. It does not establish causation but identifies patterns.
It is used for establishing relationships among two close entities. And determining the relational impact on each other.
For such cases, a researcher requires a minimum of two different groups.
Additionally, this research approaches and recognizes the patterns and trends in the data without going far into the observation to analyze various trends and patterns.
An example of correlational research is the correlation between self-esteem and intelligence.
Suppose your favorite ice-cream truck has a specific jingle, and the truck is coming to your area. The more would be the sound of the jingle, the more closer the ice- cream truck would be. But, if two ice-cream trucks are coming in your area, you can easily know which sounds are from your favorite ice-cream truck. This is what you are not taught in your classroom, but you can relate the fact in your mind on your own.
Moreover, it depends on your intelligence that you can quickly recognize without anybody’s help. This is what the correlation research method is.
Key points regarding correlational research: Sometimes, these types of quantitative research are considered in the category of descriptive. As it is not a single variable that is manipulated within the studies. The cause-effect relationship is not considered as the observational research type. The different subjects classroom activity and achievement of students in the schools. These are some of the basic examples of correlational research.
4. Quasi-Experimental Research
Quasi-experimental research is similar to experimental research but lacks full control over variables and random assignment. Quasi-experimental research resembles experimental research but lacks full control over all variables, typically due to ethical or practical constraints. It involves comparing groups that are not randomly assigned, and causal inferences are weaker than in true experiments.
Quasi-experimental research design is used to investigate cause-and-effect relationships between variables. This research method is similar to experimental research design, but it lacks full control over the independent variable. Researchers use quasi- experimental research designs when it is not feasible or ethical to manipulate the independent variable.
5. Descriptive Research
This type of research aims to describe the characteristics of a population or a phenomenon. It does not involve manipulating variables but rather seeks to provide a snapshot or summary of a situation. Examples include surveys, observational studies, and content analysis. It describes the present status of all the selected or identified variables.
The basic objective of descriptive research is to describe and evaluate the people’s present status, conditions, settings, or events.
Descriptive research is considered to be one of the important types of quantitative research. The most common descriptive questions start with the “How much..,” “what is the…,” “what is a percentage of…,” and these kinds of questions. Let’s take an example of this survey. An Exit poll is a descriptive survey that includes questions like: “Which candidate will win this election?”
Moreover, the demographic segmentation survey might be like this: “How many students between the 18-25 age do study at night?”
Key points regarding descriptive research: The researchers in descriptive research do not start the research with the hypothesis. But, it is mostly developed once the information is collected. The systematic collection of data requires a careful selection of measurements and units of each variable.
6. Causal-comparative Research
Causal research aims to determine causality, meaning it seeks to establish a cause- and-effect relationship between variables. Experimental research, such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs), is a common method in this category. It is one of the scientific methods that apply to summarize the cause and effect equations among different variables. In causal relationships, a single variable is based on the complementary experimental variable.
The experimenters do not manipulate the independent variable. But, the impact of independent variables over the dependent variables can be measured in causal- comparative research. Let’s take some examples. The impact of divorce of the parents on their children. The impact of sports activity on the participants, and so on.
Key points regarding causal-comparative research: The analysis of casual- comparatives is not limited to the applied maths of two or more variables. But can extend to analyzing various groups and variables. These types of quantitative research work on the comparison process. When the conclusions and analysis are made of various variables, the unknown and far-famed variables can affect the outcomes.
2.2 The Principles in Research
Research is a systematic process that involves the investigation of a specific topic or question. To conduct effective research, you should adhere to certain principles, which can vary depending on the field of study and the research methods employed. Here are some general principles of research:
1. Clear Research Question
A well-defined and focused research question or hypothesis is essential to guide the research process.
2. Clear Research Objectives
Define the goals and objectives of your research, including what you aim to investigate, the research question(s) you want to answer, and the expected outcomes.
3. Ethical Conduct
Research should be conducted with integrity, honesty, and respect for participants and their rights. It must comply with ethical standards and guidelines. Adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain necessary permissions or approvals if your research involves human subjects, animals, or sensitive data.
4. Objective and Impartial
Researchers should strive for objectivity and impartiality in data collection and analysis to minimize bias.
5. Validity and Reliability
Research methods and tools should be valid (measuring what they intend to measure) and reliable (yielding consistent results). Ensure that your research methods and instruments are reliable and valid, meaning they consistently produce accurate and meaningful results.
6. Data Collection and Analysis
Researchers should employ appropriate methods for data collection and analysis, ensuring data quality. Collect data using reliable and valid methods. Ensure that your data collection process is consistent and well-documented. Analyze the collected data using appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis techniques to answer your research questions.
7. Peer Review
Submitting research for peer review allows other experts to evaluate and validate the research methods and findings. Seek feedback from peers and experts in your field to improve the quality of your research and ensure its validity.
8. Research Design
Choose an appropriate research design or methodology, such as qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods, based on your research objectives.
9. Protection of Participants
Researchers must protect the well-being and confidentiality of research participants.
10. Citation of Sources
Properly citing and referencing all sources used in the research is crucial to give credit to the original authors and provide a basis for further research.
2.3 The Ethics in Research
The ethics of research encompass a set of principles and guidelines that guide the conduct of research to ensure that it is conducted in a responsible and ethical manner. Ethical considerations are crucial in all forms of research, whether in the natural sciences, social sciences, or the humanities, and they help to protect the rights and well-being of participants and maintain the integrity of the research process. Here are some key ethical principles in research:
1. Informed Consent
Researchers must obtain informed and voluntary consent from all participants in their studies. This means that participants should be provided with clear and understandable information about the research, its purpose, potential risks, and benefits.
Participants should have the freedom to choose whether or not to participate without coercion.
2. Privacy and Confidentiality
Researchers must respect the privacy of participants and protect their personal information. This includes using anonymized data and ensuring that participants' identities are kept confidential.
3. Beneficence
Researchers should aim to maximize benefits while minimizing potential harm.
They should ensure that the potential benefits of the research outweigh any potential risks to participants. Additionally, they should take steps to minimize harm or discomfort.
4. Non-Discrimination and Equity
Researchers should not discriminate against any group based on factors like race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, or socioeconomic status. Research should promote equity and avoid reinforcing existing inequalities.Researchers must treat all participants fairly and equitably. This means avoiding discrimination and ensuring that the selection of participants is not biased or prejudiced.
5. Scientific Integrity
Researchers should conduct their work with honesty and integrity, accurately reporting their methods, results, and findings. They should avoid fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.
6. Social Responsibility
Researchers should consider the broader impact of their work on society. They should aim to conduct research that benefits society and should avoid research that may have harmful consequences for individuals or society as a whole.
7. Respect for Autonomy
Researchers should respect the autonomy of their participants, which means that individuals have the right to make their own decisions about their participation in research. This is particularly important when dealing with vulnerable populations. If participants wish to withdraw from a study or decline certain procedures, their choices should be honored.
8. Debriefing
Researchers should provide participants with a debriefing after their involvement in a study, explaining the research's purpose and any deception that may have occurred.
They should also offer support and address any concerns or questions from participants.
9. Transparency and Accountability
Researchers should be transparent about their methods, data, and findings, allowing others to verify and build upon their work. They should disclose any conflicts of interest.
10. Animal Research Ethics
When conducting research involving animals, researchers must follow ethical guidelines that prioritize animal welfare and minimize harm.
11. Transparency and Accountability
Researchers should be transparent about their methods, data, and findings, allowing others to verify and build upon their work. They should disclose any conflicts of interest.
12. Minimizing Harm to Vulnerable Populations
Special care must be taken when conducting research with vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, individuals with disabilities, and those who may have impaired decision-making capacity.
13. Conflict of Interest
Researchers should disclose any potential conflicts of interest that could influence the research's objectivity or integrity. This includes financial interests, personal relationships, or any other factors that might compromise the research.
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION
3.1 Conclusion
In summary, quantitative research is a structured and systematic approach to gathering and analyzing numerical data to investigate and draw conclusions about various phenomena. It has a rich history, and its application continues to grow across different disciplines and industries. This type of research is often used to answer questions about the relationships between variables, test hypotheses, and make predictions based on numerical data.
Ethical considerations in research are essential not only for the well-being of participants but also for the credibility and trustworthiness of the research community. Researchers should be aware of and adhere to ethical principles, and they may need to obtain ethics approvals and provide informed consent as part of their research processes. Violating these principles can have serious consequences, including damage to one's reputation and potential legal and regulatory repercussions.
It's important to note that ethical considerations can vary depending on the field of research and the specific context of a study. Ethical standards are also subject to change and evolution as society's values and technology advance. Researchers should always be aware of and adhere to the ethical guidelines and standards relevant to their particular research area to ensure the responsible conduct of their work.
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