(Case Study: UINSA Campus II Project)
Hendra Kurniawan, Diah Ayu Restuti Wulandari Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Study Program Narotama University Surabaya, Jl. Arif Rahman Hakim 51 Surabaya [email protected] , [email protected]
Abstract
Campus building construction projects in the process stages of the process also do not escape the risks that occur including: Manpower, materials. And other risks that can also occur are delays in a job caused by non-technical things such as traffic jams around the project, and weather. natural. So special handling is needed so that the achievement of the project targets is on time. The risk analysis of the completion of the work uses the Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and provides mitigation efforts against the risks that occur. The data is obtained from the distribution of questionnaires using the purposive sampling method. Based on the results of the analysis of risk identification on the completion of the UINSA Campus II construction project which has been carried out through eigenvalue weighting that the risks that are most likely to occur include the risk of design changes having an impact of 34%, financial risk having an impact of 19%, and human resource risk having an impact of 13% on completion. The UINSA Surabaya Campus II construction project is in accordance with the agreed time and quality estimates. Risk mitigation that has an impact on the completion of the UINSA Surabaya Campus II construction project is as follows: 1. Submitting a variation order to the supplier with consideration of the planned project profit. 2. submit changes to the New Budget Plan and periodic reports to the owner. 3. Smooth payment of workers must be maintained by contractors so that workers do not experience a decrease in productivity.
Keywords:
Analysis Hierarchy Process ( AHP), Risk Analysis, Risk Mitigation
1. Introduction
Improving the quality of services for residents of the city of Surabaya in the field of campus development aims to create conducive lectures, as well as for the identity of a campus. In its construction, there are several aspects that need to be considered, namely in terms of the quality of time and quality of the building that is carried out. So in an implementation of a construction project, in any case it is impossible to avoid a risk, or on a large or small scale. The smaller the risk posed is also beneficial in a project both from the implementation of its construction and costs, if in a large construction project, the greater the potential risk that occurs if not handled seriously, there will be obstacles in the implementation of the project.
The building project is a high-risk project considering the magnitude of the workload and the height of the structure to be built. The construction process on a project takes quite a long time and is complex so that it can pose risks. Based on the results of Triase and Marleno's research entitled Risk Management Analysis for the Construction of the Mayjen Sungkono Roundabout Underground Road Project, Surabaya development projects from the aspect of quality, planning change factors, poor quality materials, low productivity of work tools are the most dominant risk factors. Meanwhile, from the aspect of time, project management failure factors, planning changes and planning errors are the dominant risk factors(Triase Triase, 2019).
In the construction project of the Campus II building of UIN SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA in the process of the stages of construction, the risks that occur include technical and non-technical risks including:
labor, materials. Another risk that can occur is the delay in a job caused by non-technical things such as traffic jams around the project, and natural weather. By identifying risks and analyzing risks early, it is possible to achieve better projects, especially on time that has been determined. Based on the above background, it is necessary to analyze what risk factors are dominant and affect the failure of the UINSA II campus building construction project.
Based on the problems above, the formulation of the problem can be formulated as follows:
1. What are the identified risks for the construction project of the UIN Surabaya campus II building?
2. What is the highest risk that occurs in the construction project of the UIN Surabaya campus II building?
3. How is risk mitigation and prevention in the UINSA Surabaya Campus II construction project?
2. Methodology
2.1. Research MethodThe research method for this final project contains the steps for solving a problem using the chosen solution method. The type of research used is a survey method, which is to collect the opinions and attitudes of respondents regarding the problems that occur in the construction project of the UINSA Campus II Building in Surabaya. The primary data collection process is through the distribution of questionnaires and secondary data from the relevant institutions. What are the risk factors that affect the achievement of a project target for the UINSA Surabaya Campus II Building construction project. In accordance with the collected factors, determining the factors that occur in the project above is used as a step in determining the variables that are used as questions to be measured in the form of a questionnaire (Sugiyono, 2015).
2.2. Research Location
This research was carried out at the UINSA Surabaya Campus II construction project.
2.3. Population and Sample
The research population in this study were all people involved in the development project, namely the contractors and supervisory consultants, totaling 85 people. While the sample used in this study was calculated using the Slovin.
= ( )² so that the research sample used in the questionnaire data collection process amounted to 46 people.
2.4. Research Variables
Some of the research variables used in the process of identifying and analyzing the risk of the UINSA Surabaya II campus construction project as measured by the estimated time and quality include:
a. Finance
b. Human Resources c. Material
d. Equipment
e. Work Execution Method f. Design Change
g. Work Environment 2.5. Collection Technique
The data collection technique used in this study is the distribution of questionnaires which are used as a basis for identifying potential risks that occur in the UINSA Surabaya Campus II construction project.
2.6. Data Analysis
The data obtained from the results of the questionnaire distribution will later be processed to obtain information in tabular form. The results of the processed data are used to answer questions in the formulation of the problem in this study. Accuracy in analytical techniques greatly affects the accuracy of research results. Data results from distributing questionnaires with a range of 1 to 5 from each of these variables are then re-scored, so that from each variable containing several indicators will produce a score value which is then analyzed using the Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to obtain the highest and lowest risk variables then to find out the mitigation and prevention, the Matrix method is used. After obtaining the highest to lowest risk, then analysis of mitigation and prevention is carried out.
3. Results And Discussion
3.1. Resultsa. Risk Analysis of the impact on the estimated time on the construction project of Campus II State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya
every project has a goal in the form of a goal where in achieving it there are limitations that must be met.
The targets are Cost, Time, and Quality (Iman Soeharto, 2001). The object of the research conducted is that the Uinsa Surabaya Campus II construction project focuses on the aspects of time and quality.
Based on the results of the weighting calculated using R = P X I using the tabulation results of 42 respondents with 23 sub-variables describing the existence of several risks that might hinder the UINSA II campus construction project.
Table 1. Risk Weighting Results
No. Variable PXI Average
PXI
1 F.20 Design Change 272 6,47
2 G.21 High rainfall 260 6,19
3 D.14 Machine Damage 245 5,83
4 C.11 Material Quality 231 5,5
5 C.10 Lack of material 218 5,19
6 A.2 Late payment to supplier 216 5,14
Based on the results of the weighting through the table above, it shows that the design change is the highest risk that occurs in the UINSA II campus construction project is a design change. In accordance with the data above, if there is a design change, the impact that occurs is that the completion of the project does not match the estimated time agreed between the owner and the contractor. The delay in changes to the agreed time estimate will affect other variables such as finance, human resources, materials, equipment rental, work execution methods, and work environment.
3.2. Risk Response
According to Smith (1990) in Fathoni (2020) that Risk Management is a systematic approach to managing risk involving all parts of the project organization, which includes the following processes:
identifying, assessing, understanding, acting and communicating matters related to risk.(Smith, 1990),(Fathoni Mahardika, 2020).
Based on the results of the R = PXI risk analysis above, there are six risks that are most likely to occur and have a significant impact on other variables. The next step is to do the weighting which is done through priority synthesis by creating a pairwise matrix.
The matrix is used to assess which variables have the dominant and highest risk from each of the variables used. In this study the variables used to measure the dominant and highest risk include finance, human resources, materials, equipment, methods of implementing work design changes, and the environment. work.
Synthesis priority generated through the comparison process (paired comparison matrix) according to the table below:
Table 2. Pairweiss Matrix Criteria Finance Human
Resources Material Equipment Design Change
Work Environment
Work Execution
Method
Finance 1,00 2,00 3,00 3,00 0,11 3,00 3,00
SDM 0,50 1,00 2,00 2,00 0,33 2,00 2,00
Material 0,33 0,50 1,00 2,00 0,33 2,00 2,00
Tool 0,33 0,50 0,50 1,00 0,33 3,00 3,00
Design
Changes 5,00 3,00 3,00 3,00 1,00 3,00 5,00
Work
Environment 0,33 0,50 0,50 0,33 0,33 1,00 3,00
MPP 0,33 0,50 0,50 0,33 0,20 0,33 1,00
Based on the pairwise comparison matrix above, it can be illustrated that the dominant risk in the dominant campus development project is a design change made by the owner. The dominance of the risk affects all the variables used. After knowing the dominant risk in this study, it is necessary to determine the highest risk of the UISN Surabaya II campus construction project. The highest risk can be known by knowing the eigenvalues of the pairweiss matrix that has been generated. In accordance with the weighting that has been carried out the eigenvalues are as follows:
Table 3. Eigenvalue No.
Variable Eigenvalue Amount
Average
1 0,13 0,25 0,19 0,19 0,19 0,19 0,19 0,19 0,19
2 0,06 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,13 0,13
3 0,04 0,06 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11
4 0,04 0,06 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10
5 0,64 0,38 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34
6 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,08 0,08 0,08 0,08 0,08 0,08
7 0,04 0,06 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05
In accordance with the average results of the weighting of the eigenvalues above, it can be detailed as follows:
a. Financial Criteria : 0,19
b. Human Resources Criteria : 0,13
c. Material Criteria : 0,11
d. Equipment Criteria : 0,10
e. Design Change Criteria : 0,34 f. Work Environment Criteria : 0,08 g. Work Execution Method Criteria : 0,05
Based on the details above, it shows that the highest risk of the UINSA Campus II construction project is a change in building design made by the owner which will have an impact on the estimated completion of the project.
In accordance with the results of the pairwise comparison matrix and the eigenvalues, both values are used as the basis for determining the consistency of the data that has been carried out with the formula CR = CI/IR. Based on the calculations made that the CI value is 0.130 and the IR (7 variables = 1.32) then the CR value is 0.098. the results of the comparison of the calculated CR with the CR table to measure the data are consistent or not, then the calculation of CR = CI/IR value is 0.098. In accordance with this value, CRcount <
CR table or 0.098 <0.1 so that the data is interpreted as consistent.
3.3. Discussion
a. The highest risks that occur in the construction project of the UIN Surabaya campus II building on the estimated time and quality.
Risk is an uncertain condition or event which if it occurs has a positive or negative effect on project objectives. A risk has a cause and if that risk occurs, there will be consequences (Havea Pertiwi, 2017). Based on the identification of risks that may occur in the UINSA Campus II construction project, it can be concluded that all variables have risks in the project. This is reinforced by the pairwise comparison matrix (pairweiss) and the weighting of the eigenvalues used to assess the highest risk. Based on several assessments, the results are as follows:
1. Design Change
Design changes in the UINSA Campus II construction project are assumed to occur quite often, this assumption is caused by changes in design and specifications that are requested from the owner. This risk will certainly have an impact on losses for the contractor, many jobs change the volume of work, causing changes in the completion time which should be in accordance with agreed time. In addition, these changes also have an impact on the costs that will be required. Meanwhile, the costs that have become an agreement cannot be increased or decreased before a new contract renewal is made
Figure 1. Risk Map of Design Changes on time and quality estimates.
by the eigenvalue of 0.34. The design change variable is included in the high risk category but is not significant so it is necessary to have low control over the risks that occur. However, the significance of the risks posed does not burden the contractor. Mitigation that can be done is submitting budget changes and submitting variation order approvals with consideration of the profit on the development project.
The impact of the occurrence of the risk of this design change will be borne by the owner if the design change is at the request of the owner.
2. Finance
Financial risk is the risk that will occur if there is an impact from other variables. Based on the weighting above the financial variables, it becomes risky because of the risk of changing the design from the owner.
Swelling of costs on a project can cause losses to the contractor. The swelling of these costs is due to changes in the payment of materials, human resources, equipment rental and methods of carrying out the work.
Figure 2. Financial Risk Map on time and quality estimates
Based on the quadrant image above, the financial variable is included in quadrant 4, this is indicated by the eigenvalue of 0.19, meaning that the financial variable has less significant risk. The significance is measured by who is responsible for the change in noise. If the change is the owner's request, then the cost swell is the responsibility of the owner.
3. Human Resources
Human Resources (HR) is an aspect that cannot be abandoned in a development project so that HR aspects cannot be ignored in it. In the UINSA II campus construction project, based on the weighting that has been done, it is categorized as moderate risk.
Figure 3. Human Resources Risk Map on time and quality estimates
Based on the quadran image above that the Human Resources variable included in quadran 4 this is indicated by an eigen value of 0.13 then variabe lSDM is included in the risk of being in the campus II construction project because the variables of hr working on the project have a written contract with the
contractor. In accordance with the quadran above this variable entered quadran IV with low control so that if there is a change in design requested by the owner prevention made by the contractor is to find the best workmanship strategy so that the implementation of the work can still be completed faster the estimated time after the change occurs..
4. Material
Material is the main material needed in a construction project. In addition, material is a factor that cannot be provided independently by the contractor so cooperation with a third party (suppliyer) is required.(Anang Purwanto, 2017) Due to the existence of a third party, the relationship between the contractor and the supplier must be maintained in a smooth manner in order payment.
Figure 4. Risk Map Material on estimated time and quality
Based on the quadrant image above, the financial variable is included in quadrant 4, this is indicated by the eigenvalue of 0.11, then the material variable is in the medium category so it needs low control.
5. Peralatan
Equipment is a variable that also has a risk that is currently in a construction project of UINSA Campus II. This risk occurs due to cooperation with third parties related to equipment rental in accordance with specifications.
Figure 5. Risk Map of Equipment on time and quality estimation
Based on the quadrant image above, the equipment variable is included in quadrant 4, this is indicated by the eigenvalue of 0.10. Then the equipment variable is included as a mild risk category so it needs low control in minimizing the risk that occurs.
6. Work Environment
The work environment is a variable that has a fairly low risk. This is because the environment used in the Campus II construction project is licensed by the owner so that the project implementation runs according to the agreed contract.
Figure 6. Risk Map of the Work Environment on the estimated time and quality
Based on the quadrant image above, the financial variable is included in quadrant 4, this is indicated by the eigenvalue of 0.08. So the risk of the work environment is included in the category of light risk so that it needs low control in minimizing the risks that occur.
7. Work Execution Method
The execution of the work is the responsibility of the contractor so that the methods and work models in the above project have a low risk.
Figure 7. Risk Map of Work Implementation Methods on estimated time and quality
Based on the quadrant image above, the financial variable is included in quadrant 4, this is indicated by an eigenvalue of 0.05. So the variable method of carrying out the work is included in the light risk so that it needs low control in minimizing it.
Based on the risk map above, it can be concluded that design changes are the highest and dominant risk in influencing other variables in an effort to complete the construction project of UINSA Surabaya Campus II in a timely and quality manner.
b. Mitigation and prevention of risks that occur in the construction project of the campus II UIN Surabaya
Risk management is the process of identifying, evaluating, selecting and implementing a number of programs to reduce potential risks. Risk control measures according to Kerzner (2006) are assuming risk/estimating risk by holding back risk. Retaining risk means letting the risk come even though it is known that the risk will occur. Risk management is a project decision to wait for what will happen and accept the negative consequences.(H. Kerzner, 2006)
Based on the results of the identification of risks that occurred at the completion of the UINSA Surabaya Campus II construction project with an estimated time and quality, then the risk mitigation or prevention that needs to be done is as follows:
1. Design Change
Based on the results of the weighting of the eigenvalues carried out, the change in project design has an impact of 34% on the completion of the Campus II construction project of the State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The cause of the risk is a Design Change by the owner. Risk mitigation that can be done is to submit a variation order to the supplier with consideration of the planned project profit.
8. Finance
Financial risk according to the calculated eigenvalues has an impact of 19% for the completion of the construction project of Campus II Sunan Ampel State Islamic University Surabaya. The causes of the risk are payment settlements for suppliers, payment settlements for equipment rental, payment settlements for workers, and payment settlements for material purchases. Risk mitigation that can be done include:
1. submit changes to the New Budget Plan and periodic reports to the owner.
2. Submit a mutual agreement between the owner and the construction management regarding the duration of the submission process and approval of progress.
9. Human Resources
Based on the results of the weighting of the eigenvalues carried out, the risk of human resources has an impact of 13% on the completion of the construction project of Campus II State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The causes of these risks include HR work productivity being the concern of a contractor, HR in the project can communicate well, and HR in the project has met the specified specifications. Risk mitigation that can be done is smooth payment of workers must be maintained by contractors so that workers do not experience a decrease in productivity in their work so that the construction project of Campus II of Sunan Ampel State Islamic University Surabaya can be completed in accordance with the estimated time specified.
10. Material
Based on the weighting of the eigenvalues, it was found that 11% had an impact on the completion of the Campus II construction project of the State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The causes of these risks include the accuracy of the material in accordance with specifications, the placement of materials on a regular basis, to reduce damage/loss of materials, and the materials are in accordance with what was ordered when they arrive in the field. Risk mitigation that can be done is to submit a variation order according to the specified specifications because the completion of the construction project of Campus II State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya is not only an estimate of time but also the quality of the building.
11. Equipment
Based on the results of the weighting of the eigenvalues that have been carried out, the equipment risk has an impact of 10% on the completion of the Campus II construction project of the State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The causes of these risks include damage to tower crane equipment with double harmes used as a steel roof truss installation, Mobile Crane Maintenance, and Tower Crane equipped with reagers, which are intended to balance the swing of the tower crane so that it remains stable when lifting loads. Risk mitigation that needs to be done is to ensure that the condition of the equipment is in accordance with the standard and the operator selected is in accordance with the specifications, for example being certified for the appropriate heavy equipment.
12. Work Environment
Based on the weighting of the eigenvalues that have been carried out, the risk of the work environment has an impact of 8% on the completion of the Campus II construction project of the State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The causes of these risks include rain during the execution of the work so that the work cannot run optimally, Conditions around the building (right and left) which have a lot of wild plants that affect comfort, and activities from heavy equipment that can interfere with the comfort of local residents. Risk mitigation that can be done is the project team prepares a work action plan related to potential risks in the event of high rainfall conditions. So that several alternative jobs can be selected that can still be carried out by the team of workers and heavy equipment during conditions of high and continuous rainfall.
13. Work Execution Method
Based on the weighting of the eigenvalues carried out, the risk of the work implementation method has an impact of 5% on the completion of the construction project of the State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
determined and the method of work carried out is in accordance with the specifications. Risk mitigation that can be done is monitoring and evaluating project teams such as foreman and project supervisors on the implementation of work in accordance with SOPs so that project completion is completed according to the specified estimate and expected quality.
4. Conclusion and Suggestions
4.1. Conclusion1. Identification of risks to the completion of the UINSA Campus II construction project that has been carried out through eigenvalue weighting that the risks that are likely to occur include the risk of design changes having an impact of 34%, financial risk having an impact of 19%, and the risk of Human Resources having an impact of 13% on the completion of the Campus II development project Sunan Ampel State Islamic University Surabaya in accordance with the agreed time and quality estimates.
2. Based on the calculation of the weighting of the eigenvalues that the highest and dominant risk occurs is the risk of design changes, which is 34% having an impact on the completion of the construction project of Campus II State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya
3. Mitigation of risks that have an impact on the completion of the Campus II construction project of Sunan Ampel State Islamic University Surabaya is as follows:
a. submit a variation order to the supplier with consideration of the planned project profit b. submit changes to the New Budget Plan and periodic reports to the owner
c. Submit a mutual agreement between the owner and the construction management regarding the duration of the submission process and approval of progress
d. smooth payment of workers must be maintained by the contractor so that workers do not experience a decrease in productivity
e. submit a variation order according to the specified specifications
f. ensure the condition of the equipment according to the standard and the operator selected according to specifications, for example, certified according to the appropriate heavy equipment g. The project team prepares a work action plan related to potential risks in the event of high rainfall
conditions. So that several alternative jobs can be selected that can still be carried out by a team of workers and heavy equipment during conditions of high rainfall, and continuously
h. monitoring and evaluation of the project team such as the foreman and project supervisor on the implementation of the work in accordance with the SOP
4.2. Suggestions
Based on the constraints that occur in the change in the design of the Campus II construction project of UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, it is recommended that there be written guarantees and insurance related to the ongoing project implementation. Insurance and guarantees are expected to be able to minimize the occurrence of both positive and negative consequences.
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Biography
Hendra Kurniawan, Born in Surabaya March 19, 1999. Civil engineering student at Narotama University Surabaya, with a history of schooling from SDN Kendangsari V Surabaya and then continuing to SMP MTsN 1 Surabaya and continuing to study at SMKN 3 Surabaya majoring in Multimedia. The author has participated in the Bridge Balsa Competition at the Islamic University of Malang and won the second place in the National Competition. The author is active in campus committee activities.
