Those rods are then mounted on the underside of the PV panel so that some of the thermal energy from solar radiation can be absorbed by the PCM. PV panel without PCM always has higher temperature than solar PV with PCM (see Figure 3). The result of the first phase of research in the mechanical part was the connecting rod of the diesel engine.
The final goal of the research is that the product component can be compatible/interchangeable with other products. By using this technique, the bounce problem in zero-crossing detection in conventional inverters can be eliminated. The other advantage is that the inverter can also act as a power compensator to achieve unity or better power factor, as long as the rated power is still below the capacity of the inverter.
The MPPT control block will force the operating point of the photovoltaic to operate under the maximum power condition. The power command from the MPPT control block will be translated into the current reference for the PWM control block to regulate the current in the inverter. The PSIM simulation result can be shown in Figure 4, where the current flowing in the AC converter will be 180o out of phase with the voltage.
This means that current flows from the DC side of the inverter to the electricity grid.
SIMULTANEOUS TORREFACTION MODELLING OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) FOR HIGH
CALORIFIC VALUE SOLID FUEL
HHVst = Predicted HHV of simultaneous torrefaction product (kcal/kg) x1 = Mass fraction of rice composition in MSW components. HHV of simultaneous torrefaction product was measured and compared with HHV obtained by analytical approach. Due to the dominance of leaves in the MSW components, the HHV result of simultaneous torrefaction had a value slightly below the leaves HHV at torrefaction temperature 295 oC.
Despite the changes occurred, the empirical formulation presented in Equation 1 and Equation 2 can be used to estimate the temperature and HHV of the simultaneous refraction of MSW.
DEVELOPMENT OF HOT BINDERLESS BRIQUETTING TECHNOLOGY FOR UPGRADED LOW RANK COAL
From the information obtained, a series of hot binderless briquetting experiments were carried out, as shown in figure below, with some boundary conditions of obtained products from the established IHI dryer. This included the moisture content, physical and chemical composition and particle size distribution of the upgraded coal. The experiment used an axial hydraulic piston as pressure force for briquetting process, while an electric heater jacket briquetting dies was used for high temperature condition.
The durability of the produced briquette is achieved by performing a Drop Shatter Test, where a Shatter Index (the percentage of particles >2 mm in size after the drop test) was calculated. Based on the figures below, it was found that a certain briquetting pressure greatly affects the strength of the briquette. Another original finding is that the product's lower moisture content will result in lower briquette endurance.
The data obtained, together with the reabsorptivity data, will be used as a start to design a larger commercial hot binderless briquetting system for upgraded low-rank coal. It can be seen that after a hot binder-free briquetting process, the moisture content of the briquetted product reached a certain equilibrium after one month in ambient condition. It can be concluded that the briquette from this process promises to be transported for a long time.
BLADES AND USING FLOW CONCENTRATOR
CHANNELING DEVICE TO AUGMENTED PERFORMANCE AND SELF STARTING CAPABILITY
In the operational, it is expected that its turbine will work at the higher flow velocity greater than 1.2 m/s to get better power density and the construction will be smaller and lighter for unit of power. This paper has shown that the parallel VAWT has better performance using the optimized NACA0018 blades and concentrator channeling device gives certain advantage to the application. The channeling device mounted to the boat can be used as propulsion control device, and the parallel configuration gives the TSR higher.
STUDY OF UTILIZATION OF BIOMASS COMBUSTION EXHAUST GAS FOR ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE POWER
PLANT USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
These turbines are radial turbines and can operate with either R-134a or R-245fa according to the fluids used in thermal analysis. Pressure difference on both sides of the surface of the turbine will cause the turbine force. The generated turbine torque depends on the magnitude of the force created, while the force created depends on the difference in the pressure differential between the inlet and outlet of the turbine.
Eddy or rotating flow is clearly visible in Figure 2 with the marked line of rotating arrows located around the turbine blade.
MODEL TEST OF THE WATER CURRENT CATAMARAN TURBINE AND THEIR STABILITY
The righting arm is the displacement of the center of lift due to the change in the action of the line of intersection of the lift force as the angle of bank changes to starboard. The stability of the catamaran model needs to be investigated due to crosswinds. The flow velocity into the concentrator averaged 0.9 m/s and accelerated in the concentrator to reach an average of 1.2 m/s at the turbine interface.
The speed around the catamaran is 1.5 m/s and the catamaran has a rectangular shape. The Vortex Sheeding phenomenon may occur. The static stability of the buoyancy device was characterized by its metacentric height (GM) with longitudinal GM 113 mm and transverse GM 193 mm. The catamaran has four anchor system to stay stable due to the swinging force and moment.
DESIGN OF RADIAL TURBO-EXPANDERS FOR SMALL ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE SYSTEM
Although time-consuming grid numbers greater than 250,000 are recommended because it will give different results which show important phenomena.
DEVELOPMENT OF MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM IN SMART MICRO GRID BASED ON
RENEWABLE ENERGY
There are several menus to set parameters on bi-directional inverter, solar charge controller, battery, generator and load. He pointed out that before changing the parameters, users should know and understand not only the specifications of the component, but also the characteristics of the component. In the bidirectional inverter, if the parameter changes outside its range, it will not be changed or users can save the change.
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION BY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ITB
This gasification unit was coupled with a diesel engine-generator set to produce 15 kWe of electricity for a settlement of rubber farmers. This unit was operated about 8 hours in the evening and about 3 hours in the early morning. In early 1985, another gasification unit combined with a 60 kWe diesel generator set was set up to electrify a small town on the border between East Java and Central Java provinces.
We have had the experience that teak wood waste fuel underwent thermal fragmentation during the pyrolysis process in the gasifier, blocking the gas flow. While the previous 15 kWe unit survived after twelve years of operation with minor repairs, mainly to parts of the gas cooling and cleaning system, where corrosive condensate had accumulated. The economic feasibility was not yet attractive because the production costs of electricity were still relatively high.
In 2008, a gasification unit coupled with a 60 kWe diesel engine-generator was installed in an oil palm worker settlement in Pelaihari, a district in South Kalimantan. This unit has been decommissioned when the palm oil mill has been operating at normal production. Surprisingly, the cost of biomass contributed up to 20% of the total cost of electricity production.
The contribution of the annual investment costs of the motor-generator and other auxiliary equipment (with an equipment life of 20 years) was approximately 20%, and that of maintenance approximately 14% (mainly for the gasification unit). We proposed that the investment in the gasification unit should be financed, for example as a subsidy from the government or as a community service from large industries. These production costs, without taking into account the investment costs of the gasification unit, are very attractive because they were lower than the feed-in tariff allocated by the government, namely 1660 Rp/kWh for the sale of electricity to the national grid on the island of Sumatra.
Indonesia has gained a lot of experience in the design, manufacture and installation of gasification unit combined with engine-generator sets. With abundant and diverse types of biomass, the implementation of biomass gasification for electricity in remote areas should be widely promoted in Indonesia. To increase the economic attractiveness, the government should develop a fiscal policy, especially for gasification unit investment.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OF THE INTEGRATED LOW SPEED PERMANENT MAGNET
PROTOTYPE
The experimental test of the low-pressure axial hydraulic turbine successfully demonstrated the good performance of the permanent generator system of the turbine. The maximum turbine efficiency with PMG system (VLHHP) is 87% at 50 Hz or equivalent to a rotor speed of 83.3 rpm. The maximum generated power is 820 W, which is better than the stand-alone results of the permanent magnet generator, which reaches a maximum generated power of 696 W at the same frequency.
The turbine design integrated with the PMG makes a significant contribution to improving generator performance and overall performance.
