View of Community Attitudes Towards Biosecurity in Animal Based Tourism

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Community Attitudes Towards Biosecurity in Animal Based Tourism

Devi Yunita Sari¹⁾, Fransiskus Trisakti Haryadi*¹⁾, Michael Haryadi Wibowo²⁾, Siti Andarwarti¹⁾ and Yustina Yuni Suranindiyah³⁾

1) Department of Livestock Socio Economics, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 3., 55281 Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2) Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada , Jl. Fauna No. 2., 55281 Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

3) Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Fauna No. 3., 55281 Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Submitted: 23 May 2023, Accepted: 15 August 2023

ABSTRACT: Biosecurity is an effort to protect livestock and reduce the risk of spreading diseases that have a negative impact on livestock. This study aims to measure the attitude of the public towards the application of biosecurity. We surveyed 100 tourists who visited Sato Loka, which is an animal-based tourist object, using a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and scoring. The results show that the travelers' attitudes for the cognitive, affective, and conative indicators were 92.9%, 92%, and 91%, respectively. These indicators are interrelated; cognitive indicators are related to knowledge, which is closely related to changes in one's attitude. The majority of tourists who visit are young tourists (17-25 years old). Young tourists have good cognitive abilities because they are able to absorb various information quickly so that it will influence their actions towards something. The study concludes that most tourists who visit Sato Loka have a very positive attitude towards the application of biosecurity, but there is still an attitude that needs to be enhanced further regarding the use of special footwear when entering the wildlife area in order to create a safe and comfortable tourist attraction, both for tourists and animal.

Keywords: Animal-based tourism; Attitude; Biosecurity

*Corresponding Author: trisakti-h@ugm.ac.id

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INTRODUCTIONS

Tourism is an important industry which has been growing fairly good in Indonesia. Animal based tourism is an alternative form of tourism that uses animal based as a tourist attraction. Animals are used as environments and objects that play a role in creating travel experiences. Animal tourism can be animal museum activities, processing or the sale of livestock. Animal tourism activities include feeding animals, brewing milk, riding grass tractors, visiting farms, and looking for animal traces (Guntoro, 2021). Sato Loka Farm and Satwa Tourist Park are two tourist destinations that promote animal-based education and entertainment. This farm is located not far from the Kaliurang tourist spot which is also a super priority tourism development area for Borobudur-Yogyakarta-Prambanan. In this farm, various types of livestock are used as conservation and educational tourism objects, such as various species of snakes, monkeys, crocodiles, and Ettawa goats which produce milk.The recent outbreak of mouth and foot diseases, the threat of anthrax disease and a variety of other illnesses, encourage entrepreneurs in the field of animal farm (such as zoo tourist parks) to pay more attention to the implementation of biosecurity practices in their farms.

Biosecurity is a measure of protection for livestock, both towards its environment and the people involved in its maintenance cycle (Muntaha et al., 2021; Putra et al., 2021). The aim of the implementation of biosecurity is to reduce the risk of the spread of microorganisms that cause diseases that have a negative impact on livestock (Ananda and Qurniawan, 2022). Biosecurity consists of several aspects, including prevention, eradication, and control of diseases; creating environmental conditions that are decent for animal life; ensuring the safety of workers and visitors; and ensuring the safety of food products for consumers (Trijaya, 2017).

Animal health is one of the important factors in animal-based tourism. Changes in climate, environment, and human behavior

can affect the transmission of zoonoses (Biru, Detha dan Wuri, 2018). Animal disease risks, such as mouth and foot diseases, anthrax, and others require good biosecurity systems.

As some zoonotic diseases can be used as biological weapons and can cause outbreaks of disease or extraordinary events, biosecurity is essential for the social, economic, welfare, and security aspects of a country (Septiyani, Heridadi dan Nefianto, 2018). In addition, the success of the implementation of biosecurity can be seen from the mortality rate of animals in a farm.

The lower the mortality or death rate of the animals in a farm, the better the implementation of biosecurity in that farm (Wahyuni, Sanjaya dan Switari, 2021). The main components of biosecurity include insulation, traffic control, and sanitation.

Isolation is an attempt to keep animals away from people and objects carrying pathogens.

Traffic control is a screening effort on people, objects, and other animals to prevent the entrance of pathogens into the farm.

Sanitation is an effort to eliminate environmental factors involved in the disease transmission chain by cleaning and spraying disinfectants on materials, humans, and equipment in the farm.

The application of biosecurity to visitors is also important to prevent the spread of disease from animals to visitors or from visitors to animals by obliging the visitor to change the clothes and boots already provided by the farm first and wash hands before entering the farm area.

(Purwaningsih, 2014; Mappanganro et al., 2018). Successful implementation of biosecurity can be achieved when visitors comply with the operational standards and procedures regarding biosafety in a wildlife tourist area. Visitor awareness of the application of biosecurity in the tourist area is still low. According to Retnani et al.

(2021), there are still many communities that consider zoonosis illnesses insignificant because of their perception of a virus-free and healthy state in their region, so they do not feel the need to implement appropriate

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biosecurity. Many livestock-based tourist attractions still pay little attention to the safety aspects of visitors from the possibility of contracting diseases originating from livestock used as tourism objects. Based on the background above, this research activity is important to do in order to know the public’s attitude towards biosecurity in animal-based tourism. By knowing the positive or negative attitude of visitors towards biosecurity, a safe tourist spot will be created, both for visitors and livestock as a tourist object from the possibility of contracting or transmitting diseases that endanger the safety of visitors and the livestock themselves.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research was carried out in the Sato Loka Tourism and Education Park

located in Jalan Kaliurang Km 23, Banteng, Hargobinangun, Pakem Prefecture, Sleman District, and Yogyakarta Special District.

The study was conducted from August to December 2022.

The population in this study is all tourists who visit Sato Loka. Respondents of this study were 100 people who were selected purposively based on several criteria, such as have been visited the Sato Loka Tourism and Education Park. Data were collected using surveys, observations, and interviews by means of a structured questionnaire.

The attitude of tourists to implement biosecurity practices was measured using the Likert five-point scale. Prior collecting data, the questionnaire have been tested for validity and reliability.

Table 1. Validity of several components

Code of item rhitung Criteria

Cognitive:

B1 0.723 Valid

B2 0.706 Valid

B3 0.668 Valid

B4 0.687 Valid

B5 0.723 Valid

B6 0.595 Valid

Affective:

C1 0.632 Valid

C2 0.606 Valid

C3 0.683 Valid

C4 0.734 Valid

C5 0.668 Valid

C6 0.627 Valid

Conative:

D1 0.752 Valid

D2 0.725 Valid

D3 0.665 Valid

D4 0.831 Valid

D5 0.722 Valid

D6 0.629 Valid

*rtabel (5%) : 0.279

Source : Primary data (2022)

A measurement tool would be valid when the correlation coefficient (r count) is greater than the r table (Yusuf dan Daris, 2018). Cognitive components refer to the respondent's knowledge of biosecurity.

Affective components refer to the

respondent's emotions that form positive, neutral, or negative feelings about biosecurity practices. Conative components refer to the tendency of respondents to act in carrying out biosecurity practices. The results of the validity test questionnaire on

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attitude, cognitive, affective, and conative components can be seen in Table 1.

Research measurement can be said to be reliable when it has an alpha value at least

0.6 (Yusuf dan Daris, 2018). The results of the reliability test of the attitude questionnaires for cognitive, affective, and conative components can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. Attitude Component Reliability Test

Component Cronbach’s Alpha

Cognitive 0.764

Affective 0.734

Conative 0.787

The validity test was used to test the accuracy of a measuring instrument in measuring a factor using Pearson's product- moment correlation.

The reliability test was aimed to test the consistency of a measuring instrument using Cronbach’s alpha method. The

questionnaires used in this study used a 5- point Likert scale with a range of very agree (score 5) to very disagree (score 1). The attitude of respondents can be known through access scores and the percentage of accesses obtained. The formula in the calculation of scores is as follows :

SA = ∑ (n1x1) + (n2x2) + (n3x3) + (n4x4) + (n5x5) (Equation 1.) Information:

SA = Score achieved

n1 = Number of respondents who scored 1 n2 = Number of respondents who scored 2 n3 = Number of respondents who scored 3 n4 = Number of respondents who scored 4 n5 = Number of respondents who scored 5

The formula for the percentage achievement score of each indicator proposed by Sugiyono (2010) is as follows:

𝐴𝑃 = ^𝑆𝐴

𝑀𝑆× 100% (Equation 2.) Information:

AP (Achievement Percentage) = Percentage of each indicator SA (Score Achieved) = Number of scores on each statement.

MS (Maximum Score) = Number of Ideal Scores (the number of respondents multiplied by the highest score on the Likert scale)

The answers that have been analyzed using the formula above are subsequently adjusted to the criteria adapted from

Sugiyono (2010), as described in Table 3.

Finally, the data were analysed using a descriptive statistic analysis.

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Table 3. Attitude categorization

Score state range (%) Categories/criteria

81-100 Very positive

61-80 Positive

41-60 Quite positive

21-40 Less positive

0-20 Negative

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Characteristics of Respondents

The characteristics of respondents in this study include the age of the traveler, gender, recent formal education, status, and employment of the tourist (Table 4).

Table 4 shows that visitors are predominantly young people aged 17–25 years, female, students having last education in high school/equivalent, and unmarried.

Adolescence is a transitional period from children to adults with an age range of 10–

25 years. At this age, many changes occur, both physical and psychological (Adawiyah dan Winarti, 2021). Adolescents have a high tendency to know how to prevent diseases, including biosecurity, because at this age it

is easier to receive new information and to access a variety of information. Sari et al.

(2020) stated that adolescence is the age in which a person has a good pattern of capturing and thinking about a variety of information and innovations, so that knowledge is also better.

Women, in terms of health care, have a better tendency than men. According to Sari et al. (2020), gender is one of the possible factors contributing to a person’s health behavior. Women have a high level of concern for their environment and health.

These findings indicate that visitors to tourist attractions with the characteristics shown in Table 4 tend to have a positive attitude towards implementing biosecurity.

Table 4. Characteristics of Respondents

No. Characteristics Number of people

1. Age (years) a. 17-25 b. 26-34 c. 35-43 d. 44-52 e. >52

70 10 7 8 5 2. Gender

a. Male b. Female

42 58 3. Level of Education

a. Middle School/Equivalent b. High School/Equivalent c. Diploma

d. Bachelor e. Postgraduate

2 62

9 26

1 4. Status

a. Not married b. Married

75 25 5. Employment

a. Student b. Housewife c. Private employees d. Civil Servants (PNS) e. TNI/POLRI

f. Self-employed g. Other

58 7 14

2 1 5 13 Source : Primary data (2022)

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Cognitive Components

According to Liliweri (2015), the cognitive component is an attitude that refers to a person’s thoughts or knowledge about a particular object.

The cognitive component consists of several aspects, such as orientation, registration, memory, attention, visuospatial, and language. In this study, the

cognitive component refers to the level of knowledge or good experience of the direct or indirect nature of the tourist regarding biosecurity and its application in the wildlife tourism area, such as biosecurity in people, animals, and the environment. The percentage of access to each statement item on the traveler’s cognitive attitude indicator can be seen in Table 5.

Table 5. The percentage of achievement indicators for cognitive attitudes of tourists towards biosecurity

No Statement Score

Achieved¹⁾

Achievement Percentage²⁾ (%)

Category 1. Before entering the animal or livestock area, it is

necessary to wash your hands with soap

471 94 Very Positive

2. Wearing masks are important when entering animal or livestock areas

3. Special footwear is required to enter the animal or livestock area

4. After leaving the animal or livestock area, it is necessary to wash hands with soap or disinfectant

5. Before entering the livestock/tourism area, you need to pass biosecurity spraying

6. When visiting animal tourism, visitors may not visit livestock or tourism that has been contaminated by FMD

Maximum score = 500

1)Calculated using Equation 1.

Based on Table 5, it can be seen that the percentages of access to the entire items of the statement on the indicator of the cognitive attitude of tourists to biosecurity in Sato Loka belongs were very positive, but the visitors’ awarenes to use special footwear has the lowest percentage (88%).

This may be due to the lack of knowledge and awareness of the importance of wearing special footwear in the prevention of transmission of zoonosis diseases. In addition to that, changing footwear is also less practical. Lack of knowledge regarding the use of special footwear can occur because there are still many animal tours that have not implemented biosecurity. In this case, knowledge is related to awareness, so a lack of knowledge can lead to low awareness among tourists about wearing special

footwear. The use of special footwear by visitors is still very low due to a lack of awareness and knowledge that footwear can also act as a pathogen carrier and source of disease (Schembri et al., 2015; Gill et al., 2020; Uddin et al., 2020). The cognitive attitude in this study was measured by the knowledge, benefits, and confidence of tourists about biosecurity.

Positive cognitive attitudes indicate that the knowledge, benefits, and confidence of most tourists towards the application of biosecurity in Sato Loka are high.

According to Sari et al. (2017), attitude can also be influenced by knowledge because the way of thinking plays an important role in forming that attitude. Low levels of education and a lack of knowledge will increase negative attitudes and behaviors of individuals.

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Components of Affection

According to Liliweri (2015), an affective component refers to an individual’s emotions that creates a positive, neutral, or negative feeling towards a particular object. The emotional reaction of the traveler in this regard can be determined

by their belief in the implementation of such biosecurity, whether it is good, beneficial, or unbeneficial to them and the people around them. The percentage of access to each item of the statement on the indicator of the traveler’s affective attitude can be seen in Table 6.

Table 6. The percentage of achievement indicators for tourists’ affective attitudes towards biosecurity

No. Statement Score

Achieved (SA)

Achievement Percentage (%)

Category 1. I feel washing my hands with soap can reduce

the spread of disease

477 95 Very positive

2. I feel that wearing a mask when entering an animal or livestock area can reduce the risk of spreading the virus

3. I feel that wearing special footwear when entering animal or livestock areas can reduce the risk of being infected with the virus

4. I feel that passing biosecurity spraying can minimize the spread of disease

5. I feel that limiting visits to other farms can prevent the disease from spreading to other areas

6. I feel that not visiting farms or tourism where FMD is confirmed can stop the virus from spreading to other areas

Maximum score = 500

Table 6 shows that the percentage of access to the entire item of the statement on the indicator of the affective attitude of tourists to biosecurity in Sato Loka belongs to the category and is very good, but the awareness on wearing special footwear when entering the animal or livestock area has the lowest percentage (88%). Travelers’

awareness of wearing special footwear to reduce the risk of spreading the virus still needs to be enhanced.

Wearing special footwear when entering the animal or cattle area by visitors is considered less efficient. Visitors also feel that they do not gain significant benefit from wearing special footwear before entering the zoo area. Mankad (2016) argues that fear can encourage individuals to learn adaptive responses to threatening stimuli that can influence attitudes. Fear arises when the individual feels that he will suffer a big loss if he does not take self-protection measures

and believes in the effectiveness of these protective measures.

If the individual feels the opposite, he will feel safe even if he does not take protective measures. The affective component of this study is the liking and pleasure experienced when tourists participate in the implementation of biosecurity in Sato Loka. The higher the percentage of accesses generated, the higher the affective component that the tourists have. This emotional component in the form of pleasure and pride has implemented biosecurity so that it can show other travelers that he cares about health both for animals and himself.

Conative Component

According to Liliweri (2015), the subjective component is an attitude component that refers to the tendency of an individual to act against the object of attitude. The conative component in this

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study refers to the tendency of tourists visiting Sato Loka to carry out biosecurity measures in accordance with the Operational Procedure Standards (SOP)

applicable in the area. The percentage of access to each item of the statement on the indicator of the traveler’s conative attitude can be seen in Table 7.

Table 7. The percentage of conative attitude indicator items towards biosecurity

No Statement Score Achieved

(SA)

Achievement Percentage (%)

Category 1. I will wash my hands with soap before entering

the animal or livestock area

2. I will wear a mask when entering the animal or livestock area

3. I will wear special footwear when entering the animal/livestock area

4. I will wash my hands with soap or disinfectant after leaving the animal or livestock area properly

5. I will pass biosecurity spraying to minimize the spread of disease

6. I will not visit other farms or tours that have confirmed FMD to stop the virus from spreading

Maximum score = 500

Table 7 shows that the percentages of access to the entire item of the statement on the conative attitude of tourists to biosecurity in Sato Loka were very positive.

It shows that the majority of tourists has a high tendency to implement the biosecurity in Sato Loka. However, the trend of wearing special footwear when entering the wildlife area has the lowest percentage (87%).

The low percentage of wearing special footwear is due to the fact that tourists feel less comfortable and less effective to change footwear. Wearing special footwear before entering the wildlife area are less practical.

Visitors also consider that wearing special footwear does not have a positive impact, while wearing special footwear can create a clean and sterile environment that can reduce the risk of microbial transmission (Gill et al., 2020; Bartlett et al., 2021). Low understanding of the importance of wearing special footwear is due to a lack of information about the good and correct biosecurity measures. Lakapu, Wuri and Detha (2021) stated that the implementation will occur after knowing, judging, or giving

opinion about what is known, and subsequently applies what have been known. The conative component of attitude is not only an act that can be observed directly, but can also be a statement or word spoken by a person based on the belief that taking action in accordance with the protocol in an area will have a positive impact on environment (Wardani dan Uyun, 2017; Gomes and Sparks, 2020).

Table 8 shows that the tourists’

attitude who visited Sato Loka towards biosecurity was very positive indicated by the total score of 8.292 (91.9%). Attitude is the relationship between cognitive, affective, and conative components that interact with each other in response to a stimulus. The attitude can describe the visitor’s confidence in the various attributes and benefits of the biosecurity application.

According to Wardani, Wiryono dan Susatya (2020), a person’s attitude can be influenced by several factors, such as age, knowledge, and education level. Tourists who are adolescents aged 17 - 25 years old, tend to have a great willingness to learn and

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adopt new things. Moreover, age determines a person’s maturity in thinking, acting, or learning. The level of education and knowledge are interrelated in influencing one’s attitude. The higher the level of education, the more knowledge the

individual possesses. Sariyati (2014) stated that knowledge is one of the components of attitude-forming. Knowledge and attitude are consistently interrelated, so when the knowledge changes, the individual attitudes also change.

Table 8. The category of the percentage of tourists' attitudes towards implementing biosecurity

Indicator Score

Achieved

Max Score Achievement Percentage (%)

Category Cognitive Attitude

Indicator

2.787 3.000 92,9 Very

Positive

Affective Attitude Indicator 2.762 3.000 92 Very

Positive

Conative Attitude Indicator 2.743 3.000 91 Very

Positive

Tourist Attitude Variable 8.292 9.000 91,9 Very

Positive Source : Primary data (2022)

CONCLUSION

We conclude that tourists in Sato Loka have a positive attitude towards biosecurity.

This was demonstrated by the percentage of access results for the cognitive attitude indicator of 92.9%, the percentage of access for the affective attitude indicator of 92%, and the percentage of access for the connective attitude indicator of 91%. There are attitudes that need to be enhanced, such as wearing special footwear when entering the animal area to prevent the transmission of viruses.

In addition, there is also a need for further education of visitors about the benefits of wearing special footwear and the risks that occur when not performing such actions, e.g., promotion via leaflets as educational media.

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