View of Community resilience to flood disaster in Krajan Village, Waru District, Sidoarjo, East Java

(1)

JOURNAL OF MARINE RESOURCES AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF MARINE LIFE AND UTILIZATION

e-ISSN: 2722-0966 Vol. 4 Issue 1

Community resilience to flood disaster in Krajan Village, Waru District, Sidoarjo, East Java

Ayu Fatimah Azzahro

Marine Science Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Floods that occur in Waru District often hit Krajan Village as one of the areas that is prone to flooding.

Communities need to have resilience in order to be able to manage disasters well through adaptation, maintain basic functions and bounce back immediately after a disaster. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the level of resilience of the Krajan Village community in facing floods. In this research, Climate and Disaster Resilience Initiative (CDRI) was chosen as the main approach because of its suitability for application in the study area. This type of research method is quantitative with a descriptive survey research design. The population in this study were residents of Krajan Village, Waru District, as the area most affected by flooding. Data collection was carried out deliberately to 45 respondents whose houses were scattered throughout Krajan Village. Data analysis was carried out using simple tabulations and quantitative descriptives. The results showed that the people of Krajan Village, Waru District, on average, have higher resilience to flood disasters. Most of the respondents have a high level of resilience on economic dimension and have a low level of resilience on institutional dimension.

Keywords: Climate and Disaster Resilience Initiative, community resilience, flood

INTRODUCTION

Floods are a major problem for many countries in the world. The flood disaster has had an extraordinary physical, psychological and social impact. Its physical impacts include the emergence of various diseases such as measles, dengue fever, acute respiratory infections, and other skin diseases. Psychological impacts such as loss of property, loss of loved ones, loss of livelihood and also disturb the victim's soul. The impact of the social aspect on the victims of the flood disaster also gave rise to conflicts between governments, for example some residents thought that the cause of the floods was due to increased development and the government did not focus on water absorption and waste water flow [1].

Indonesia is a tropical country with very high rainfall. Indonesia is hit by floods almost every year. From 1915 to 2015, floods continued to increase in severity. The most frequent flood occurred in 2010 with 900 flood disasters. The Disaster Management Agency also revealed that 514 people died and 1.5 million people were forced to flee [2].

Coastal are areas that tend to have an increasing population and are also centers of community economic activity. Disaster that occur in coastal areas, one of which is floods, tend to cause high losses, both in the form of material and non-material losses. Coastal areas that are often hit by floods are Waru Village. Waru Village is one of the villages in Waru District. Waru Village is divided into two parts, i.e. West Waru and East Waru. The area of Waru Village is 106,316 Ha with 3 hamlets (or dusun) i.e.

Dusun Pesantren, Dusun Krajan, and Dusun Jati which are

covers 15 RW and 50 RT (Rukun Tetangga (RT) is the division of villages in Indonesia under Rukun Warga (RW)). The condition of the land elevation is 5 asl and rainfall is 6 mm, river water is blocked and flowing, one of the causes of flooding in the Waru area.

The lack of drainage management as well as the increasing number of high-rise building construction projects without environmental considerations results in low or small infiltration of rainwater into the ground. In general, floods are caused by rainfall that is high above normal so that the water drainage system consisting of natural rivers and tributaries as well as existing artificial flood storage shallow drainage systems are unable to accommodate the accumulated rainwater so that it overflows [3].

In general, to reduce the impact of disasters, adaptation efforts are needed by communities affected by disasters. In formulating adaptation efforts, a resilience assessment is needed first to find out how resilient the existing conditions of the community are in facing disasters. Considering the significant impact of flood disasters, efforts are needed to recover from post-disaster adversity, which is known as resilience. Preparedness is a society's way of dealing with disasters. Community resilience is an indicator of a community's ability to absorb change and survive under certain conditions in its community. Therefore, the aim of this research is to determine the level of community resilience to flood disasters in Krajan Village, Waru District, Sidoarjo Regency.

18

(2)

Azzahro, A. F. / Journal of Marine Resources & Coastal Management 4(1): 18-21, January 2023

METHODS

The Climate and Disaster Resilience Initiative (CDRI) concept was chosen as a tool for assessing community resilience because it is considered to be suitable for the conditions of the research area. The CDRI is a tool for measuring the level of resilience of cities in the Asia Pacific, especially for hydrometeorological disasters [4]. This measurement takes an approach to physical, social, economic, institutional and natural dimensions. The initial step taken in this research was to conduct a literature review related to variables that influence regional community resilience in facing flood disasters according to CDRI. The variables used to assess resilience according to the CDRI concept based on the literature review are shown in Table-1.

Social dimension consists of (1) Number of family members in one household, (2) Education, (3) Willingness to help the community, (4) Activeness in local social activities, (5) Mutual cooperation activities, (6) Government's role in responding to disasters, and (7) Ease of accessing health facilities. Economic dimension consists of (1) Type of work, (2) Monthly income, (3) Having savings, (4) The effect of flooding on work activities, and (5) Holding discussions on disasters.

Institutional dimension consists of (1) Social community disaster, (2) Government assistance, (3) Pre- post flood disaster training, and (4) Community assistance.

Physical dimension consists of (1) How often does it happen flood, (2) Flood height, (3) Damage level, (4) Water quality, (5) Environmental conditions, (6) Road elevation, (7) Effect of road elevation, and (8) House height.

Quantitative methods are used to assess community resilience to flood risk in Krajan Village, Waru District, Sidoarjo Regency. Quantitative research is a survey method consisting of statistical analysis and 45 responses are taken. The requirements for parametric statistical tests with a minimum sample of > 30 respondents [5], so that a total of 45 meet the statistical testing requirements. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire of 24 items. Data is processed through various steps: editing, coding, and tabulating.

The research instruments used a questionnaire that used a Google Form according to the standards and responses in Krajan Village, Waru Regency. The variables considered above are similar to the reference questions in the classification questionnaire to obtain the resilience of coastal communities to flood risk. Then, the method for determining of category of community resilience is grouped according to intervals and calculated using the difference between the highest value and the lowest value then divided with many classes (Table-2).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Respondent characteristics are used to identify different types of respondents based on age. This is expected to provide a clearer picture of the condition of the respondent and its relationship to the problem and research objectives. The age characteristics of the respondents can be seen in the Table-3. Respondents living around the flood zone in Krajan Village Waru sub- district is generally young (<34 years old), so it has a strong level of resilience to facing flood risks. They

survive because they have a big responsibility to provide for their family.

The results of measuring community resilience levels during and after disasters, by consider at the four dimensions, i.e. social dimension, economic dimension, institutional dimension, and physical dimension, are shown in the Table-4. Table-4 show the result of calculations between each question and the number of respondents, and includes the average score for each dimension. It can be seen that the component with the highest score is the economic dimension (2.44) with the indicator "owning savings to meet needs during disaster recovery" with a score of 2.80 (Q3). Meanwhile, the dimension with the lowest score is institutional dimension (1.77) with the indicator "practice of post-disaster simulation training by local government" with a score of 1.30 (Q3).

Table-1. Variable of community resilience Social dimension

Q1 Number of family members Q2 Education

Q3 Willingness to help the community Q4 Activeness in local social activities Q5 Mutual cooperation activities

Q6 Government's role in responding to disasters Q7 Ease of accessing health facilities

Economic dimension Q1 Type of work Q2 Monthly income Q3 Having savings

Q4 The effect of flooding on work activities Q5 Holding discussions on disasters Institutional dimension

Q1 Social community disaster Q2 Government assistance Q3 Pre-post flood disaster training Q4 Community assistance Physical dimension

Q1 Frequency of flood Q2 Height of flood Q3 Damage level Q4 Water quality

Q5 Environmental conditions Q6 Road elevation

Q7 Effect of road elevation Q8 Height of house

Table-2. Category of community resilience

Category Total score

Low 1,00-1,66

Middle 1,67-2,34

High 2.35-3,00

Table-3. The characteristics of the respondents Age (years) Number of respondents

Young (0-34) 17

Moderate (35-47) 12

Old (47-59) 16

Total 45

19

(3)

Table-4. Value of community resilience variable Social Dimension

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7

2.05 2.45 2.82 2.14 2.32 2.14 2.57 Average: 2.35

Economic Dimension

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

2.59 2.14 2.80 2, 25 2.41 Average: 2.44

Institutional Dimension

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

2.07 2.00 1.30 1.70 Average: 1.77

Physical Dimension

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8

2.77 2.11 2.07 2.91 2.91 2.41 1, 68 2.00 Average: 2.36

One of the protective factors for resilience, or in other words a good level of resilience, is the experience of exposure to disasters [6]. The absence of related activities or training or simulations provided before or after the flood by the local government shows that the people in Krajan Village can increase their resilience to flood disasters independently. The results of the community resilience graph are shown in Figure-1.

Figure-1 shows that the sequence of levels of resilience according to the intervals that have been explained is as follows: (1) Economic Dimension, with a score of 2.44 which is considered high; (2) Physical Dimension, with a score of 2.36, which is considered high;

(3) Social Dimension, with a score of 2.35 which is considered high; and (4) Institutional Dimension with a score of 1.77 is included in the moderate category.

The people of Krajan Village, Waru District, on average, have high community resilience. The economic dimension has the highest value due to increased efficiency in the Krajan Village area, also found in some respondents who have permanent jobs and some respondents whose income is above the Provincial Minimum Wage (UMR). The higher the income, the higher the resilience [7].

This will of course improve several indicators as follows: (1) Pre-post flood simulation training activities carried out by the regional government, (2) Community assistance when a flood disaster occurs, (3) Government assistance when a flood disaster occurs, and (4) Many communities were involved in the social disaster in Krajan Village. This indicator is an indicator of the institutional dimension that needs to be improved in Krajan Village, Waru District.

Figure-1. The Krajan Village community resilience

Previous research states that resilience is influenced by several factors, namely individual, family and community [8]. Those who have low self-esteem tend to have low self-efficacy. research that has been conducted on poor families explains that a lack of positive family support tends to have a low level of resilience [9]. Apart from individual and family factors, a lack of community support will make flood victims less resilient. The less social support given to flood victims, the lower their resilience will be [10].

To increase community resilience, things can be done including the following: (1) Mitigation. Optimizing activities that involve community cooperation and optimizing the role of certain groups, e.g. youth organizations (karang taruna) and tahlilan groups, that have been formed in the area. This is an effort to increase the system's ability to learn and adapt (learning and adaptation), and (2) Response. The need for assistance and involvement of the government's role in dealing with flood conditions. This is an effort to withstand changes and pressure (absorb shock) and an effort for the system to return to its pre-disaster state (bounce back) [11].

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of the research, it can be stated that the people of Krajan Village have a high level of community resilience. The dimension that has the highest average score is the economic dimension (2.44) in the indicator "owning savings to meet needs during disaster recovery" which has a score of 2.80, while the dimension that has the lowest average score is the institutional dimension (1.77) on the indicator "activities regarding pre-post-flood simulation training conducted by the local government" which has a score of 1.30.

Further research is needed regarding how the community adapts to flood disasters in the study location.

Knowledge of these adaptation efforts will function to reduce the level of vulnerability so that it is hoped that there will be a difference between current vulnerability and future vulnerability. The adaptation process aims to restore or organize the system or community so that it immediately recovers to the state before the disaster (bounce back) or changes for the better (transformative).

REFERENCES

[1] Rosyidie, A. 2013. Banjir: Fakta dan dampaknya, serta pengaruh dari perubahan guna lahan. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota. 24(3).

https://doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2013.24.3.1

[2] Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana. 2016.

Angka Kejadian Banjir di Indonesia Tahun 2016.

http://www.bpbn.go.id (Diakses pada tanggal 20 November 2016).

[3] BNPB. (2013). IRBI: Indeks Risiko Bencana Indonesia. Jakarta: Direktorat Pengurangan Risiko Bencana Deputi Bidang Pencegahan dan Kesiapsiagaan.

[4] Sharma, A., and Shaw, R. 2011. Climate and Disaster Resilience in Cities. Bingley: Emerald.

[5] Effendi, S dan Tukiran. 2014. Metode Penelitian Survei. Jakarta: LP3ES.

20

(4)

[6] Akbar, Z. 2016. Post-traumatic growth: Long term psychological conditions among disaster survivors in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. University of Leipzig.

[7] Sembiring, S. T., & Dharmawan, A. H. 2014.

Resiliensi nafkah rumah tangga petani di kawasan rawan bencana rob Kecamatan Kampung Laut Kabupaten Cilacap. Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan. 2(1):

30–42. https://doi.org/10.22500/sodality.v2i1.9410 [8] Everall, R. D., Altrows, K. J., & Paulson, B. L. 2006.

Creating a future: A study of resilience in suicidal female adolescents. Journal of Counseling &

Development. 84(4): 461–470.

https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00430.x [9] Ariyati, P. C. 2018. Hubungan antara dukungan

keluarga dengan resiliensi pada remaja di keluarga miskin. Thesis. Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang [10] Heppi, S. 2018. Hubungan dukungan sosial teman

sebaya dan resiliensi remaja korban bencana di Pacitan. Thesis. Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang [11] Ciptaningrum, M. U. and Pamungkas, A. 2017.

Penilaian Resiliensi Dimensi Sosial Berdasarkan Konsep Climate and Disaster Resilience Initiative (CDRI). Jurnal Teknik ITS. 6(2): C193-C197.

http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j23373539.v6i2.25028

21