EMPLOYEE'S PERCEPTION OF THE WORK ENVIRONMENT IN THE PREVENTION EFFORT INFECTION OF COVID-19
1Yudha Bhaktiono, 2Dewi Purnamawati
1.2Master of Public Health Study Program, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta K.H Ahmad Dahlan, Cireundeu Ciputat, 15419
Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Corona Virus Disease 19/COVID-19 has an impact on utility services. Utility services such as clean water, electricity supply, security, and cleanliness are included in the scope, especially in the town management. This qualitative research with a case study design aims to get an overview of employee perceptions regarding the prevention of COVID-19 transmission. The study was conducted at Kelapa Dua Sub-district, Bencongan Indah Village, Tangerang on 5/five informants who worked in the Town Management. Data were collected through interviews with the implementation of health protocols and analyzed using a problem-solving approach with Fishbone Analysis. The results showed that until June 2022 83 employees were exposed to COVID-19. This is due to several factors, such as human resources, machines, methods, budgets, materials, and the environment, such as the number of operational working hours serving residents/residences for 24 hours, there is no task force team/Satgas COVID- 19, there are no tools to check the conditions exposed to workers, there is no SOP/Standard Operating Procedure to implement health protocols, the price of Swab/PCR and mask examinations are expensive, there are no vaccines at the beginning of the pandemic, and health protocols implementation at homes and in public inconsistent. Need more efforts to increase positive perceptions such as the creation of a special team for the COVID-19 Task Force and efforts to increase employee awareness to implement health protocols consistently.
Keywords: Perception, Health Protocol, Prevention of Covid-19 Infection.
INTRODUCTION
Occupational safety and health is a mandate from the 1945 Constitution which is stated in Article 27, paragraph 2, "every Indonesian citizen has the right to work and a decent living for humanity". The Occupational Safety and Health Law No. 1 of 1970 concerning K3 article 3, paragraph 1 related to K3 requirements states that "to prevent and control the incidence of occupational diseases, both physical and psychological, poisoning, infection, and transmission".
Based on this basis, every worker who is in the territory of the state, whether on the surface of the water, in the water, on land, in the air, or at sea, the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia/Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, is guaranteed safety and health at work, both by the state and the company/employer. This regulation is the basis that every company is required to prevent and control the dangers of occupational diseases, including the case of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak.
According to Saadata et al, 2020, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and since March 11, 2020, a global pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2020a). The spread of COVID-19 is strongly influenced by a person's behavior in implementing the COVID-19 pandemic health protocol, namely using masks,
washing hands with soap, avoiding crowds, reducing mobility, and maintaining distance (Covid-19 Prevention & Control Guidelines, Ministry of Health, RI 2020).
Town Management is an independent city project that was built in 1996. This company is engaged in utility services such as clean water, electricity supply, security, and cleanliness, including in its scope, especially in the area/town management. In this utility service, companies are also asked to implement rules such as PPKM/Enforcement of Restrictions on Community Activities, New Normal/Adaptation of new habits, and several other government regulations to suppress the spread of COVID-19.
From the data that the researchers collected, several area management employees were exposed to COVID-19 in 2020, 2021, and 2022. The data on the Incident Rate of employees exposed to COVID- 19 on an annual basis can be seen in table 1.
Table 1. Incident rate of employees exposed to COVID-19 from 2020 to 2022 Incident rate COVID-19, 2020 Incident rate
COVID-19, 2021
Incident rate COVID-19, Per June 2022
5.38 15.65 39.13
Information,
a. In 2020, there were 5.38 positive employee cases of COVID-19 per 1,000,000 working hours b. In 2021, there were 15.65 cases of positive employees of COVID-19 per 1,000,000 working hours c. Per June 2022, there were 39.13 positive employee cases of COVID-19 per 1,000,000 working hours
Referring to the incident rate data above, the impact on utility services is reduced performance to serve the needs of residents due to employees exposed to COVID-19 having to rest for 14 days or more. The author wants to examine more deeply the perceptions of employees who have been exposed to COVID-19 from the management aspect: man/human resources, money/budget, machines/machines, work methods/methods, materials/materials, and environment/environment. This study aims to obtain an overview of employee perceptions regarding the prevention of COVID-19 transmission.
METHOD
This research was conducted at the Town Management, Kelapa Dua District, Bencongan Indah Sub District, and Tangerang. The Activity was carried out for 2 months (May – June 2022). This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with a case study design. Data collection using primary data, namely qualitative data from several informants who have been exposed to COVID-19 for the last 3 years, namely 2021, 2022, and 2022 and secondary data obtained from the company's HRD team. The distribution of characteristics can be seen in table 2 below:
Table 2. Characteristics of Informants
No Initials Age Function
1 Te 51 Finance
2 Du 41 Operational
3 Yu 37 Operational
4 Ed 55 Operational
5 Re 25 Operational
Data were collected by observation and in-depth interviews by applying health protocols. Data were analyzed by Fishbone Analysis. Secondary data was obtained from the detailed data recapitulation of the Town Management Company report. The data obtained were then summarized and re-selected to focus on important things that influence the factors causing the increase in employees exposed to the COVID-19 virus. By using a Fishbone Analysis approach to determine the cause of the main problem so that an appropriate work plan can be designed.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The research was conducted at the Town Management, Kelapa Dua District, Bencongan Indah Sub District, and Tangerang as one of the utility services. Town Management was started in 1996 which is an independent city project. The city was developed and built by one of the largest property groups in Indonesia. This independent city can be found in various kinds of urban activities, ranging from offices, housing, and malls to condominiums. The manager of this area has many complexes/clusters so there are more than 10,201 houses and 20,402 residents with an area of approximately 10 ha. Consists of housing, shophouses, and access to the village. Most of the employees and workers are outside the office/field team. The distribution of the number of workers can be seen in table 3.
Table 3. Distribution of Number of Workers
No Employees Operational Non-Operational
1 Staff 372 47
2 Vendor 9221 0
3 Total 968
The results of this study focus on 6 elements related to employee perceptions in preventing the transmission of COVID-19, which consist of human resources, methods, machines, materials, money, and the environment. The results of interviews with informants are presented in table 4.
Table 4. Employee Perceptions in Preventing the Transmission of COVID-19, based on Aspects of Human Resources, Method, Machine, Materials, Money, and Environment.
Aspect Causative Factor Statement
Human Resources High work activity in managing the area
“Jam kerja karyawan mulai dari jam 08.30 s.d 17.30 setiap hari senin s.d Jumat. Namun untuk pekerjaan operasional pengelola kawasan diatur juga untuk standby di hari sabtu dan minggu, bahkan untuk standby bilamana ada gangguan supply air, gangguan supply listrik, dan
Aspect Causative Factor Statement
kebakaran, pencurian, kecelakaan lalin dan banjir (Informan 1, Bapak Te)”
Lack of supervision of health protocol implementation
“Jumlah petugas untuk melakukan monitoring implementasi protokol kesehatan sangat minim, karena pekerjaan di lapangan mengawasi pekerjaan kontraktor.
1 orang supervisor monitoring kurang lebih 200 orang pekerja (Informan 2, Bapak Du)”
Lack of awareness of health protocol implementation
“Minimnya pengetahuan karyawan dalam menerapkan protokol kesehatan, karena belum ada SOP/instruksi kerja sejak awal kejadian pandemik (Informan 3, Bapak Yu)”
Machine There is no apps for tracing, treatment and testing
“Belum adanya aplikasi peduli lindungi sejak awal pandemik, sehingga menyulitkan untuk mengetahui karyawan yang terpapar virus COVID-19, aplikasi ini baru muncul sejak 6 Oktober 2021 lalu yang diinisiasi oleh Kominfo (Informan 4, Bapak Yu)”
Materials There is no
vaccines at the beginning of the pandemic
“Vaksin mempengaruhi angka rendah tingginya karyawan yang terpapar, karena banyak karyawan yang belum divaksin terpapar Covid-19 (Informan 5, Ibu Re)
Method Changing the way
of working
“Sejak awal adanya kasus pandemik pada Maret 2020, pada saat itu masih minim sekali penanganan, pencegahan dan pengendalian COVID-19 di perkantoran, karena virus ini belum pernah ditemukan sebelumnya.
Sehingga penerapan protokol kesehatan masih sangat minim diterapkan oleh pekerja (Informan 1, Bapak Te)”
“SOP dan instruksi kerja sejak awal pandemik belum ada sehingga karyawan masih sangat minim dalam penerapan protokol kesehatan (Informan 1, Bapak Te)”
“Cara kerja berubah semenjak adanya pandemic COVID- 19, menjadi system kerja WFH/working from home dan working from office/WFO (Informan 1, Bapak Te)”
“Pengajuan ijin kerja oleh kontraktor masih dilakukan tatap muka belum mulai adanya system pengajuan online menggunakan gform (Informan 4, Bapak Yu)”
Money The Swabs / PCR and
masks are expensive
“Minimnya pemeriksaan swab antigen dan PCR oleh karyawan, dikarenakan harga yang mahal dan menyulitkan karyawan untuk melakukan tes COVID-19.
Ditambah lagi jika ada karyawan terpapar diharuskan berkali kali melakukan Swab antigen dan PCR dengan harga yang mahal karena HET/harga eceran tertinggi belum ditentukan oleh pemerintah”
“Mahalnya harga masker medis, sejak awal pandemik harga masker melambung tinggi harga sampai Rp 500.000/box isi 50 pcs sehingga karyawan enggan membeli masker dengan harga yang tinggi dan pemerintah belum menetapkan HET (Informan 1, Bapak Te)”
Environment Lack of awareness of health protocol implementation
“Beberapa kejadian karyawan terpapar Virus COVID-19 terpapar dirumah, beberapa karyawan mengatakan, ada istri atau suami yang terpapar sehingga karyawan juga ikut terpapar. Ada juga yang terpapar karena lingkungan di rumahnya yang tidak konsisten dalam menerapkan protokol kesehatan (Informan 1, Bapak Te)”
Aspect Causative Factor Statement
“Sejak tingginya angka COVID-19 di bulan Juni dan Juli 2022, tertinggi di 56.757 kasus terkonfimasi harian dan 1,757 kasus meninggal dunia, karyawan sulit mengakses fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan, karena rumah sakit sudah terisi penuh, klinik ramai pengunjung sehingga karyawan enggan mengunjungi fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan karena takut dan khawatir (Informan 1, Bapak Te)”
Furthermore, the information from the informants was then analyzed using fishbone analysis to see the main causes related to preventing the spread of COVID-19 in town management.
The fishbone diagram can be seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Fish Bone Analysis of Prevention of COVID-19 Transmission in Town Management Services.
The fishbone diagram shows that 6 factors cause high employee exposure to COVID-19 in town management companies, namely HR/human factors, material factors, budget factors, machine factors, work method factors, and environmental factors. Of the six factors, it seems that it cannot be concluded which factor has the greatest contribution to preventing the transmission of COVID-19. However, the informant's perception of preventing the transmission of COVID-19 shows that the implementation of health protocols in the work environment is not optimal, coupled with the inconsistent behavior of informants in implementing health protocols. This is in line with research by Wahyuni, et al (2021) which showed that 59.8% of respondents had a negative attitude toward preventing COVID-19 and 50.4% continued to ignore health protocols even though they had been vaccinated (Wahyuni et al., 2021).
Perception is the end product of the interaction between stimuli and internal hypotheses, Man
a. High work activity in managing the area
b. Lack of supervision of health protocol implementation c. Lack of awareness of health
protocol implementation
Machine
There is no application for tracing, treatment and testing
Materials
There is no vaccine
Number of employees exposed to the COVID-19
Method
Changing ways of working
Environment
Lack of awareness of health protocol implementation
Money
The Swabs / PCR and masks is expensive
in this process. Perception is thus influenced by various individual factors which can lead to different interpretations (Démuth, 2012). Therefore, a person may have a different perception, even though the object is the same. Pusra and Purnamawati's research shows that there is a significant relationship between perception and COVID-19 prevention behavior (Pusra and Purnamawati, 2021).
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION
Employees' perceptions regarding the prevention of COVID-19 transmission in the Area Management Service are still not optimal. From the results of the analysis, it was found that 6 factors caused the high number of employees exposed to COVID-19, namely HR/human factors, material factors, budget factors, machine factors, work methods factors, and environmental factors.
Various efforts are needed to increase positive perceptions based on six factors from the results of fish bone analysis, such as the creation of a special team of the COVID-19 Task Force for the handling, prevention, and control of the COVID-19 virus. In addition, it is also necessary to increase employee awareness to consistently apply health protocols even outside the work environment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Thank you to the Town Management who has facilitated the process of research activities.
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