________________________________
*Corresponding author: School of Architecture Planning, and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia E-mail address: [email protected] (Abdullah Baseham)
doi: https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.pengairan.2024.015.01.1
Received: 2023-08-21; Revised: 2023-11-21; Accepted: 2023-11-29.
P-ISSN: 2086-1761 | E-ISSN: 2477-6068 © 2024 [email protected]. All rights reserved.
Vol. 15 No. 1 (2024)
Jurnal Teknik Pengairan: Journal of Water Resources Engineering
Journal homepage: https://jurnalpengairan.ub.ac.id/index.php/jtp
Original research article
Forecasting Urban Water Demand in 2032: A Case Study of Bandung City
Abdullah Baseham*
School of Architecture Planning, and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Keywords:
Bandung;
Clean water;
Forecasting;
Water demand;
Water supply
This research confronts the pressing challenge of escalating clean water demand in Bandung, a dynamically expanding metropolitan city in Indonesia's West Java Province. Drawing on secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics and other relevant literature, the study leverages Microsoft Excel to perform a dual analysis: forecasting population growth and calculating future water demand through 2032. A pivotal outcome reveals that the existing water supply infrastructure in Bandung will be woefully insufficient to meet the exponentially growing clean water requirements. Uniquely, this study employs multiple forecasting methodologies, adding depth and reliability to the projections. It there by offers new, essential insights into the quantifiable volume of water that will be needed to sustain future urban development. The research argues that current supply-focused water management strategies are inherently flawed and calls for an immediate paradigm shift toward demand-side management to mitigate the impending water crisis. Specific recommendations include the incorporation of alternative water sources such as rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge. Moreover, the study emphasizes the need for rapid governmental action, including policy revision and public education campaigns, to ensure water sustainability. This research stands as a critical resource for policymakers, urban planners, and water management experts aiming to bridge the looming water supply-demand gap in Bandung.
1. Introduction
Water is a vital component for all living creatures on Earth, including humans, plants, and animals [1]. Its importance is evident in its various uses such as drinking, cooking, washing, and transportation. Urban communities require water for their dynamic lifestyles [2]. Unfortunately, the availability of clean water is declining, while the demand is increasing annually [3]. This is due to the shrinking catchment areas caused by the overexploitation of natural water sources without considering the surrounding environment [4].
Access to clean water is essential for human survival, but its demand varies regionally. Water provision and service are under increasing pressure to meet the demand, which is caused by factors such as population growth, improved living standards, urbanization,industrialization, and socioeconomic development [3], [5]. For effective water management in rapidly growing cities such as Bandung in Indonesia, water demand forecasting is crucial. Bandung, the third -largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta and Surabaya, with a population of about 2.5 million people [6], [7], is experiencing an increase in water demand and supply challenges due to urbanization and industrialization [4]. Groundwater sources, which are the city's primary source of water, are also depleting rapidly.
Hence, accurate forecasting of water demand is essential to ensure sustainable water management and supply.
In order to address the issue of the water deficit, it is essential to conduct an analysis of the existing and future clean water demand of the city. This study extended up to the next 10 years medium-term forecast models for water demand [8], until 2032. The primary objective of this study is to undertake an extensive analysis of the water supply and demand situation in Bandung City. By examining this crucial aspect, the research aims to provide valuable insights into the current state of water resources in the city, paving the way for a deeper understanding of potential challenges and the exploration of viable solutions for the future.
The choice of Bandung City as a case study for analysing the demand for urban clean water was due to several reasons.
Firstly, Bandung is the capital city of West Java Province and one of the most populated cities in Indonesia [7], [9]. The city’s population has been growing rapidly in recent years, which has led to an increase in the demand for clean water [6].
Therefore, studying Bandung’s water supply and demand can provide insight into addressing the challenges of meeting water demand in other densely populated cities in Indonesia.
Secondly, Bandung is a developing city that has undergone significant socio-economic improvements in recent years [7]. This development has resulted in an increase in the city’s living standards and economic productivity.
Consequently, there is a greater need for clean water to support the growing population’s domestic and economic activities [7].
Lastly, Bandung’s water supply faces various challenges, such as water depletion and insufficient water supply [6]. By studying Bandung’s water demand, the research can help identify the city’s water supply’s weaknesses and provide recommendations to address these challenges. Therefore, the case study can help identify strategies that can be implemented in other cities in Indonesia facing similar water supply challenges [6].
Water demand is the quantity of water that is needed to satisfy the various uses of water in a given area and time period. It includes the water consumed by households, industries, businesses, public services, and other sectors, as well as the water lost through leakage, evaporation, or unauthorized use [10]. Water demand is influenced by many factors, such as population, income, climate, water price, water quality, and water availability [11]. Water supply refers to the amount of water required to meet the demand of customers during a specified timeframe. This includes the total volume of water needed to be supplied [12] in Bandung City, the Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) is the main provider of clean water for the urban population [13].
the company has three sources of water to meet the water demand of the city: surface water, spring water, and groundwater [13].
2. Materials and Methods
This research employed a quantitative method and focused on the City of Bandung. Population Data were collected from the Central Bureau of Statistics Bandung (BPS) for the period spanning 2011-2021 [14]. Alongside population statistics, an extensive review was conducted of various documents and scholarly articles pertinent to forecasting the demand for clean water. These additional data sources were primarily retrieved from Google Scholar.
The data were processed using Microsoft Excel. Initially, we employed three methods - Arithmetic, Geometric, and Least Square - to forecast the population. Subsequently, we calculated the standard deviation for each method to determine the most accurate one. Finally, we proceeded to calculate the water demand for domestic, non-domestic, fire hydrant, and water loss. All calculations and forecasting were performed in Microsoft Excel.
To forecast population growth and calculate water demand for the next decade, extending up to the year 2032.
The primary objective of this study is to assess whether the current water supply will be sufficient to meet the projected clean water demand in Bandung City until 2032. This will provide policymakers with valuable insights into both current and future water demand conditions. The choice of 2032 as the endpoint for this study was informed by medium-term forecast models for water demand [8]. Data collection, analysis, and interpretation were the key components of our research method.
2.1. Study Location
Bandung City, the capital of West Java Province, is the largest metropolitan city in the province and the third largest in Indonesia. The city is situated at 107º36' East Longitude and 6º55' South Latitude and covers an area of 16,729.65 ha [7], [15]. The calculation of the city's area is based on the Regional Regulation of the Municipality of the Second Level Region of Bandung Number 10 of 1989, which outlines the changes in the boundaries of the Municipality of the Level II Region of Bandung, following Government Regulation Number 16 of 1987 concerning the same issue. As it can be seen from Figure 1Bandung City is bordered by several other Regencies/Cities.
To the north, it is bordered by Bandung Regency and West Bandung Regency, while to the west, it is bordered by the City of Cimahi. To the east and south, it is bordered by Bandung Regency [15].
Regionally, Bandung City is located in the middle of the
"Bandung Basin," which has an area of 233,000 hectares. This basin is administratively located in five district/city administration areas, namely Bandung City, Bandung Regency, West Bandung Regency, Cimahi City, and five sub- districts, including Sumedang Regency [15]. The population of Bandung city in 2021 was 2,576,050 based on the report form Central Bureau of Statistics [9].
2.2. Population Projection
The demand for water has grown as a result of population growth, improved living standards, urbanization, and socioeconomic development. There are three techniques are typically employed for performing population forecasting, namely: Arithmetic, Geometric, Least Square [17], [18].
2.2.1.Arithmetic Method
This method uses the assumption that the rate of population growth is constant every year. The equation is as follows [17], [18]:
𝑃𝑛= 𝑃𝑜+ (𝐾𝑎. 𝑋) (1) 𝐾𝑎=𝑃𝑜− 𝑃𝑡
𝑡 (2)
Where Pn = total population n in the coming year, Po = Total population at the beginning of the data year, Pt = total population at the end of the data year, X = Time interval (year from year n - last year), t = Data year time interval (n-1), Ka=
number of decades.
2.2.2.Geometric Method
This method assumes the development of a multiplied automatic population double with increase resident. The equation is as follows [17], [18]:
𝑌𝑛 = 𝑃𝑡(1 + 𝑟)𝑛 (3)
𝑟 = ((𝑃𝑛 𝑃𝑜)
1
𝑛) − 1 (4)
Where Pn: The final population, Po:The initial population, N:
the number of data, r: growth ratio.
Figure 1. Bandung City administrative boundary edited from [16]
2.2.3.Least Square Method
This method is used for areas with a linear population growth trend, although population growth does not always increase. The equation is as follows [17], [18]:
𝑌𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑏. 𝑋 (5)
𝑎 =(∑𝑌. ∑𝑋2) − (∑𝑋. ∑𝑋𝑌)
(𝑛. ∑𝑋2) − (∑𝑋)2 (6)
𝑏 =(𝑛. ∑𝑋𝑌) − (∑𝑋. ∑𝑌)
(𝑛. ∑𝑋2) − (∑𝑋)2 (7) Where Yn = Total population in the next n years, b = Constants X = Year increment = number of years
2.3. Water Demand Standard in Indonesia
Water demand is divided into domestic water demand and non-domestic water demand There are two types of standards for clean water demand, namely (DPU, Dirjen Cipta Karya) [17].
2.3.1.Domestic Water Demand
To determine the standard for household water supply, the number of households served by the water supply system is evaluated based on population data. This standard includes water demand for domestic purposes such as drinking,
bathing, cooking, and other similar activities. In accordance with the Indonesian standard, since the population of Bandung City is greater than 1 million, the average daily water consumption per person is estimated to be 190 liter/person/day, as it can be seen in Table 1. Based on this standard, the domestic water demand in Bandung City can be calculated using the available data.
2.3.2. Non-domestic Water Demand + Public Hydrant + Water Lost
Non-domestic water demand is often categorized as urban or municipal water demand. As per the Indonesian National Standards [21], the water demands for various sectors are outlined in Table 3. To accurately calculate water demand in these sectors, it's crucial to gather data for each sector on an individual and aggregate basis. If such data is unavailable, it's feasible to estimate that non-domestic water demand constitutes 20% of the domestic water demand, as specified in Table 2. For a more detailed understanding, Table 3 include sector-specific water usage for non-domestic demands. For the purpose of this study, we will adhere exclusively to the 20% estimation from Table 2. Additionally, public hydrant water consumption is set at 30 liter/person/day, also noted in Table 2. Water loss is estimated to be 20% of both domestic and non-domestic water demands, as well as public hydrant.
Table 1. Water demand base on city size source [19]
Category City Size Water Demand liter/person/day
I Metropolitan 190
II Big city 130
III Medium City 120
IV Small town 90
V District City 75
VI Rural 60
Table 2. Clean water planning criteria,source: directorate general of human settlements, public works departent, 1996 [19]
No Description City Category Based on Total Population (Person)
> 1,000,000 500,000-1,000,00 100,000-500,000 20,000-100,000 <20,000 1 Unit Consumption Home Connection
(SR) Liter/person/day 190 170 150 130 30
2 Consumption of Public Hydrant Units
(HU) Liter/person/day 30 30 30 30 30
3 Consumption of Non-Domestic Units
(%) 20-30 20-30 20-30 20-30 20-10
4 Water Loss
(%) 20-30 20-30 20-30 20-30 20
5 Maximum Day Factor 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
6 Peak-Hour Factor 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
7 Number of Souls per SR 5.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 10.00
8 Number of souls per HU 100 100 100 100-200 200
9 Remaining Press in Distribution Networks
(mka) 10 10 10 10 10
10 Hours of Operation 24 24 24 24 24
11 Volume reservoir
(%) (Max demands) 20 20 20 20 20
12 SRs: HU 50:50 to 80:20 50:50 to 80:20 80 : 20 70 : 30 70 : 30
13 Service Coverage *) ** ) 90 ** ) 90 ** ) 90 ** ) 90 ** ) 70
Table 3. Non-Domestic Water demand [21]
Sector Score Unit
School 10 Liter/student/day
Hospital 200 Liter/bed/day
Public health center 2000 Liter/unit/day
Mosque 3000 Liter/unit/day
Office 10 Liter/employee/ day
Market 12000 Liter/hectare/day
Hotel 150 Liter/bed/day
Restaurant 100 Liter/seat/day
Military Complex 60 Liter/person/day
Industrial area 0.2-0.8 Liter/second/day
Tourism Area 0.1-0.3 Liter/second/day
3. Result and Discussion 3.1. Data Input
Timeseries data regarding the population of Bandung City was acquired from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) from 2011 till 2021. This data was utilized to make projections on the population growth and the overall requirement for clean water demand in the city of Bandung from 2022 to 2032, with a focus on a ten-year time span forecasting medium-term forecast models for water demand [8]. Table 4 shows the population statistics spanning from 2011 to 2021[14] .
Table 4 and Figure 2 shows that the population of Bandung City has generally experienced an upward trend each year from 2011-2021, with a particularly notable increase from 2020 to 2021. This dramatic surge in population during 2020-2021, marked by a growth rate of 2.63%, is significantly higher compared to the preceding years. Concurrently, the demand for clean water has also escalated in line with this population growth. Forecasting future water demand is
crucial for assessing the balance between clean water availability and the evolving demand of the population. A thorough analysis is essential to establish the proper ratio between these two critical factors.
3.2. Population Forecasting
The three methods available for projecting population growth are the Arithmetic Method, the Geometry Method, and the Least Square Method. The objective of evaluating three different methods for population forecasting was to identify the approach with the smallest data deviation, as this would signify the most accurate forecasting approach [18]. To accomplish this, we measured the standard deviation of the forecast outcomes for each method. Subsequently, we estimated the water demand by applying the Indonesian National Standards. All calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel as the analytical tool.
3.2.1.Arithmetic Method
To forecast the population year by year till 2032 using the arithmetic method, we need to first calculate the arithmetic mean of the annual population growth rate see Table 5.
Arithmetic Mean = Sum of Population Growth / Number of
Years. Population Growth Rate = (Population in Current Year - Population in Previous Year) / Population in Previous Year.
Using the population data provided, we can calculate the growth rate and the arithmetic mean as follows Table 6 and Figure 3.
Figure 2. Bandung City population 2011-2021
Table 4. Source: Central Bureau of Statistics [14]
Year Total population Increase in population Growth rate
2011 2,429,176
2012 2,444,617 15,441 0.64
2013 2,458,503 13,886 0.57
2014 2,470,802 12,299 0.50
2015 2,481,469 10,667 0.43
2016 2,490,622 9,153 0.37
2017 2,497,938 7,316 0.29
2018 2,503,708 5,770 0.23
2019 2,507,888 4,180 0.17
2020 2,510,103 2,215 0.09
2021 2,576,050 65,947 2.63
Table 5. Growth rate table with Arithmatic Method
Year Population Increase in population Population Growth Rate
2011 2,429,176 -
2012 2,444,617 15,441 0.64
2013 2,458,503 13,886 0.57
2014 2,470,802 12,299 0.50
2015 2,481,469 10,667 0.43
2016 2,490,622 9,153 0.37
2017 2,497,938 7,316 0.29
2018 2,503,708 5,770 0.23
2019 2,507,888 4,180 0.17
2020 2,510,103 2,215 0.09
2021 2,576,050 65,947 2.63
Table 6. Population (Forecasted- arithmetic) (Arithmetic Method (SD)= 44,284.18)
Year Population (Forecasted-Arithmetic) Increase in population Population Growth Rate
2022 2,589,402
2023 2,602,754 13,352 0.52
2024 2,616,107 13,352 0.51
2025 2,629,459 13,352 0.51
2026 2,642,811 13,352 0.51
2027 2,656,163 13,352 0.51
2028 2,669,515 13,352 0.50
2029 2,682,867 13,352 0.50
2030 2,696,220 13,352 0.50
2031 2,709,572 13,352 0.50
2032 2,722,924 13,352 0.49
Figure 3. Arithmetic Method Bandung City population 2022-2032
3.2.2.Geometric Method
To forecast the population using the geometric method, we need to first calculate the average annual growth rate (r) of the population as shown in Table 7 and Figure 4.
3.2.3. Least Square Method
The results of population forecasting using the Arithmetic Method, the Geometry Method, and the Least Square Method are presented in Table 6, Table 7, and Table 8, respectively.
It's evident that all three methods exhibit a consistent year-on- year population growth pattern, as illustrated in Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5, respectively. To select the most appropriate forecasting method for describing the population
of Bandung City up to 2032, we need to compare the Standard Deviation (SD) values of the three methods [18]. Table 9 provides a comparison of the standard deviation for each population projection method
The result of standard deviation can be seen that the geometric method is the method with the smallest standard deviation (SD) with a value of 14,420.34 see Table 1.
From the calculation of population projections with use method geometric it is estimated that the population of the city of Bandung in 2032 will reach 2,626,167 people as it is can be seen in Table 7. This population growth is quite significant compared to observational data in 2021, namely 2,576,050 people see Table 5.
Table 7. Population (Forecasted-Geometric) (Geometric Method (SD)= 14,420.34)
Year Population (Forecasted-Geometric) Increase in population Growth rate
2022 2,580,566
2023 2,585,091 4,524.254 0.18
2024 2,589,623 4,532.186 0.18
2025 2,594,163 4,540.132 0.18
2026 2,598,711 4,548.092 0.18
2027 2,603,267 4,556.066 0.18
2028 2,607,831 4,564.053 0.18
2029 2,612,403 4,572.055 0.18
2030 2,616,983 4,580.071 0.18
2031 2,621,571 4,588.101 0.18
2032 2,626,167 4,596 0.18
Figure 4. Geometric Method Bandung City population 2022-2032
Table 8. Population (Forecasted - Least Squares) (Least Squares method (SD) = 57,328.93)
Year Population (Forecasted - Least Squares) Increase in Population Growth Rate
2022 2,593,227
2023 2,611,356 18,129 0.70
2024 2,629,485 18,129 0.69
2025 2,647,614 18,129 0.69
2026 2,665,743 18,129 0.68
2027 2,683,872 18,129 0.68
2028 2,702,001 18,129 0.68
2029 2,720,130 18,129 0.67
2030 2,738,259 18,129 0.67
2031 2,756,388 18,129 0.66
2032 2,774,517 18,129 0.66
Figure 5. Least Square Method Bandung City population 2022-2032
3.3. Water Demand Forecasting
3.3.1.Projection of Domestic Water Demand
The household water supply standard in Indonesia is established by analysing the population data to determine the number of households. This standard encompasses several domestic tasks like cooking, bathing, and drinking. The Ministry of Public Works (PU) provides technical guidelines for calculating the domestic water demand of the City of Bandung based on the Technical Guidelines for Planning Technical Design of Drinking Water Supply Systems from 1998 [21]. Utilizing these guidelines, it is possible to project and display the expected domestic water demand for the City of Bandung until 2032. Based on Table 10 the assumption that the service coverage for domestic demand is 100%.
According to Indonesian standard [19], there is one public hydrant for every 100 individuals, as indicated in Table 2. To determine the number of public hydrants, we simply divide the total population for each respective year by 100 resultb can be seen Table 11. The corresponding water demand for public hydrants is provided in Table 14 below. Table 12 present the domestic water demand for Bandung City the average daily water consumption per person is estimated to be 190 litre/person/day according to [19, 20].
3.3.2.Non-Domestic Water Demand
Table 13 present water demand for non-domestic which is estimated to be 20% of the domestic demand see Table 12 for domestic demand.
3.3.3. Water demand for Public Hydrant
The Public Hydrant is 30 Liter/person/day see Table 2. To get the Total Domestic waster demand We sum the Water demand for House Connections and water demand for Public Hydrant.
3.3.4.Water lost
Table 15 present water lost it is estimated to be 20 % of domestic and non-domestic water demand and Public Hydrant according [19] see Table 2.
3.3.5.Total Water Demand
To calculate the Total Water Demand, we sum the water demand for the domestic, non-domestic, water demand for Public Hydrant [22], and water lost see Table 16.
Table 9. Standard deviation values
Method Standard Deviation
Arithmetic 44,284.18
geometric 14,420.34
Least Square 57,328.93
Table 10. Service coverage for domestic demand 2022-2032
Year Population The Amount Served
% Soul
2022 2,580,566 1 2,580,567
2025 2,594,163 1 2,594,164
2028 2,607,831 1 2,607,832
2030 2,616,983 1 2,616,984
2032 2,626,167 1 2,626,168
Table 11. Number of House Connections (SR) and Public Hydrant (HU) for domestic demand 2022-2032
Year Amount Population HU
Number of souls per HU number of HU
2022 2,580,566 100 25,806
2025 2,594,163 100 25,942
2028 2,607,831 100 26,078
2030 2,616,983 100 26,170
2032 2,626,167 100 26,262
Table 12. Water demand for house connections 2022-2032
Year Amount Population
Served
Std Water Consumption (liter/person/day)
Water Demand Domestic (liter/person/day)
2022 2,580,566 190 490,307,604
2025 2,594,163 190 492,890,953
2028 2,607,831 190 495,487,913
2030 2,616,983 190 497,226,817
2032 2,626,167 190 498,971,823
Table 13. Non-Domestic water demand Year Total Domestic water demand
(liter/person/day) % Water Demand non-Domestic
(liter/person/day)
2022 490,307,604 20 98,061,521
2025 492,890,953 20 98,578,191
2028 495,487,913 20 99,097,583
2030 497,226,817 20 99,445,363
2032 498,971,823 20 99,794,365
Table 14. Water Demand for public hydrant
Year Amount Population Served Std Water Consumption
(Liter/person/day)
Public Hydrant (Liter/person/day)
2022 25,806 30 774,170
2025 25,942 30 778,249
2028 26,078 30 782,349
2030 26,170 30 785,095
2032 26,262 30 787,850
Table 15. Water lost
Year Water Demand domestic (Liter/person/day)
Water Demand non- domestic (Liter/person/day)
Public Hydrant
(Liter/person/day) % lost Water Lost (Liter/person/day)
2022 490,307,604 98,061,521 774,170 20 117,828,659
2025 492,890,953 98,578,191 778,249 20 118,449,478
2028 495,487,913 99,097,583 782,349 20 119,073,569
2030 497,226,817 99,445,363 785,095 20 119,491,455
2032 498,971,823 99,794,365 787,850 20 119,910,808
Table 16. Total water demand Year
Water Demand Domestic (Liter/person/day)
Water Demand non- domestic (Liter/person/day)
Public Hydrant (Liter/person/day)
Water Lost (Liter/person/day)
Total Water Demand (Liter/person/day)
2022 490,307,604 98,061,521 774,170 117,828,659 706,971,954
2025 492,890,953 98,578,191 778,249 118,449,478 710,696,871
2028 495,487,913 99,097,583 782,349 119,073,569 714,441,414
2030 497,226,817 99,445,363 785,095 119,491,455 716,948,730
2032 498,971,823 99,794,365 787,850 119,910,808 719,464,846
3.4. Water Supply Analysis
PDAM Tirtawening is the water supply company in Bandung City, responsible for providing water to Bandung residents. According to the information available on their website, PDAM Tirtawening utilizes three different water sources, which are surface water, springs, and groundwater [13].
3.4.1. Surface Water
The Citarum River and its tributaries form the main river system in the Bandung Basin. With a discharge of 42 liters/s/km2, the Citarum River has a 1,675 km2 area. The Cikapundung, Cimahi, Cibeureum, Citarik, and Cisangkuy rivers are some of the tributaries that feed into the Citarum River. A very large discharges fluctuation is present in the rivers of the Bandung Basin. Water availability is constrained
during the dry season, and there is a lot of silt and household waste dumped there. A large amount of water is poured into the river during the rainy season, which causes the river to overflow. Due to sedimentation, industrial effluent, and household trash, Bandung's surface water generally has poor quality. Surface water is the main raw water sources with total discharge used of ± 283,392,000 Liter/day [6]. Table 17 presents the number , name, and parameters, pertaining to rivers regarded as the primary sources contributing to the carrying capacity of surface water according to [6].
3.4.2. Springwater
The Bandung Basin's northern, eastern, and southern regions all have Springwater sources see Table 18. Fault formations, which are typically found in the volcano's vicinity, are what give Springwater its appearance [6].
Table 17. Rivers and tributaries in Bandung City [6]
No Rivers Total Length (Km) Average Width Average Debit
Upstream (m) Downstream (m) Maks (m3) Min (m3)
1 Cikapundung 15.5 6 12 250 12
2 Cipaganti 4.4 3 5 25 0.75
3 Cikapundung Kolot 10 4 8 75 4.5
4 Cibunut 2.2 2 8 12 0.8
5 Cihapit 2.5 3 6 15 0.5
6 Cikudapateuh 3 1.5 1 20 0.5
7 Cibeunying 3.5 6 8 64 0.6
8 Cipalasari 4 3 5 20 0.15
9 Ciateul / Ciguriang 2 2 4 20 0.25
10 Cihampelas 2.5 2 5 8 0.4
11 Cipamokolan 18 5 15 40 25
12 Cileuweung 2.5 4 5 36 0.75
13 Cikiley 5 3 8 27 0.3
14 Cicabe 2 1 3
15 Cisaranten/Cipagalo/Cingised 5 3 7 30 1.5
16 Cidurian 20 6 12 83 1.25
17 Ciharalang 2.5 1.5 4 12 0.4
18 Cimuncang 2.5 1.5 4 16 0.5
19 Ciparangpung 10 3 5 20 0.2
20 Cicadas 18 3 8 17 0.6
21 Cinambo 7.3 2 20 15 0.5
22 Cipamulihan/Cihampelas 8.5 2 7 15 0.7
23 Cilameta 6 2 5 10 0.6
24 Ciwaru 7.5 2 4 8 0.8
25 Cisurupan 3 2 3 5 0.2
26 Cisaranten 2.5 2 9 23 0.35
27 Cipanjalu 5 4 8 27 0.15
28 Cijalupang 5 4 15 24 0.2
29 Cipariuk / Cibiru 6 2 4 20 0.4
30 Ciwastra 3.5 3 6 18 0.4
31 Citepus 6.5 2 15 50 0.1
32 Ciroyom 3 4 6 25 0.1
33 Cipedes 2.5 1.5 1.5 2 0.5
34 Cikakak 5.5 2 11 38 0.15
35 Cikalintu 4 3 4.5 30 0.15
36 Cigebog Girang 1.5 2 4 20 0.15
37 Ciraden 2.8 2 4 5 0.3
38 Cibedug 5 5 8 15 0.1
39 Curug Dog-dog 2.5 5 8 25 0.15
40 Cibaduyut 2.25 4 6 20 0.15
41 Cikahiayangan 1.6 3.5 4 15 0.1
42 Cibuntu 4 3 4.5 30 0.15
43 Cianting 4 3 4.5 5 0.7
44 Cigondewah 3 2 3 35 0.2
45 Cibeureum 12 6 8 38 0.75
46 Cinanjur 3 2 4 4 0.2
Table 18. Springwater sources
No Springwater Sources Resources Capacity (Liter/day)
1 Ciwangi 1, Ciwangi 2, Legok Baygon, Ciasahan, Cigentur 1, Cigentur 2, Ciliang, Cilaki,
Ciwangun, panyairan, Cisalada 1, Cisalada II, Cicariuk, Citalaga, Cirateun, Cibadak, Cikendi) 3,151,871.9 – 9,590,400
2 Cisurupan 86,400 – 432,000
3 Pasir Impun 86,400 – 432,000
4 Citiis 6,048,000
5 Cikeruh 9,936,000
6 Ciseupan 8,208,000
Average 32,743,872.00
3.4.3.Groundwater
The Bandung basin contains the city of Bandung and its surroundings. The basin stretches from Batujajar in the west to Cicalengka in the east, and from Tangkuban Perahu in the north to Pangalengan in the south. This basin is divided into four administrative regions: Sumedang Regency, Bandung City, Cimahi City, and Bandung Regency. The amount of groundwater entering the Bandung Basin annually is 71 x 106 m3, or 194,486,400 Liter/day [6]. The quantity is substantial.
However, excessive groundwater extraction in Bandung city has resulted in land subsidence [6].
3.4.4.Total water supply
Total water caring capacity for Bandung city consist of three water sources namely surface water, Springwater, and ground water see Table 19with caring capacity of 510,622,272 Liter/day.
Table 19. Water Carrying Capacity Bandung City
Water Source Liter/day
Bandung Surface water Capacity 283,392,000 Bandung Springwater Capacity 32,743,872 Bandung Ground water Capacity 194,486,400 Total water carrying capacity 510,622,272
4. Conclusion
Bandung will be unable to satisfy water demand in 2032 if it relies solely on existing water supplies. Water resource management in Bandung is mostly concerned with supply [5].
Bandung water utility solely used water tariffs to regulate water demand [6]. To solve Bandung's water crisis, a major paradigm change from traditional supply management to demand management is necessary. Furthermore, government commitment is critical for the successful implementation of supply and demand management systems. The shift towards a more demand-oriented approach to water management is recommended, which could include measures such as promoting water conservation, implementing efficient irrigation techniques, and raising public awareness of the importance of responsible water usage. Furthermore, it is recommended that the government explores additional sources of water supply to meet the growing demand, such as groundwater recharge and rainwater harvesting. This would require investment in infrastructure, technology, and research. Finally, it is essential that the government demonstrates a strong commitment to addressing the water deficit issue in Bandung city. This would involve the allocation of adequate resources, the engagement of relevant
stakeholders, and the development of policies and regulations that support sustainable water man.
Author Declaration
Authors' contributions and responsibilities
The authors made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study. The authors took responsibility for data analysis, interpretation, and discussion of results. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
No funding information from the authors.
Availability of data and materials All data are available from the authors.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interest.
Additional information
No additional information from the authors.
References
[1] B. V. Langi and I. R. Mangangka, “Perencanaan Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Bersih Kelurahan Kayawu Kota Tomohon,” Jurnal Sipil Statik, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 303–312, 2015.
[2] N. S. Utama, “Proyeksi Kebutuhan Air Baku Kota Tasikmalaya Pada Tahun 2025,” Jurnal Infrastruktur , vol.
3, no. 2, pp. 137–145, Jul. 2017, doi:
10.35814/INFRASTRUKTUR.V3I2.717.
[3] L. Afrianto, “Proyeksi Kebutuhan Air Bersih Penduduk Kecamatan Indramayu Kabupaten Indramayu Sampai Tahun 2035,” Aug. 2015, Accessed: Apr. 12, 2023.
[Online]. Available: http://repository.upi.edu
[4] A. Suheri, C. Kusmana, M. Yanuar, J. Purwanto, and Y.
Setiawan, “Model Prediksi Kebutuhan Air Bersih Berdasarkan Jumlah Penduduk di Kawasan Perkotaan Sentul City,” Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan, vol. 4, no.
3, pp. 207–218, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.29244/JSIL.4.3.207-218.
[5] B. D. Hou, R. X. Yang, J. H. Wang, W. H. Xiao, Y. Zhao, and H. Wang, “Conceptual framework of hierarchical water demand,” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Institute of Physics Publishing, Nov. 2019. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/344/1/012074.
[6] A. W. Hasbiah and D. Kurniasih, “Analysis of water
supply and demand management in Bandung City Indonesia,” IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci, vol. 245, no.
1, p. 012030, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1088/1755- 1315/245/1/012030.
[7] A. K. M. Tarigan, S. Sagala, D. A. A. Samsura, D. F.
Fiisabiilillah, H. A. Simarmata, and M. Nababan,
“Bandung City, Indonesia,” Cities, vol. 50, pp. 100–110, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1016/J.CITIES.2015.09.005.
[8] brUce billings clive Jones, Forecasting Urban Water Demand. 2008.
[9] BPS, “Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Bandung,” 2022.
[10] P. H. Gleick, “Basic water requirements for human activities: Meeting basic needs,” Water Int, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 83–92, 1996, doi: 10.1080/02508069608686494 [11] R. C. Griffin, Water resource economics: The analysis of
scarcity, policies, and projects. MIT press, 2016. Accessed:
Nov. 21, 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/27647765
[12] Bruce Billings Clive Jones, Forecasting Urban Water DemanD, Second. 2011.
[13] PDAM, “DRINKING WATER Perumda Tirtawening Bandung City.” Accessed: Oct. 28, 2023. [Online].
Available:
https://perumdatirtawening.co.id/cindex/layanan/AIR- MINUM
[14] BPS, “Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Bandung.” Accessed:
Apr. 20, 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://bandungkota.bps.go.id/indicator/12/32/1/jumlah -penduduk.html
[15] Bandung City government, “Bandung City Official Website - About Bandung City.” Accessed: Apr. 12, 2023.
[Online]. Available: https://www.bandung.go.id/profile [16] A. Y. Permana and K. Wijaya, “Spatial change
transformation of educational areas in Bandung,” IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci, vol. 99, no. 1, p. 012029, Dec.
2017, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/99/1/012029.
[17] A. N. Sari, “The Future Challenge: Water Demand Forecasting,” Journal of Airport Engineering Technology (JAET), vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 61–68, May 2021, doi:
10.52989/jaet.v1i2.16.
[18] S. Putri and C. Astiti, “SEPREN: Journal of Mathematics Education and Applied Penerapan Metode Least Square Dalam Perhitungan Proyeksi Jumlah Penduduk,” vol.
04, no. 02, pp. 147–154, 2023, doi: 10.36655/sepren.v4i1.
[19] SNI, “SNI 7831:2012 Planning of drinking water supply system | NAWASIS – National Water and Sanitation Information Services.” Accessed: Oct. 28, 2023. [Online].
Available:
https://www.nawasis.org/portal/digilib/read/sni-7831- 2012-perencanaan-sistem-penyediaan-air-minum/51424 [20] E. Rohmaningsih, M. Sholichin, and R. Haribowo,
“Kajian Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Bersih Pada Daerah Rawan Air Di Desa Sumbersih Kecamatan Panggungrejo Kabupaten Blitar”, JTP, vol. 8, no. 1, pp.
48–59, May 2017.
[21] SNI, “Standar Nasional Indonesia03-7065-2005,” 2005.
Accessed: Oct. 28, 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://www.academia.edu/27452122/Standar_Nasional _Indonesia03_7065_2005
[22] Q. Wang, M. Zhang, and S. Abdolhosseinzadeh,
“Application of modified seagull optimization algorithm with archives in urban water distribution networks: Dealing with the consequences of sudden pollution load,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 3, p. e24920, Feb.
2024, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24920.
