13
Historical Studies: The Social Life Of Muslim Minorities In The United States
Faras Puji Azizah1, Mona Aprilia2
12Universitas Islam Negeri Imam Bonjol Padang, Universitas Islam Negeri Imam Bonjol Padang email :1 [email protected], 2[email protected]
Abstrak
Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang Sejarah peradaban Islam di negara minoritas Muslim Amerika.
Amerika Serikat Merupakan negara sekuler, namun memberikan kesempatan kepada setiap agama untuk tumbuh dan berkembang. Perkembangan Islam di Amerika tidak lepas dari para ulama disana.
Metode yang digunakan palam tulisan ini ialah metode Library research (studi kepustakaan). Hasil penelitian ini mencatat bahwa Islam sangat berkembang di Amerika dibanding Agama lain saat ini banyak orang Amerika Serikat memeluk agama Islam. Berdirinya beberapa lembaga keuangan dan perbankan syariah di Amerika Finance House Riba di California yang menawarkan pembiayaan rumah berbasis prinsip-prinsip kesyariahan. Selain itu, kemunculan ekonomi dan keuangan syariah di negara ini tidak semulus di negara lainnya. Selain itu, Minoritas muslim berhasil mendirikan organisasi- organisasi besar untuk saling membantu satu sama lain, seperti ISNA, CAIR dan islamic Relief USA.
Kata kunci: Sejarah, Minoritas Muslim, Amerika Serikat
Abstract
This article describes the history of Islamic civilization in the Muslim minority country of America.
The United States is secular but provides opportunities for every religion to grow and develop.
The development of Islam in America cannot be separated from the scholars there. The method used in this paper is the Library research method (literature study). The results of this study noted that Islam is very developed in America compared to other religions when many Americans embrace Islam. Several Islamic financial and banking institutions were established in America Finance House Riba in California, which offers home financing based on Sharia principles. In addition, the emergence of Islamic economics and finance in this country was not as smooth as in other countries. Muslim minorities have established large organizations to help each other, such as ISNA, CAIR, and Islamic Relief USA.
Keywords: History, Muslim Minorities, United States
A. INTRODUCTION
The United States geographically ranks third largest in the world with an area of 9,826,630 square meters and the third largest population (329,256,465). It is located between the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, with borders north of Canada and south of Mexico.
The country consists of 50 states and the District of Columbia, having a striking mountainous landscape in the western region and a vast plain in the centre. Its geographical lowest point is Death Valley, located 86 meters below sea level, while its highest peak is Denali (Mount McKinley), which reaches an altitude of 6,198 meters above sea level.1
1 Shintaloka Pradita, “Letak Geografis Amerika Serikat Dan Fakta Menariknya,” Kompas, last modified
14 The United States is a country that adheres to a liberal democratic system, which emphasizes a strict separation between religion and the state but still guarantees the broadest possible religious freedom for the community. The United States system is neutral towards diversity and plurality of religious beliefs is due to not making the state an instrument of a particular religion.2 The United States is actually a country that upholds religion, most of the people of the United States behave religiously, they believe in the existence of God, worship, and practice religious teachings.
The rules of religious life in the United States are contained in the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution, especially in the First and 14th Amendments, which guarantee the development of any religion. This is a positive foundation for all religious communities there, including Islam. Although Islam is a minority in the country, its growth trend is very rapid. This is revealed by several surveys which state that Islam is a fast-growing religion.
America is one of the countries where Islam is a popular religion alongside Christianity and Judaism. In the last few decades, Islam has rapidly come to the forefront and has become the most exciting phenomenon to observe. This is also supported by the development of Islam, which is quite good in Uncle Sam's country. The life of Muslims themselves in America is said to be quite acceptable because, basically, the majority of American society, from the beginning, cannot be separated from religion and upholds the religious values they profess.3
The Muslim minority in the United States is an interesting phenomenon to study. Muslims in the United States are a community that is still in the process of becoming a cohesive minority community. As for the formulation of the problem in this paper, how is Islamic civilization's history in the United States? In connection with the formulation of the problem, this paper will describe, beginning with the geographical location, the history of the entry of Islam into the United States, and the development of Islamic civilization, which includes, (economic, social, educational, and proselytizing Muslim religious life). In addition, this paper is expected to be useful for further understanding the development of Islam in the United States.
2021, https://internasional.kompas.com/read/2021/04/11/075714270/letak-geografis-amerika-serikat-dan-fakta- menariknya#.
2 Rizka Amelia Armin, “Perkembangan Islam Di Amerika Dan Pengaruhnya Dalam Bidang Politik,” Journal of Islamic Family Law 03, no. 02 (2022): 2775–7161, http://ejournal.iainpalopo.ac.id/index.php/maddika.
3 Budi Prayetno et al., “Tren Perkembangan Islam Di Amerika Serikat,” EZRA SCIENCE BULLETINO 1, no. 2 (2023): 208–216.Ibid.
15 B. LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review is a crucial component of a research plan, as it outlines the context of the problem to be investigated among previous studies, aiming to prevent repetition (plagiarism) of research results.4To obtain a comprehensive picture, it is essential to make comparisons between various sources, such as books, theses, dissertations, and other studies related to the research. The following are some of the researchers who have dealt with this theme.
Several researchers discuss this study, such as Khalik, who explained that in the Obama administration, the condition of Muslims in America is in a fairly fast dynamic and America's treatment of the Islamic world is still very diverse, ranging from status as a sworn enemy to a strategic ally. This indicates that the opportunity for Islam to thrive in America is still huge.5 In addition, a study conducted by Husin compares Islamic education in America with Indonesia.
Several other things distinguish education in America from Indonesia, namely related to the National Examination (UN) policy. As in Indonesia, America also has one, but the federal government still gives the government freedom to formulate the curriculum and the National Examination. However, the National Exam pattern adopted by educational institutions in each state makes it difficult for states to accept students who change schools.6
C. METHOD
Overall, this study was conducted using the literature review method, which involves collecting data from various literature sources. The research reviewed concepts and theories from a variety of literature, journals and books. Furthermore, it involves a careful and critical analysis of relevant literature materials, with the aim of extracting the necessary information. In addition to collecting, reading and recording data, this research also involves the processing of research materials. The approach to analyzing the data is descriptive, starting from the beginning to the end of the research, with a focus on selecting important, new and unique data. In essence, this research aims to systematically explain the data and facts found during the research process in order to provide answers to the problems or questions raised in the research.7 The data analysis technique uses the
4 Otoman, Ihsan Ahmad Fajrul, “KH . Ali Umar Thoyyib ( 1952-2008 ) ( Kontribusinya Dalam Perkembangan Islam Di Palembang ),” Tanjak: Jurnal Sejarah dan Peradaban Islam 3, no. 1 (2023): 126–140.
5 Subhan Khalik, “Sejarah Perkembangan Islam Di Amerika,” al Daulah 4, no. 2 (2015): 312–326, http://journal.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/al_daulah.
6 Husin Husin, “PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI AMERIKA SERIKAT (Lembaga Pendidikan Islam),”
Al-Madrasah: Jurnal Pendidikan Madrasah Ibtidaiyah 2, no. 2 (2018): 1–20.
7 Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif (Bandung: Alfabeta, 2012).
16 Miles and Huberman model Muri8, namely that the data that has been obtained will be analyzed with the stages of data reduction activities (data reduction), data display (data display), and conclusion drawing.
D. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1. History of Islam in the United States
The entry of Islam into the United States is still speculative because there is no firm theory about the entry of Islam into America. Some scholars argue that Islam in the Americas began before Christopher Columbus's conquest of the continent.9 There is strong evidence that Andalusian Muslims visited the Americas long before Columbus, as reported by Al- Syarif Al-Idrisi in the 12th century. There was a Muslim navigator from Cardoba Andalusia who reached the Americas in 889 AD named Ibn Said Aswad. Columbus later utilized this information to find an area across the Atlantic called America.10 Another opinion says that the first Arabs to set foot in America were descendants of Wahab, who settled on Ocracoke Island and Northern California in the 18th century. They were recorded as enslaved people who did not eat pork and believed in Allah SWT and Muhammad. In the 19th century, the United States Cavalry employed an Arab named Haji Am to conduct camel farming experiments in Arizona, later called Hi Jolly. It was they who inspired a number of Americans to embrace Islam, later known as black Muslims.
The 16th to 18th centuries saw the arrival of enslaved people to work on the sugar cane plantations in Karbia, which at the time were in need of more human labor. The enslaved people were mainly from Africa who had converted to Islam. With the abolition of slavery by President Abraham, the history of Islam entered a new phase. Initially, as has been pointed out, evidence of the existence of Muslims has not been well documented, and the existence of Muslims has appeared and continues to develop.
Historians generally agree on the arrival of Muslim immigrants at this stage. They state that there were at least five waves of the arrival of Muslim immigrants to the United States.11 The first wave of migration took place from 1815 to 1912. Those who migrated were generally rural youths who were uneducated and unskilled. They came from Syria,
8 Yusuf A Muri, Metode Penelitian: Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Dan Penelitian Gabungan. (Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media, 2017).
9 Lusia Marliana Nurani, “SCHOOLING AND IDENTITY: AMERICAN MUSLIM’S ATTITUDE TOWARD ISLAMIC SCHOOLING,” Sosioteknologi 13, Nomor (2014).
10 Ajid Thohir, Perkembangan Peradaban Islam Di Kawasan Dunia Islam (Jakarta: Raja Grafindo, 2002).
11 Ibid.
17 Jordan, Palestine, and Lebanon, which were still under Ottoman rule. They migrated because the economic situation in their homeland was not favorable, and they hoped to gain financial benefits in the United States. In general, they worked in factories and shops.12 The second wave of migration occurred from 1918 to 1922, after the First World War, and was generally intellectual and educated people from urban areas. They were generally relatives, friends, or acquaintances of immigrants who were already in the United States.13 The third wave of migration occurred from 1930 to 1938, which was conditioned by the United States immigration policy that gave priority to those whose families had already settled in the United States.14
The fourth wave of migration occurred from 1947 to 1960.
The immigrants who came to the United States in this wave were not only from the Middle East but also from India, Pakistan, eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union. They came in search of a better life, higher education, or to receive advanced technical training and to obtain specialized employment.15
The fifth wave of migration began in 1967 and continues to this day. Those who came to the United States in this wave were not only there for economic reasons but also for political ones. The Arab world at that time was suffering from confrontation with Israel and other conflicts. Famous immigrants to America in this wave include Fazlur Rahman from Pakistan, who became a professor at the University of Chicago; Sayyed Hosein from Iran, who became a professor at the University of Washington; Ismail Al-Faruqi who became a professor at Harvard; and others. 16
Thus, it is known that the history of the entry of Islam into the Americas is not from an expedition that was politically deliberately sent with the aim of developing territory (expansion) or developing Islam culturally and not also under Muslim traders who spread Islam culturally but through the commodity of enslaved people who firmly hold their religion.17 Islam developed in line with the development of Muslims in this region, as seen from a number of worship places and centers of Islamic religious activities in cities and
12 Deplu Amerika Serikat, “Garis Besar Sejarah Amerika,” John Wiley & Sons, Inc, last modified 2004, https://pu.go.id/pustaka/biblio/garis-besar-sejarah-amerika/B4327.
13 Heri Ruslan, “Gelombang Migrasi Kaum Muslim Ke Amerika,” Repuplika.Id, last modified 2019, https://khazanah.republika.co.id/berita/m06sdj/gelombang-migrasi-kaum-muslim-ke-amerika.
14 Satria Setiawan dan Muhammad Affan, “Muslim Di Amerika Utara Dan Amerika Selatan,” Jurnal Madaniyah 9, no. 01 (2019): 117–136.
15 Smith, Islam Di Amerika, Terjemahan. (Jakarta: Yasasan Obor Indonesia, 2005).
16 Nassarudin Umar, “Kapan Islam Masuk Ke Amerika,” Detik Hikmah, last modified 2022, https://www.detik.com/hikmah/dakwah/d-6426578/kapan-islam-masuk-di-amerika-serikat.
17 Anjar Sri Wahyuni, “Historisitas Potret Islam Di Amerika,” Asketik 2, no. 1 (2018): 79–88.
18 towns. There are 3. 25 million Muslims in the United States, or approximately 1.1% of the total population there. It is recorded that Islam will become the second-largest religion in America in 2040. Currently, Muslims in America are divided into 25% black, 24% white, 18% Arab, 7% mixed, and 5% Hispanic.18
The areas of the United States that have the largest Muslim population include Philadelphia, located in southeastern Pennsylvania, Dearborn, located in Wayne County, Michigan, 15 minutes from the city of Detroit, and Hamtramck, also included in the canity area, reported that Islam is growing very fast.
2. Economy of the American Muslim Minority Community
The development of the Islamic economy in the Islamic world began with the presence of Islamic banking as a financial institution based on ethics, with the basis of the Qur'an and hadith. The main milestone in the establishment of Islamic banking was the operation of Mit Ghamr Locas Saving Bank in 1963 in Cairo.19
Many Muslims in America support their lives by doing business from big business and medium business to small business. They even have an association, the Muslim Business Association, abbreviated as MBA.20 The United States is one of a number of Muslim minority countries where the development of Islamic economics, especially in Islamic home financing products, has shown an encouraging increase. This can be seen from the establishment of several Islamic financial and banking institutions in America Finance House Riba in California, which offers home financing based on the principles of Sharia government, and society has gradually begun to understand and recognize and give an upbeat assessment of the existence of Islamic economics and finance in this country.
The presence of the Islamic economic system in America has undoubtedly affected the economic map, especially those related to the financial and banking industry in this country. At the same time, the emergence of the Islamic economic system brings fresh air to parties who have been wanting their economic and financial transactions through halal transactions or avoiding usury transactions. Nevertheless, the emergence of Islamic
18 Lukman Hadi, “Sejarah Perkembangan Islam Di Amerika Serikat,” Kompas. Com, last modified 20222, https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2022/02/22/140000779/sejarah-perkembangan-islam-di-amerika-
serikat?page=all.
19Satriak Guntoro and Ahmad, “Dinamika Dan Problematika Ekonomi Syariah Di Negara Islam,” Syarikat:
Jurnal Rumpun Ekonomi Syariah 5, no. 2 (2022): 120–127.
20 VOA, “Bisnis Warga Muslim Di Amerika Serikat,” VOA, last modified 2002, https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/a-32-a-2002-09-05-12-1-85179002/29713.html.
19 economics and finance in this country is not as smooth as in other countries.21 The author believes that the market potential for the development of Islamic economics in the United States, especially the Islamic home financing product market, is quite promising.
American Muslims are advancing in the American community. They have successfully opened small businesses with 500 employees. There are many American Muslims who own businesses in New York City, and Muslims are also part of the growth of American Muslim entrepreneurship that serves both domestic and international populations.
3. Muslim Minority Education in the United States
The United States still allows faith-based schools even though it is a secular country.
However, the state does not provide any financial support to these schools. Faith-based schools in the United States must be independent in terms of financing. Faith-based schools are also free to set their curriculum.22
The importance of education to the American Muslim community is diverse, from children's education in Islamic schools to learning in mosques. The current focus includes youth education in areas such as history, technology, and science for personal and professional success. Learning about Islamic religion and law relevant to life in America is also a priority. The importance of learning Arabic is also emphasized.23 Muslim parents in America tend to avoid public schools, as they do not want their children to be exposed to un-Islamic influences, e.g., the short dress code for girls.24
Manshuruddin explains that American Muslim families are considered the fastest- growing demographic of homeschoolers in the country. Despite the gradual emergence of quality full-time Islamic schools, there are a number of reasons why parents choose homeschooling. In general, Muslim homeschooling families are a microcosm of the larger homeschooling community. Homeschooling continues to grow for a variety of reasons.
The growth of homeschooling is mainly triggered by dissatisfaction with the education system in formal schools. Another reason is that it can make them feel more able to
21 Amiruddin Kuba, “Peran Pemerintah Amerika Dalam Pengembangan Ekonomi Syariah,” El-Qist: Journal of Islamic Economics and Business (JIEB) 5, no. 2 (2015): 1042–1061.
22 Candrika, “Pendidikan Islam Di Amerika Serikat,” Kumparan.Com, last modified 2021, https://kumparan.com/candrikavania15/pendidikan-islam-di-amerika-serikat-1v09dG7nyqi/2.
23 Manshuruddin Manshuruddin, “Pendidikan Islam Muslim Minoritas: Kasus Amerika Serikat,” Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Al-Ilmi 5, no. 2 (2022): 124.
24 Nurani, “SCHOOLING AND IDENTITY: AMERICAN MUSLIM’S ATTITUDE TOWARD ISLAMIC SCHOOLING.”
20 customize their children's education, especially for those who have special needs that must be adapted to the right way of learning. Some families may find satisfaction in the homeschooling lifestyle, where they can spend more time with family, have greater travel flexibility than allowed by school schedules, consistently orient children to the unique values that their family has, or even just to keep children away from dangers such as gangs, drugs, and gun violence.25
There are a number of private Islamic schools in the United States, including Al- Ghazaly Muslim Elementary School in Jersey City, Oasis Islamic School in Cleveland, Greater Lansing Islamic School in Michigan, Noor-ul-Iman School on the South Brunswick campus, and Darus Salam al-Huda School in Maryland.26
As for Islamic colleges, there is one in California called Zaytune College. The first Islamic university in the United States has finally opened for Muslim students with the motto "Where Islam Meets America" at Zaytuna College in Berkeley, California.
Currently, they are preparing to start their first academic year. Although rooted in Islamic values, the atmosphere at Zaytuna College is similar to other campuses in California.
However, there are differences, such as the seating arrangement that separates female students and female students in one room, placed facing each other. Most students wear headscarves, while students have beards and wear skullcaps. In addition, lectures are delivered in Arabic. Shakir said that the lecturers who teach Islamic studies come from a number of countries, such as Pakistan, Yemen, and Egypt. Zaytuna is modeled after successful faith-based universities in the US, such as Harvard and Yale. At this university, students will also receive a variety of general courses that are common in the US, such as history, anthropology, philosophy, literature, and political science. However, the primary curriculum is the study of Islam and the Qur’an.27 The purpose of the Islamic University is to call on students to recognize the Islamic scholarly tradition in the flow of culture and critical ideas that shape modern society.
Mosques in the United States also provide Islamic education. Islamic education classes at the American Islamic Center Mosque are usually held on Saturday or Sunday of each weekend. Many mosques go into schools and other public settings to provide education about Islamic beliefs and worship, as well as to foster mutual tolerance between
25 Manshuruddin, “Pendidikan Islam Muslim Minoritas: Kasus Amerika Serikat.”
26 Ibid.
27 Mancanegara Dakwah, “Melongok Universitas Islam Pertama Di California Amerika Serikat,” Era Muslim, last modified 2010, https://www.eramuslim.com/dakwah-mancanegara/melongok-universitas-islam- pertama-di-california-as/.
21 religions. Many mosques and Islamic centers provide education on a number of levels for children and adults, with well-equipped classrooms and libraries, social and sports facilities, and some even grocery stores and restaurants.28
4. Social Culture Religious Da'wah
In the beginning, when immigrants came to America, they were not organized; they only focused on making a living and then Fleer drill to return to their home country. However, over time, they then have the awareness to build groups so that Muslim organizations currently number 2,200 mosques, and 1,300 of them are Islamic counter.29 The purpose of building organizations was to fight for their interests. At this time, American Muslims began to merge and become part of the United States community, establishing positive relationships and cooperation with non-Muslim residents of the United States.30 There are three forms and styles of Islamic organizations, namely, da'wah organizations, political struggle organizations, and humanitarian organizations.
ISNA (Islamic et al. America) is the most prominent Islamic organization. Based in Plainfield, Indiana, United States, this organization controls 27 percent of mosques in America.31 In addition, there is. The Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR) is the most prominent Islamic organization engaged in defending and fighting for the human rights of American Muslims. This organization aims to promote a positive image of Islam and American Muslims. The organization constantly defends Muslims who experience discrimination and have their human rights violated.
Furthermore, the Islamic Relief USA organization is a branch of Islamic Relief worldwide in America. Islamic Relief is an international development aid organization.
The organization aims to alleviate the suffering of hunger, illiteracy, and disease around the world regardless of skin color, race, and creed. The organization focuses on development projects, emergency relief, such as assisting hurricane victims and yatım children, and seasonal projects, such as food distribution during the month of Ramadan.32
Muslim organizations in the United States have been instrumental in helping to build and support the Muslim community in this country. With goals ranging from empowerment to advocacy to social services, these organizations have made significant
28 Manshuruddin, “Pendidikan Islam Muslim Minoritas: Kasus Amerika Serikat.”
29 Prayetno et al., “Tren Perkembangan Islam Di Amerika Serikat.”
30 Armin, “Perkembangan Islam Di Amerika Dan Pengaruhnya Dalam Bidang Politik.”
31 Manshuruddin, “Pendidikan Islam Muslim Minoritas: Kasus Amerika Serikat.”
32 Ibid.
22 contributions. They not only provide practical assistance such as humanitarian aid, education, and access to healthcare for Muslims in need but also focus on advocating against issues that affect their communities. In some cases, Muslim organizations in America have fought for civil rights, religious freedom, and combating discrimination against Muslims. In addition, these organizations also play a role in building social and educational networks for Muslims, creating a safe space to worship, communicate, and exchange experiences and thoughts. With the support of these organizations, Muslim communities in the United States increasingly have access to the resources and support they need to thrive, engage in society, and maintain their identity and values. These organizations are an essential milestone in maintaining the well-being and strengthening the place of Muslims in the diverse society of the United States.
Islamic Da'wah in the United States The United States continues to experience development to this day. Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been more challenges in preaching Islam in Uncle Sam's country.33 In addition, the Washington Mosque is a da'wah center for Muslims, where the management invites non-Muslims to visit and act as tour guides, providing stories about Islam and other aspects. This effort has opened the minds of many non-Muslims about Islam, and as a result, many have become interested and converted to Islam.
E. CONLUSION
The social life of Muslim minority communities has had a long and varied journey. From the first arrival of Muslims in the Americas in the 16th century, through slavery, to more modern immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries, the American Muslim community has grown and flourished. They have faced challenges, such as discrimination and stigmatization, but have also played an active role in American society by establishing Mosques, schools, and religious and cultural organizations. The American Muslim community continues to contribute to the cultural and religious diversity of the country while maintaining its religious identity. This journey demonstrates the resilience and diverse changes of the Muslim community in the United States.
It has been noted that the increasing presence of Islam in the United States is an exciting phenomenon. Various factors contribute to this growth, including immigration from Muslim- majority countries, the growth of the Muslim population in American society, as well as increased
33 Nashih Nashrullah, “Dakwah Islam Di Amerika Serikat Yang Semakin Pesat Abad Ini,” Republik, last modified 2020, https://khazanah.republika.co.id/berita/qlfiz5320/dakwah-islam-di-amerika-serikat-yang-semakin- pesat-abad-ini.
23 interest in Islamic religion and culture among non-Muslim residents. This increase is also reflected in the construction of mosques, Islamic educational institutions, and social organizations that specialize in supporting the Muslim community. In addition, the impact of social media, literature, and education has played an essential role in expanding the understanding and knowledge of Islam among the American public. Despite the occasional stigma or stereotyping of Islam, there is a strong effort by both Muslim and non-Muslim communities to understand the religion better and encourage inclusivity. This increase is also reflected in the growth of conversions to Islam among the American population. Many are attracted to the moral values, spirituality, and religious teachings of Islam, leading to an increase in the number of converts. Despite challenges such as social and political issues, the Muslim community in the United States continues to grow and contribute to the cultural, intellectual, and religious diversity of the country.
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